Scribd
Upload
2 views

HTML Introduction

HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) is the standard markup language for creating web pages, consisting of elements that define the structure and display of content. A simple HTML document includes a doctype declaration, root element, head, and body containing visible content like headings and paragraphs. HTML elements can be nested, have attributes for additional information, and are not case sensitive, with various tags available for different content types.

Uploaded by

burnerleejr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

HTML Introduction

HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) is the standard markup language for creating web pages, consisting of elements that define the structure and display of content. A simple HTML document includes a doctype declaration, root element, head, and body containing visible content like headings and paragraphs. HTML elements can be nested, have attributes for additional information, and are not case sensitive, with various tags available for different content types.

Uploaded by

burnerleejr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

HTML Introduction

HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.


What is HTML?
 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
 HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
 HTML describes the structure of a Web page
 HTML consists of a series of elements
 HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
 HTML elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading", "this is a paragraph", "this is a link",
etc.
A Simple HTML Document
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>


<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>
 The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is an HTML5 document
 The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
 The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML page
 The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown in the browser's title bar or in
the page's tab)
 The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a container for all the visible contents, such as
headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.
 The <h1> element defines a large heading
 The <p> element defines a paragraph

What is an HTML Element?


An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag:
<tagname> Content goes here... </tagname>
The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
Start tag Element content End tag
<h1> My First Heading </h1>
<p> My first paragraph. </p>
<br> none none

1
Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element). These elements are called empty
elements. Empty elements do not have an end tag!
Web Browsers
The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari) is to read HTML documents and display them
correctly.
A browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses them to determine how to display the document:

HTML Page Structure


Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:
<html>
<head>
<title>Page title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Note: The content inside the <body> section will be displayed in a browser. The content inside the <title>
element will be shown in the browser's title bar or in the page's tab.

HTML History
Since the early days of the World Wide Web, there have been many versions of HTML:
Yea Version
r
1989 Tim Berners-Lee invented www
1991 Tim Berners-Lee invented HTML

2
1993 Dave Raggett drafted HTML+
1995 HTML Working Group defined HTML 2.0
1997 W3C Recommendation: HTML 3.2
1999 W3C Recommendation: HTML 4.01
2000 W3C Recommendation: XHTML 1.0
2008 WHATWG HTML5 First Public Draft
2012 WHATWG HTML5 Living Standard
2014 W3C Recommendation: HTML5
2016 W3C Candidate Recommendation: HTML 5.1
2017 W3C Recommendation: HTML5.1 2nd Edition
2017 W3C Recommendation: HTML5.2

HTML EDITOR
A simple text editor is all you need to learn HTML.
Learn HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit
Web pages can be created and modified by using professional HTML editors.
However, for learning HTML we recommend a simple text editor like Notepad (PC) or TextEdit (Mac).
We believe that using a simple text editor is a good way to learn HTML.
Follow the steps below to create your first web page with Notepad or TextEdit.
Step 1: Open Notepad (PC)
Windows 8 or later:
Open the Start Screen (the window symbol at the bottom left on your screen). Type Notepad.
Windows 7 or earlier:
Open Start > Programs > Accessories > Notepad

Step 2: Write Some HTML


Write or copy the following HTML code into Notepad:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

3
Step 3: Save the HTML Page
Save the file on your computer. Select File > Save as in the Notepad menu.
Name the file "index.htm" and set the encoding to UTF-8 (which is the preferred encoding for HTML files).

Tip: You can use either .htm or .html as file extension. There is no difference; it is up to you.
Step 4: View the HTML Page in Your Browser
Open the saved HTML file in your favorite browser (double click on the file, or right-click - and choose "Open
with").
The result will look much like this:

It is the perfect tool when you want to test code fast. It also has color coding and the ability to save and share
code with others:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>

4
<h1>This is a Heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

HTML DOCUMENTS
All HTML documents must start with a document type declaration: <!DOCTYPE html>.
The HTML document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html>.
The visible part of the HTML document is between <body> and </body>.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

THE <!DOCTYPE> DECLARATION


The <!DOCTYPE> declaration represents the document type, and helps browsers to display web pages correctly.
It must only appear once, at the top of the page (before any HTML tags).
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration is not case sensitive.
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration for HTML5 is:
<!DOCTYPE html>

HTML HEADINGS
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading:
Example
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>

HTML PARAGRAPHS
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:
Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

HTML LINKS
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:
Example
<a href="https://www.schools.com">This is a link</a>

5
The link's destination is specified in the href attribute.
Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.
You will learn more about attributes in a later chapter.

HTML IMAGES
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
The source file (src), alternative text (alt), width, and height are provided as attributes:
Example
<img src="schools.jpg" alt="Schools.com" width="104" height="142">

How to View HTML Source


Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"
View HTML Source Code:
Click CTRL + U in an HTML page, or right-click on the page and select "View Page Source". This will open a
new tab containing the HTML source code of the page.
Inspect an HTML Element:
Right-click on an element (or a blank area), and choose "Inspect" to see what elements are made up of (you will
see both the HTML and the CSS). You can also edit the HTML or CSS on-the-fly in the Elements or Styles
panel that opens.
HTML ELEMENTS
An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag.
HTML Elements
The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:
<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>
Examples of some HTML elements:
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
Start tag Element content End tag
<h1> My First Heading </h1>
<p> My first paragraph. </p>
<br> none none
Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element). These elements are called empty
elements. Empty elements do not have an end tag!

Nested HTML Elements


HTML elements can be nested (this means that elements can contain other elements).
All HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.
The following example contains four HTML elements (<html>, <body>, <h1> and <p>):
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>


<p>My first paragraph.</p>

6
</body>
</html>
Example Explained
The <html> element is the root element and it defines the whole HTML document.
It has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>.
Then, inside the <html> element there is a <body> element:
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
The <body> element defines the document's body.
It has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.
Then, inside the <body> element there are two other elements: <h1> and <p>:
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
The <h1> element defines a heading.
It has a start tag <h1> and an end tag </h1>:
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
The <p> element defines a paragraph.
It has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>:
<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Never Skip the End Tag


Some HTML elements will display correctly, even if you forget the end tag:
Example
<html>
<body>

<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph

</body>
</html>
However, never rely on this! Unexpected results and errors may occur if you forget the end tag!

Empty HTML Elements


HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.
The <br> tag defines a line break, and is an empty element without a closing tag:
Example
<p>This is a <br> paragraph with a line break.</p>

HTML is Not Case Sensitive


HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>.

7
The HTML standard does not require lowercase tags, but W3C recommends lowercase in HTML, and demands
lowercase for stricter document types like XHTML.
HTML Tag Reference
W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes.
Tag Description
<html> Defines the root of an HTML document
<body> Defines the document's body
<h1> to <h6> Defines HTML headings

HTML ATTRIBUTES

HTML attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Attributes
 All HTML elements can have attributes
 Attributes provide additional information about elements
 Attributes are always specified in the start tag
 Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

THE HREF ATTRIBUTE


The <a> tag defines a hyperlink. The href attribute specifies the URL of the page the link goes to:
Example
<a href="https://www.schools.com">Visit Schools</a>
You will learn more about links in our HTML Links chapter.

THE SRC ATTRIBUTE


The <img> tag is used to embed an image in an HTML page. The src attribute specifies the path to the image to
be displayed:
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg">
There are two ways to specify the URL in the src attribute:
1. Absolute URL - Links to an external image that is hosted on another website. Example:
src="https://www.w3schools.com/images/img_girl.jpg".
Notes: External images might be under copyright. If you do not get permission to use it, you may be in violation
of copyright laws. In addition, you cannot control external images; it can suddenly be removed or changed.
2. Relative URL - Links to an image that is hosted within the website. Here, the URL does not include the
domain name. If the URL begins without a slash, it will be relative to the current page. Example:
src="img_girl.jpg". If the URL begins with a slash, it will be relative to the domain. Example:
src="/images/img_girl.jpg".
Tip: It is almost always best to use relative URLs. They will not break if you change domain.

THE WIDTH AND HEIGHT ATTRIBUTES


The <img> tag should also contain the width and height attributes, which specify the width and height of the
image (in pixels):
Example

8
<img src="img_girl.jpg" width="500" height="600">

THE ALT ATTRIBUTE


The required alt attribute for the <img> tag specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image for some reason
cannot be displayed. This can be due to a slow connection, or an error in the src attribute, or if the user uses a
screen reader.
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" alt="Girl with a jacket">
Example
See what happens if we try to display an image that does not exist:
<img src="img_typo.jpg" alt="Girl with a jacket">
You will learn more about images in our HTML Images chapter.

THE STYLE ATTRIBUTE


The style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more.
Example
<p style="color:red;">This is a red paragraph.</p>
You will learn more about styles in our HTML Styles chapter.

THE LANG ATTRIBUTE


You should always include the lang attribute inside the <html> tag, to declare the language of the Web page.
This is meant to assist search engines and browsers.
The following example specifies English as the language:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<body>
...
</body>
</html>
Country codes can also be added to the language code in the lang attribute. So, the first two characters define the
language of the HTML page, and the last two characters define the country.
The following example specifies English as the language and United States as the country:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<body>
...
</body>
</html>
You can see all the language codes in our HTML Language Code Reference.

THE TITLE ATTRIBUTE


The title attribute defines some extra information about an element.
The value of the title attribute will be displayed as a tooltip when you mouse over the element:
Example
<p title="I'm a tooltip">This is a paragraph.</p>

9
We Suggest: Always Use Lowercase Attributes
The HTML standard does not require lowercase attribute names.
The title attribute (and all other attributes) can be written with uppercase or lowercase like title or TITLE.
However, it recommends lowercase attributes in HTML, and demands lowercase attributes for stricter
document types like XHTML.

We Suggest: Always Quote Attribute Values


The HTML standard does not require quotes around attribute values.
However, W3C recommends quotes in HTML, and demands quotes for stricter document types like XHTML.
Good:
<a href="https://www.schools.com/html/">Visit our HTML tutorial</a>
Bad:
<a href=https://www.schools.com/html/>Visit our HTML tutorial</a>
Sometimes you have to use quotes. This example will not display the title attribute correctly, because it contains
a space:
Example
<p title=About Schools>

SINGLE OR DOUBLE QUOTES?


Double quotes around attribute values are the most common in HTML, but single quotes can also be used.
In some situations, when the attribute value itself contains double quotes, it is necessary to use single quotes:
<p title='John "ShotGun" Nelson'>
Or vice versa:
<p title="John 'ShotGun' Nelson">
 All HTML elements can have attributes
 The href attribute of <a> specifies the URL of the page the link goes to
 The src attribute of <img> specifies the path to the image to be displayed
 The width and height attributes of <img> provide size information for images
 The alt attribute of <img> provides an alternate text for an image
 The style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more
 The lang attribute of the <html> tag declares the language of the Web page
 The title attribute defines some extra information about an element

HTML Headings

HTML headings are titles or subtitles that you want to display on a webpage.

Example
Heading 1
Heading 2
Heading 3

10
Heading 4
Heading 5
Heading 6

HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.
Example
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Heading 2</h2>
<h3>Heading 3</h3>
<h4>Heading 4</h4>
<h5>Heading 5</h5>
<h6>Heading 6</h6>
Note: Browsers automatically add some white space (a margin) before and after a heading.

Headings Are Important


Search engines use the headings to index the structure and content of your web pages.
Users often skim a page by its headings. It is important to use headings to show the document structure.
<h1> headings should be used for main headings, followed by <h2> headings, then the less important <h3>, and
so on.
Note: Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold.

HTML PARAGRAPHS
A paragraph always starts on a new line, and is usually a block of text.
HTML Paragraphs
The HTML <p> element defines a paragraph.
A paragraph always starts on a new line, and browsers automatically add some white space (a margin) before
and after a paragraph.
Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

HTML Horizontal Rules


The <hr> tag defines a thematic break in an HTML page, and is most often displayed as a horizontal rule.
The <hr> element is used to separate content (or define a change) in an HTML page:
Example
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<p>This is some text.</p>
<hr>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<p>This is some other text.</p>
<hr>
The <hr> tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.

11
HTML Line Breaks
The HTML <br> element defines a line break.
Use <br> if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:
Example
<p>This is<br>a paragraph<br>with line breaks.</p>
The <br> tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.

HTML STYLES

The HTML style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more.

Example
I am Red
I am Blue
I am Big

The HTML Style Attribute


Setting the style of an HTML element, can be done with the style attribute.
The HTML style attribute has the following syntax:
<tagname style="property:value;">
The property is a CSS property. The value is a CSS value.
You will learn more about CSS later in this tutorial.

BACKGROUND COLOR
The CSS background-color property defines the background color for an HTML element.
Example
Set the background color for a page to powderblue:
<body style="background-color:powderblue;">

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
Example
Set background color for two different elements:
<body>

<h1 style="background-color:powderblue;">This is a heading</h1>


<p style="background-color:tomato;">This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

Text Color
The CSS color property defines the text color for an HTML element:

12
Example
<h1 style="color:blue;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="color:red;">This is a paragraph.</p>

Fonts
The CSS font-family property defines the font to be used for an HTML element:
Example
<h1 style="font-family:verdana;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-family:courier;">This is a paragraph.</p>

Text Size
The CSS font-size property defines the text size for an HTML element:
Example
<h1 style="font-size:300%;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-size:160%;">This is a paragraph.</p>

Text Alignment
The CSS text-align property defines the horizontal text alignment for an HTML element:
Example
<h1 style="text-align:center;">Centered Heading</h1>
<p style="text-align:center;">Centered paragraph.</p>

 Use the style attribute for styling HTML elements


 Use background-color for background color
 Use color for text colors
 Use font-family for text fonts
 Use font-size for text sizes
 Use text-align for text alignment

HTML TEXT FORMATTING

HTML contains several elements for defining text with a special meaning.

Example
This text is bold
This text is italic
This is subscript and superscript

HTML FORMATTING ELEMENTS


Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:
 <b> - Bold text
 <strong> - Important text
 <i> - Italic text
 <em> - Emphasized text
 <mark> - Marked text
 <small> - Smaller text
13
 <del> - Deleted text
 <ins> - Inserted text
 <sub> - Subscript text
 <sup> - Superscript text

HTML <b> and <strong> Elements


The HTML <b> element defines bold text, without any extra importance.
Example
<b>This text is bold</b>
The HTML <strong> element defines text with strong importance. The content inside is typically displayed in
bold.
Example
<strong>This text is important!</strong>

HTML <i> and <em> Elements


The HTML <i> element defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood. The content inside is typically
displayed in italic.
Tip: The <i> tag is often used to indicate a technical term, a phrase from another language, a thought, a ship
name, etc.
Example
<i>This text is italic</i>
The HTML <em> element defines emphasized text. The content inside is typically displayed in italic.
Tip: A screen reader will pronounce the words in <em> with an emphasis, using verbal stress.
Example
<em>This text is emphasized</em>

HTML <small> Element


The HTML <small> element defines smaller text:
Example
<small>This is some smaller text.</small>

HTML <mark> Element


The HTML <mark> element defines text that should be marked or highlighted:
Example
<p>Do not forget to buy <mark>milk</mark> today.</p>

HTML <del> Element


The HTML <del> element defines text that has been deleted from a document. Browsers will usually strike a line
through deleted text:
Example
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> red.</p>

HTML <ins> Element


The HTML <ins> element defines a text that has been inserted into a document. Browsers will usually underline
inserted text:

14
Example
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> <ins>red</ins>.</p>

HTML <sub> Element


The HTML <sub> element defines subscript text. Subscript text appears half a character below the normal line,
and is sometimes rendered in a smaller font. Subscript text can be used for chemical formulas, like H 2O:
Example
<p>This is <sub>subscripted</sub> text.</p>

HTML <sup> Element


The HTML <sup> element defines superscript text. Superscript text appears half a character above the normal
line, and is sometimes rendered in a smaller font. Superscript text can be used for footnotes, like WWW [1]:
Example
<p>This is <sup>superscripted</sup> text.</p>

HTML QUOTATION AND CITATION ELEMENTS

In this chapter we will go through the <blockquote>,<q>, <abbr>, <address>, <cite>, and <bdo> HTML
elements.

Example
Here is a quote from WWF's website:
For 60 years, WWF has worked to help people and nature thrive. As the world's leading conservation
organization, WWF works in nearly 100 countries. At every level, we collaborate with people around the world
to develop and deliver innovative solutions that protect communities, wildlife, and the places in which they live.

HTML <blockquote> for Quotations


The HTML <blockquote> element defines a section that is quoted from another source.
Browsers usually indent <blockquote> elements.
Example
<p>Here is a quote from WWF's website:</p>
<blockquote cite="http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/index.html">
For 60 years, WWF has worked to help people and nature thrive. As the world's leading conservation
organization, WWF works in nearly 100 countries. At every level, we collaborate with people around the world
to develop and deliver innovative solutions that protect communities, wildlife, and the places in which they live.
</blockquote>

HTML <q> for Short Quotations


The HTML <q> tag defines a short quotation.
Browsers normally insert quotation marks around the quotation.
Example
<p>WWF's goal is to: <q>Build a future where people live in harmony with nature.</q></p>

HTML <abbr> for Abbreviations

15
The HTML <abbr> tag defines an abbreviation or an acronym, like "HTML", "CSS", "Mr.", "Dr.", "ASAP",
"ATM".
Marking abbreviations can give useful information to browsers, translation systems and search-engines.
Tip: Use the global title attribute to show the description for the abbreviation/acronym when you mouse over the
element.
Example
<p>The <abbr title="World Health Organization">WHO</abbr> was founded in 1948.</p>

HTML <address> for Contact Information


The HTML <address> tag defines the contact information for the author/owner of a document or an article.
The contact information can be an email address, URL, physical address, phone number, social media handle,
etc.
The text in the <address> element usually renders in italic, and browsers will always add a line break before and
after the <address> element.
Example
<address>
Written by John Doe.<br>
Visit us at:<br>
Example.com<br>
Box 564, Disneyland<br>
USA
</address>

HTML <cite> for Work Title


The HTML <cite> tag defines the title of a creative work (e.g. a book, a poem, a song, a movie, a painting, a
sculpture, etc.).
Note: A person's name is not the title of a work.
The text in the <cite> element usually renders in italic.
Example
<p><cite>The Scream</cite> by Edvard Munch. Painted in 1893.</p>

HTML <bdo> for Bi-Directional Override


BDO stands for Bi-Directional Override.
The HTML <bdo> tag is used to override the current text direction:
Example
<bdo dir="rtl">This text will be written from right to left</bdo>

HTML COMMENTS

HTML comments are not displayed in the browser, but they can help document your HTML source code.

HTML Comment Tag


You can add comments to your HTML source by using the following syntax:
<!-- Write your comments here -->

16
Notice that there is an exclamation point (!) in the start tag, but not in the end tag.
Note: Comments are not displayed by the browser, but they can help document your HTML source code.

Add Comments
With comments you can place notifications and reminders in your HTML code:
Example
<!-- This is a comment -->

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<!-- Remember to add more information here -->

Hide Content
Comments can be used to hide content.
This can be helpful if you hide content temporarily:
Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<!-- <p>This is another paragraph </p> -->

<p>This is a paragraph too.</p>


You can also hide more than one line. Everything between the <!-- and the --> will be hidden from the display.
Example
Hide a section of HTML code:
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<!--
<p>Look at this cool image:</p>
<img border="0" src="pic_trulli.jpg" alt="Trulli">
-->
<p>This is a paragraph too.</p>
Comments are also great for debugging HTML, because you can comment out HTML lines of code, one at a
time, to search for errors.

Hide Inline Content


Comments can be used to hide parts in the middle of the HTML code.
Example
Hide a part of a paragraph:
<p>This <!-- great text --> is a paragraph.</p>

HTML COLORS

HTML colors are specified with predefined color names, or with RGB, HEX, HSL, RGBA, or HSLA values.

Color Names

17
In HTML, a color can be specified by using a color name:
Tomato
Orange
DodgerBlue
MediumSeaGreen
Gray
SlateBlue
Violet
LightGray
HTML supports 140 standard color names.

Background Color
You can set the background color for HTML elements:
Hello World

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet
dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper
suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Example
<h1 style="background-color:DodgerBlue;">Hello World</h1>
<p style="background-color:Tomato;">Lorem ipsum...</p>

Text Color
You can set the color of text:
Hello World
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet
dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.
Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea
commodo consequat.
Example
<h1 style="color:Tomato;">Hello World</h1>
<p style="color:DodgerBlue;">Lorem ipsum...</p>
<p style="color:MediumSeaGreen;">Ut wisi enim...</p>

Border Color
You can set the color of borders:
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Example
<h1 style="border:2px solid Tomato;">Hello World</h1>
<h1 style="border:2px solid DodgerBlue;">Hello World</h1>
<h1 style="border:2px solid Violet;">Hello World</h1>

18
Color Values
In HTML, colors can also be specified using RGB values, HEX values, HSL values, RGBA values, and HSLA
values.
The following three <div> elements have their background color set with RGB, HEX, and HSL values:
rgb(255, 99, 71)
#ff6347
hsl(9, 100%, 64%)
The following two <div> elements have their background color set with RGBA and HSLA values, which add an
Alpha channel to the color (here we have 50% transparency):
rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5)
hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.5)
Example
<h1 style="background-color:rgb(255, 99, 71);">...</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:#ff6347;">...</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:hsl(9, 100%, 64%);">...</h1>

<h1 style="background-color:rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5);">...</h1>


<h1 style="background-color:hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.5);">...</h1>

HTML STYLES - CSS

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets.


CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once.

CSS = Styles and Colors


M a n i p u l a t e T e x t
C o l o r s , B o x e s

What is CSS?
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is used to format the layout of a webpage.
With CSS, you can control the color, font, the size of text, the spacing between elements, how elements are
positioned and laid out, what background images or background colors are to be used, different displays for
different devices and screen sizes, and much more!
Tip: The word cascading means that a style applied to a parent element will also apply to all children elements
within the parent. So, if you set the color of the body text to "blue", all headings, paragraphs, and other text
elements within the body will also get the same color (unless you specify something else)!

Using CSS
CSS can be added to HTML documents in 3 ways:
 Inline - by using the style attribute inside HTML elements
 Internal - by using a <style> element in the <head> section
 External - by using a <link> element to link to an external CSS file
The most common way to add CSS, is to keep the styles in external CSS files. However, in this tutorial we will
use inline and internal styles, because this is easier to demonstrate, and easier for you to try it yourself.

19
Inline CSS
An inline CSS is used to apply a unique style to a single HTML element.
An inline CSS uses the style attribute of an HTML element.
The following example sets the text color of the <h1> element to blue, and the text color of the <p> element to
red:
Example
<h1 style="color:blue;">A Blue Heading</h1>

<p style="color:red;">A red paragraph.</p>

Internal CSS
An internal CSS is used to define a style for a single HTML page.
An internal CSS is defined in the <head> section of an HTML page, within a <style> element.
The following example sets the text color of ALL the <h1> elements (on that page) to blue, and the text color of
ALL the <p> elements to red. In addition, the page will be displayed with a "powderblue" background color:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {background-color: powderblue;}
h1 {color: blue;}
p {color: red;}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

External CSS
An external style sheet is used to define the style for many HTML pages.
To use an external style sheet, add a link to it in the <head> section of each HTML page:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>

20
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>
The external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file must not contain any HTML code, and must be
saved with a .css extension.
Here is what the "styles.css" file looks like:
"styles.css":
body {
background-color: powderblue;
}
h1 {
color: blue;
}
p{
color: red;
}
Tip: With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire web site, by changing one file!

CSS Colors, Fonts and Sizes


Here, we will demonstrate some commonly used CSS properties. You will learn more about them later.
The CSS color property defines the text color to be used.
The CSS font-family property defines the font to be used.
The CSS font-size property defines the text size to be used.
Example
Use of CSS color, font-family and font-size properties:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
h1 {
color: blue;
font-family: verdana;
font-size: 300%;
}
p{
color: red;
font-family: courier;
font-size: 160%;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>

21
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

CSS Border
The CSS border property defines a border around an HTML element.
Tip: You can define a border for nearly all HTML elements.
Example
Use of CSS border property:
p{
border: 2px solid powderblue;
}

CSS Padding
The CSS padding property defines a padding (space) between the text and the border.
Example
Use of CSS border and padding properties:
p{
border: 2px solid powderblue;
padding: 30px;
}

CSS Margin
The CSS margin property defines a margin (space) outside the border.
Example
Use of CSS border and margin properties:
p{
border: 2px solid powderblue;
margin: 50px;
}

Link to External CSS


External style sheets can be referenced with a full URL or with a path relative to the current web page.
Example
This example uses a full URL to link to a style sheet:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/styles.css">
Example
This example links to a style sheet located in the html folder on the current web site:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/html/styles.css">
Example
This example links to a style sheet located in the same folder as the current page:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
You can read more about file paths in the chapter HTML File Paths.

22
 Use the HTML style attribute for inline styling
 Use the HTML <style> element to define internal CSS
 Use the HTML <link> element to refer to an external CSS file
 Use the HTML <head> element to store <style> and <link> elements
 Use the CSS color property for text colors
 Use the CSS font-family property for text fonts
 Use the CSS font-size property for text sizes
 Use the CSS border property for borders
 Use the CSS padding property for space inside the border
 Use the CSS margin property for space outside the border

HTML Tags Ordered Alphabetically


Tag Description
<!--...--> Defines a comment
<!DOCTYPE> Defines the document type
<a> Defines a hyperlink
<abbr> Defines an abbreviation or an acronym
<acronym> Not supported in HTML5. Use <abbr> instead.
Defines an acronym
<address> Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document
<applet> Not supported in HTML5. Use <embed> or <object> instead.
Defines an embedded applet
<area> Defines an area inside an image map
<article> Defines an article
<aside> Defines content aside from the page content
<audio> Defines embedded sound content
<b> Defines bold text
<base> Specifies the base URL/target for all relative URLs in a document
<basefont> Not supported in HTML5. Use CSS instead.
Specifies a default color, size, and font for all text in a document
<bdi> Isolates a part of text that might be formatted in a different direction from other
text outside it
<bdo> Overrides the current text direction
<big> Not supported in HTML5. Use CSS instead.
Defines big text
<blockquote> Defines a section that is quoted from another source
<body> Defines the document's body
<br> Defines a single line break
<button> Defines a clickable button
<canvas> Used to draw graphics, on the fly, via scripting (usually JavaScript)
<caption> Defines a table caption
<center> Not supported in HTML5. Use CSS instead.
Defines centered text
<cite> Defines the title of a work
<code> Defines a piece of computer code
23
<col> Specifies column properties for each column within a <colgroup> element
<colgroup> Specifies a group of one or more columns in a table for formatting
<data> Adds a machine-readable translation of a given content
<datalist> Specifies a list of pre-defined options for input controls
<dd> Defines a description/value of a term in a description list
<del> Defines text that has been deleted from a document
<details> Defines additional details that the user can view or hide
<dfn> Specifies a term that is going to be defined within the content
<dialog> Defines a dialog box or window
<dir> Not supported in HTML5. Use <ul> instead.
Defines a directory list
<div> Defines a section in a document
<dl> Defines a description list
<dt> Defines a term/name in a description list
<em> Defines emphasized text
<embed> Defines a container for an external application
<fieldset> Groups related elements in a form
<figcaption> Defines a caption for a <figure> element
<figure> Specifies self-contained content
<font> Not supported in HTML5. Use CSS instead.
Defines font, color, and size for text
<footer> Defines a footer for a document or section
<form> Defines an HTML form for user input
<frame> Not supported in HTML5.
Defines a window (a frame) in a frameset
<frameset> Not supported in HTML5.
Defines a set of frames
<h1> to <h6> Defines HTML headings
<head> Contains metadata/information for the document
<header> Defines a header for a document or section
<hgroup> Defines a header and related content
<hr> Defines a thematic change in the content
<html> Defines the root of an HTML document
<i> Defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood
<iframe> Defines an inline frame
<img> Defines an image
<input> Defines an input control
<ins> Defines a text that has been inserted into a document
<kbd> Defines keyboard input
<label> Defines a label for an <input> element
<legend> Defines a caption for a <fieldset> element
<li> Defines a list item
<link> Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource (most used
to link to style sheets)
<main> Specifies the main content of a document
24
<map> Defines an image map
<mark> Defines marked/highlighted text
<menu> Defines an unordered list
<meta> Defines metadata about an HTML document
<meter> Defines a scalar measurement within a known range (a gauge)
<nav> Defines navigation links
<noframes> Not supported in HTML5.
Defines an alternate content for users that do not support frames
<noscript> Defines an alternate content for users that do not support client-side scripts
<object> Defines a container for an external application
<ol> Defines an ordered list
<optgroup> Defines a group of related options in a drop-down list
<option> Defines an option in a drop-down list
<output> Defines the result of a calculation
<p> Defines a paragraph
<param> Defines a parameter for an object
<picture> Defines a container for multiple image resources
<pre> Defines preformatted text
<progress> Represents the progress of a task
<q> Defines a short quotation
<rp> Defines what to show in browsers that do not support ruby annotations
<rt> Defines an explanation/pronunciation of characters (for East Asian typography)
<ruby> Defines a ruby annotation (for East Asian typography)
<s> Defines text that is no longer correct
<samp> Defines sample output from a computer program
<script> Defines a client-side script
<search> Defines a search section
<section> Defines a section in a document
<select> Defines a drop-down list
<small> Defines smaller text
<source> Defines multiple media resources for media elements (<video> and <audio>)
<span> Defines a section in a document
<strike> Not supported in HTML5. Use <del> or <s> instead.
Defines strikethrough text
<strong> Defines important text
<style> Defines style information for a document
<sub> Defines subscripted text
<summary> Defines a visible heading for a <details> element
<sup> Defines superscripted text
<svg> Defines a container for SVG graphics
<table> Defines a table
<tbody> Groups the body content in a table
<td> Defines a cell in a table
<template> Defines a container for content that should be hidden when the page loads
25
<textarea> Defines a multiline input control (text area)
<tfoot> Groups the footer content in a table
<th> Defines a header cell in a table
<thead> Groups the header content in a table
<time> Defines a specific time (or datetime)
<title> Defines a title for the document
<tr> Defines a row in a table
<track> Defines text tracks for media elements (<video> and <audio>)
<tt> Not supported in HTML5. Use CSS instead.
Defines teletype text
<u> Defines some text that is unarticulated and styled differently from normal text
<ul> Defines an unordered list
<var> Defines a variable
<video> Defines embedded video content
<wbr> Defines a possible line-break

26

You might also like