Graphs

Lecture Flow
1 Pre-requisites 6 Graph representations
2 Definition of Graphs 7 Graphs & Trees
3 Types of Graphs 8 Receiving Inputs on Graph
4 Graph terminologies Problems
5 Checkpoint 9 Practice questions
10 Quote of the day

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Pre-requisites
● Arrays / Linked list
● Matrices
● Dictionaries
● Time and space complexity analysis

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What is a Graph?

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Definition
● A way to represent relationships between objects.
● A collection of nodes that have data and are connected to other
nodes.

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Example: Friendship Graph

● Nodes or vertices: The objects in

graph
○ These people our case
● Edges: the relation between nodes.
○ The friendship between them
(the lines)

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What are the types of graphs?

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Undirected Graph
● Facebook friendship

● If Alice is friends with Bob,

Bob is also friends with alice

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Directed Graph
● Twitter's "following" relation

● If person A follows person B,

that does not mean that

person B follows person A.

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Let’s say we want to add a weight parameter which
represents the strength of the friendship.

How can we do that?

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Unweighted Graph
All edges have the same value.

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Weighted Graph

Weighted graphs assign numerical

values to edges.

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Graph Terminologies

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Terminology: Node / Vertex
● Represent entities (e.g., people, devices).

● Connected to other nodes by edges.

Terminology: Edge
● Connection between two nodes.

● Represented by lines or arrows.

● model relationships in various systems.

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Terminology: Neighbors
● Two nodes are neighbors or adjacent if there is an edge between
them

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Terminology: Degree

● Node degree = number of neighbors.

● In directed graphs:

○ Indegree = edges ending at node.

○ Outdegree = edges starting at

node.

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Terminology: Path
● A path leads from one node to another.

● The length of a path is the number of edges in it.

● Let’s consider the path between node A and node F

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Terminology: Cycle
A path is a cycle if the first and the last node of the path is the same.

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Terminology: Connectivity
A graph is connected if there is a path between any two nodes

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Terminology: Components
The connected parts of a graph are called its components.

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Terminology: Complete Graph
A complete graph is a graph in which each pair of node is connected by an
edge.

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Summary

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Common Terminologies
Node: _____?

Edge: _____?

Path: _____?

Cycle: _____?

Connectivity: _____?

Components: _____?

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Common Terminologies
Node: represents elements

Edge: is like a line connecting two points or nodes

Path: list of edges that connects nodes

Cycle: if start and end of a path is the same

Connectivity: if there is a path between any two nodes of the graph

Components: connected part of a graph

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Common Terminologies
Tree: _____?

Neighbours(adjacent): _____?

Degree: _____?

Indegree: _____?

Outdegree: _____?

Complete Graph: _____?

Traverse: _____?
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Common Terminologies
Tree: is undirected, connected graph consists of n nodes and n-1 edges

Neighbours(adjacent): two nodes are neighbors if there is an edge between them

Degree: is number of neighbours a node has

Indegree: number of edges that end at the node

Outdegree: number of edges that start at the node

Complete Graph: every node has n-1 degree (an edge from every node to every other node)

Traverse: going through the graph using edges

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Graph Representations

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Graph Representations
● Adjacency Matrix

● Adjacency List

● Edge List

● Grids as Graphs

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Graph Representation: Adjacency matrix

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Advantages and disadvantages of
Adjacency Matrix

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Graph Representation: Adjacency matrix

Advantages: Disadvantages:

● To represent dense graphs. ● It takes more time to build and

consume more memory

● Edge lookup is fast
(O(N**2) for both cases)

● Finding neighbors of a node is

costly
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Graph Representation: Adjacency List using List

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Graph Representation: Adjacency List using Linked List

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Advantages and Disadvantages of
Adjacency List

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Graph Representation: Adjacency list

Advantages: Disadvantages:

● It uses less memory ● Edge look up is slow

● Neighbours of a node can be

found pretty fast

● Best for sparse graphs

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Graph Representation: Edge list

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Advantages and Disadvantages of
Edge List

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Graph Representation: Edge list

Advantages: Disadvantages:

● It uses less memory. ● Edge look up is slow

● Easy to represent ● Hard to traverse

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Graph Representation: Grids as Graph

● Matrix cells = nodes

● Edges between adjacent cells:

○ 4 perpendicular

○ 2 diagonal/antidiagonal.

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Graph Representation: Grids
- Direction vectors

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Graph and Tree

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Tree
● A tree is a connected and acyclic graph.
● A tree has a unique path between any two vertices.
● How many edges does a tree have?

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Receiving Inputs on Graph Problems

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Adjacency List Inputs

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Receiving Inputs: Directed Unweighted Graphs - AL

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Receiving Inputs: Directed Unweighted Graphs - AL

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Think of ways to implement this

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Receiving Inputs: Directed Weighted Graphs - AL

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Receiving Inputs: Directed Weighted Graphs - AL

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Receiving Inputs: DWG Complexity Analysis - AL

● Time Complexity: O(n + m)

● Space Complexity: O(2m)

n = number of nodes
m = number of edges

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Adjacency Matrix Inputs

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Receiving Inputs: Directed Weighted Graphs - AM

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Receiving Inputs: DWG Illustration - AM

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Receiving Inputs: DWG Complexity Analysis - AM

● Time Complexity: O(n^2)

● Space Complexity: O(n^2)

n = number of nodes(matrix length)

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Receiving Inputs: Undirected Weighted Graphs - AM

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Receiving Inputs: UDWG Illustration - AM

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Receiving Inputs: UDWG Complexity Analysis - AM

● Time Complexity: O(n^2)

● Space Complexity: O(n^2)

n = number of nodes (matrix length)

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Edge List Inputs

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Receiving Inputs: Directed Weighted Graphs - EL

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Receiving Inputs: DWG Illustration - EL

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Receiving Inputs: DWG Complexity Analysis - EL

● Time Complexity: O(n)

● Space Complexity: O(n)

n = number of edges

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For Multiple Graph Problems
(Generic Templates)

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Generic template - I
t = int(input()) # number of test cases

for _ in range(t):
# number of nodes and edges
n, m = map(int, input().split())
graph = [[] for _ in range(n)]
Which kind of input is
the graph?
for j in range(m):
u, v = map(int, input().split())
graph[u - 1].append(v - 1)
graph[v - 1].append(u - 1)

# do something with the graph 64

OR

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Generic template - II

from collections import defaultdict

t = int(input()) # number of test cases

for _ in range(t):
# number of nodes and edges
n, m = map(int, input().split())
graph = defaultdict(list)
for j in range(m):
u, v = map(int, input().split())
graph[u].append(v)
graph[v].append(u)
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Tip - To make your inputs faster…

import sys
input = sys.stdin.readline

● This replaces the input() function with sys.stdin.readline() which

is faster.

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Common Pitfalls

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Common Pitfalls
● Not considering cycles in the graph.

● Not checking whether the graph is directed or undirected

● Not understanding input format well

● Falling in to infinite loop (because of cycles)

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Types of Graph Questions
● Graph questions can be classified into different categories based on
the problem requirements.

● Some common types of graph questions include:

● Shortest path: find the shortest path between two vertices.

● Connectivity: determine if there is a path between two vertices.
● Cycle detection: detect cycles in the graph.
● Topological sorting: order the vertices in a directed acyclic graph.

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Approaches to Solving Graph Problems
There are several approaches to solving graph problems, including:

● Breadth-first search (BFS)

● Depth-first search (DFS)
● Dijkstra's algorithm
● Bellman-Ford algorithm
● Kruskal's algorithm
● Floyd-Warshall algorithm

The choice of algorithm depends on the problem's requirements.

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What is next?

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Graph Traversal: DFS and BFS

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Shortest path: Dijkstra

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Shortest path: Bellman Ford

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Topological Sort

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Exercise problems…
1. Operations on graph
2. Cities and roads
3. From adjacency matrix to adjacency list
4. From adjacency list to adjacency matrix
5. Regular graph
6. Sources and sinks

For more graph representation Problems: Link

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 Quote of The Day

"You can always recognize truth by

its beauty and simplicity."
- Richard P. Feynman