Module 1

Introduction to C: Introduction to computers, input and output devices, designing efficient programs.
Introduction to C, Structure of C program, Files used in a C program, Compilers, Compiling and executing C
programs, variables, constants, Input/output statements in C.
Module 2
Operators in C, Type conversion and typecasting.
Decision control and Looping statements: Introduction to decision control, Conditional branching statements,
iterative statements, nested loops, break and continue statements, goto statement.
Module 3
Functions: Introduction using functions, Function definition, function declaration, function call, return
statement, passing parameters to functions, scope of variables, storage classes, recursive functions.
Arrays: Declaration of arrays, accessing the elements of an array, storing values in arrays, Operations on
arrays, Passing arrays to functions.
Module 4
Two dimensional arrays, operations on two-dimensional arrays, two-dimensional arrays to functions,
multidimensional arrays.
Applications of arrays and introduction to strings: Applications of arrays, case study with sorting techniques.
Introduction to strings: Reading strings, writing strings, summary of functions used to read and write
characters. Suppressing input using a Scan sets.
Module 5
Strings: String taxonomy, operations on strings, Miscellaneous string and character functions, arrays of
strings.
Pointers: Understanding the Computer’s Memory, Introduction to Pointers, Declaring Pointer Variables.
Structures: Introduction to structures.

Lab:
1. C Program to find Mechanical Energy of a particle using E = mgh+1/2 mv2.
2. C Program to convert Kilometers into Meters and Centimeters.
3. C Program to Check the Given Character is Lowercase or Uppercase or Special Character.
4. Program to balance the given Chemical Equation values x, y, p, q of a simple chemical equation of the type:
The task is to find the values of constants b1, b2, b3 such that the equation is balanced on both sides and it
must be the reduced form.
5. Implement Matrix multiplication and validate the rules of multiplication.
6. Compute sin(x)/cos(x) using Taylor series approximation. Compare you result with the built-in library
function. Print both the results with appropriate inferences.
7. Sort the given set of Numbers using Bubble sort.
8. Write functions to implement string operations such as compare, concatenate, string length. Convince the
parameter passing techniques.
9. Implement structures to read, write and compute average-marks and the students scoring above and below
the average marks for a class of N students.
10. Develop a program using pointers to compute the sum, mean and standard deviation of all elements stored
in an array of N real numbers.
Module 1: Introduction to C
 Introduction to Computers: Computers are devices that process data according to instructions. They
consist of hardware (physical parts) and software (programs).
 Input and Output Devices: Input devices (like a keyboard) allow users to send data to the computer,
while output devices (like a monitor) display results from the computer.
 Designing Efficient Programs: Programming involves writing code to solve problems in an efficient
way (using less time and memory).
 Introduction to C: C is a programming language used to write efficient programs, widely used in
system software and embedded programming.
 Structure of a C Program: A typical C program has:
o Header files (#include statements),
o main () function, which is the entry point,
o Statements or instructions.
 Files in C Programs: C uses files like .c (source code) and .h (header files).
 Compilers: A compiler translates C code into machine code that the computer can understand.
 Compiling and Executing: The process involves writing code, compiling it, and running the
executable program.
 Variables and Constants: Variables store data that can change, while constants store fixed data.
 Input/output Statements: Functions like scanf() (input) and printf() (output) are used to interact with
users.
Module 2: Operators, Type Conversion, and Control Statements
 Operators in C: Operators are symbols that perform operations:
o Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %
o Relational Operators: ==, !=, >, <
o Logical Operators: &&, ||, !
 Type Conversion: When one data type is converted into another, such as from int to float,
automatically or manually.
 Typecasting: Explicitly converting a variable from one type to another, e.g., (float) x.
 Decision Control Statements:
o if, else, switch: Allow the program to make decisions based on conditions.
 Looping Statements:
o for, while, do-while: Used to repeat a block of code multiple times.
 Nested Loops: A loop inside another loop.
 break and continue: Control how a loop operates (break exits the loop, continue skips to the next
iteration).
 goto Statement: Used for jumping to specific parts of the code (generally discouraged as it can make
code confusing).
Module 3: Functions and Arrays
 Functions:
o Functions are blocks of code that perform specific tasks and can be reused.
o Function Definition: The code that defines what the function does.
o Function Declaration: Tells the compiler about the function’s name, return type, and
parameters.
o Function Call: Executes the function.
o Return Statement: Sends a value back from the function.
o Passing Parameters: Functions can receive inputs (parameters) and return outputs.
o Scope of Variables: Determines where variables can be accessed (inside or outside functions).
o Storage Classes: Control the lifetime and visibility of variables (e.g., auto, static).
o Recursive Functions: Functions that call themselves to solve problems in smaller chunks.
 Arrays:
o Arrays are collections of elements of the same type.
o Declaration: You define arrays with their size and type.
o Accessing Elements: You can access elements using an index.
o Operations on Arrays: You can add, modify, and retrieve data from arrays.
o Passing Arrays to Functions: Arrays can be passed to functions for processing.
Module 4: Multi-dimensional Arrays and Strings
 Two-Dimensional Arrays:
o Arrays with two dimensions, like a matrix (rows and columns).
o Used to represent tables or grids.
 Operations on Two-Dimensional Arrays: You can store and retrieve data using two indexes (row
and column).
 Multi-dimensional Arrays: Arrays with more than two dimensions, used for more complex data.
 Applications of Arrays:
o Sorting techniques (e.g., bubble sort) use arrays to arrange data in order.
 Introduction to Strings:
o Strings are arrays of characters terminated by a null character (\0).
o Reading Strings: Using functions like gets() or scanf().
o Writing Strings: Using printf() to output strings.
o Scan Sets: Used to limit or suppress input using specific patterns.
Module 5: Strings, Pointers, and Structures
 Strings:
o String Taxonomy: Different categories of strings and how they are represented.
o Operations on Strings: Functions like strcpy(), strlen(), strcmp() allow copying, finding
length, and comparing strings.
o Arrays of Strings: An array where each element is a string.
 Pointers:
o Understanding Memory: In C, memory is managed using addresses, and pointers are used to
store these addresses.
o Declaring Pointer Variables: A pointer is declared using *, like int *p.
o Pointer Operations: You can use pointers to manipulate data in memory directly.
 Structures:
o Introduction to Structures: Structures group different data types into a single unit.
o Example: A structure to represent a person could have both a name (string) and an age
(integer).
o You can use structures to manage related data efficiently.

LAB:
Module 1: Basic Input, Output, and Variables
1. C Program to Find Mechanical Energy of a Particle
o Concepts: Variables, mathematical operations, and input/output.
o Explanation: Use the formula E = mgh + (1/2)mv² to calculate mechanical energy, where
you input values for mass (m), gravity (g), height (h), and velocity (v).
o Input/Output: Use scanf() to take inputs and printf() to display the result.
2. C Program to Convert Kilometers into Meters and Centimeters
o Concepts: Simple arithmetic calculations and input/output.
o Explanation: Convert kilometers to meters (1 km = 1000 meters) and centimeters (1 meter =
100 cm) by using the conversion formulas.
o Input/Output: Take input for kilometers and print meters and centimeters.
Module 2: Decision Control, Loops, and Operators
3. C Program to Check if a Character is Lowercase, Uppercase, or Special Character
o Concepts: Decision control statements (if-else), ASCII values, and character manipulation.
o Explanation: Check the ASCII value of the character to determine if it is lowercase (a-z),
uppercase (A-Z), or a special character (anything else).
o Conditional Operators: Use relational operators to compare ASCII values.
4. Program to Balance a Simple Chemical Equation
o Concepts: Basic loops and decision control.
o Explanation: Find constants b1, b2, b3 to balance the chemical equation. Use loops and
conditional statements to iterate through possible values and check if both sides of the
equation are equal.
o Decision Control: You use logic to check the balance condition.
Module 3: Functions and Arrays
5. Matrix Multiplication and Validation
o Concepts: Functions, nested loops, and arrays.
o Explanation: Multiply two matrices and validate that matrix multiplication is only possible if
the number of columns in the first matrix equals the number of rows in the second matrix.
o Input/Output: Use scanf() to input the matrix values and loops to iterate over the matrix
elements.
6. Compute sin(x)/cos(x) Using Taylor Series Approximation
o Concepts: Functions, loops, and mathematical computations.
o Explanation: Use the Taylor series approximation to compute sin(x) and cos(x). Compare
this result with the standard sin() and cos() functions from the math library.
o Comparison: Print both results (Taylor series and library function) and analyze their
differences.
Module 4: Advanced Arrays and Strings
7. Sort Numbers Using Bubble Sort
o Concepts: Arrays and sorting algorithms.
o Explanation: Implement the bubble sort algorithm, where adjacent elements in an array are
compared and swapped to arrange numbers in order.
o Input/Output: Input the set of numbers, apply sorting, and print the sorted list.

8. Functions for String Operations (Compare, Concatenate, Length)

o Concepts: Functions, arrays (strings), and parameter passing techniques.
o Explanation:
 Compare: Compare two strings character by character.
 Concatenate: Combine two strings by appending one after the other.
 String Length: Calculate the length of a string by counting characters until the null
terminator.
o Parameter Passing: Use pointer-based functions for efficient parameter passing in string
manipulation.
Module 5: Pointers, Structures, and Advanced Math Operations
9. Implement Structures for Student Marks and Average Calculation
o Concepts: Structures, arrays, loops, and functions.
o Explanation: Use a structure to store student details (like name and marks). Calculate the
average marks, and identify students scoring above and below the average.
o Input/Output: Read details for N students, compute averages, and display the results.
10. Using Pointers to Compute Sum, Mean, and Standard Deviation
o Concepts: Pointers, arrays, and mathematical operations.
o Explanation: Use pointers to iterate over an array of N real numbers and compute the sum,
mean, and standard deviation.
o Pointers: Pointers help efficiently access and manipulate the array’s data.
o Math Operations: Use formulas for mean and standard deviation.