SECOND TERM 2024/2025 SESSION

COMPUTER NOTE FOR JS 2

SCHEME OF WORK

Lesson One: Graphics Package

Lesson Two: Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Lesson Three: Internet

LESSON 1

GRAPHICS PACKAGES

DEFINITION OF GRAPHIC PACKAGES:

Graphic packages are specially designed software that are used for graphics
production of images, drawings, designs, pictures and other graphic related jobs.

Examples of graphics packages:

The common graphics packages are:

1. MS-Paint
2. CorelDRAW
3. Instant Artist
4. Harvard graphic
5. Logic graphic
6. Corel Dream
7. Logo Graphic

Others are Adobe InDesign, QuarkXpress, Adobe Illustrator, Macromedia, Freehand,

Adobe Photoshop, Corel-Photo Paint, and JascPaint Shop Pro.

FEATURES OF GRAPHICS PACKAGE ENVIRONMENT

The main features of all graphics software include but are not restricted to the
following:

1. The title bar: this is always the topmost part of the graphics environment. It
contains the name of the program, the name of the file and the size of the bars
2. The tool Bar: the tool Bar is where all the tools needed for graphic jobs are kept.
These tools include the select tool, text tool, fill tool, and outline tool.
 3. The menu Bar: the menu bar contains the menu items which contain sub-menu
that are commands used to carry out tasks. Examples of sub-menus include file,
edit, view, images, colour, and help.
4. The Printable Area: This is the rectangular area whose content will be printed.
Any object outside its content will not be printed
5. The colour palette: This tool is used to choose the colour needed to paint
objects
6. The Status Bar: This Bar gives the position and status of the cursor or mouse
pointer. It displays the page number, line number etc.

THE TOOLBOX

The toolbox is a rectangular box that contains all the tools used for drawing,
formatting, editing etc. in painting. To use any of the tools, click on the tool button.
This will activate the tools

STARTING MS-PAINT

To start the MS-Paint, follow the steps below

1. Click on the start button on the window task bar. The program manager
appears.
2. Click the programs or ALL PROGRAMS (depending on the Windows Version).
3. Click on ACCESSORIES.
4. Click on PAINT. It loads MS-Paint program and opens the paint window on the
screen.

TOOLS OF MS-PAINT

1. FREEFORMS SELECT: This is a snipping tool that is used to draw an irregular line
such as a circle or a triangle around an object that you want to capture.
2. Select Tool: The ‘select’ tool is a snipping tool that is used to select one or more
items on the screen to copy and save as bitmap image.
3. Eraser Tool: This tool is used to remove an unwanted part of graphics. When the
eraser tool is active, the eraser size can be changed by selecting from the four
sizes in the toolbox option area.
4. Paint Brush Tool: This tool is used to select different sizes of paint brushes to
paint with. When active, it allows you to choose from sizes and shapes of
brushes in the tool box option.
5. Airbrush tool: This applies colour to graphics gradually. When selected, three
different sizes of spray can be selected from the toolbox. To fill an area with the
airbrush, the airbrush has to be applied to an area for a period of time. The
more you move the mouse over the area in question, the more colours applied.
6. Text tool: This tool is used to position and enter text into graphics. The text can
be of any colour, or font installed on the computer.
7. Polygon tool: This tool is used for drawing polygons. When the thickness of the
polygon lines can be selected from the toolbox option area.
8. Rectangle tool: This tool is used to draw rectangles. When active, you can select
the thickness of the rectangle lines from the toolbox option area.
9. Ellipse tool: This tool is used for drawing objects. When active, the thickness of
an ellipse line can be selected from the toolbox option area.
10. Rounded Rectangle: This tool is similar to the rectangle tool except that
there are curves at the edge of the rectangle.
11. Set as Background: this command is used to set a background. The set
background can be tiled, centered or stretched.
12. Recent file: this lists some of the last few files that were opened or
created.
13. Exit: This sub-menu is used to choose the document and the program.
14. Straight line: This tool is used for creating straight lines. To use it, click
Line, click a line width in the option box just below the toolbar.
15. Colour palette: this is also called colour box. It is used to indicate current
foreground and background colour. To paint with the selected colour, drag the
pointer. To paint with the selected background colour right click while you drag
the pointer.
16. Curve line: This tool is used to draw a smooth curved line. To use it, click
CURVE, click a line width in the option box just below the tool box
17. Eyedropper: It can be used to pick up colours that you have used. For
example, to select a specific colour from an array of similar colours, click on the
eyedropper, and click on the exact colours of the image that contains the colour
you want. The active colour of your paint tool will automatically change to the
colour picked by the eyedropper.

THE PAINT MENU

The file menu contains sub-menu that are commands used in working with the file.
The sub-menus are new, Open, Save as, From Scanner or Camera, Print Preview,
Page Set up, Print, Send, Set as Background (tiled, Centered, Stretched), Recent
file, Exit. Using any of these sub-menus is similar to that of Excel and Word.

NEW

A click on this option gives a new blank page where the user carries out a task. The
shortcut keyboard command is CTRL, + N

Open

This sub-menu gives a dialogue box where the user specifies the file to be opened
and its location. The shortcut keyboard command is, + O

Save

This sub-menu when used for the first time does the same job as Save As. It is used
to save a file

Save As
This command opens a dialogue box where the user types in the file name and
saves the file in a specified location

From scanner or camera

This allows uploading of files from the scanner or digital camera.

Print Preview

This gives a view of the document and the way it will appear when printed.

Page Setup

This sub-menu allows page setting using the dialogue box options.

Send

This command is used to attach a document and send it to a mailing recipient.

View menu

The view menu allows the user to ‘toggle’ (turn on or turn off) the toolbox, ‘colour
box’ and status box, from the paint window.

Zoom: it allows the user to set the zoom with the zoom tool.

Bitmap: it displays the full size image of the graphic without the paint window
objects.

The image Menu

The image menu contains a number of options that allow you to make changes to
the graphics.

Flip/Rotate:

The allows the user to flip the graphics either horizontally or vertically. It can
therefore produce a mirror image of the graphics.

Stretch/skew:

This allows the user to make the graphics or part of it narrower, wider, shorter or
taller.

Invert colours:

This gives the graphics an effect that is similar to a ‘film negative’

Attributes

It gives the basic image attributes of an image, such as height width, colours, and
transparency.
 Clear Image

This removes the image, leaving a blank file with the same image dimension.

Draw Opaque

This works with a selection. If unchecked, any background colour in the selection
will be treated as transparent.

LESSON TWO

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

Meaning of ICT: ICT stands for Information and communication Technology. It is used
to describe all devices that can be used to create, communicate, disseminate, store,
manage and provide access to information. These devices include radio, television,
mobile phones, computers, the internet, satellite systems etc.

EXAMPLES OF ICT GADGETS

ICT – Based Gadgets are electronic devices used for information and
communications dissemination.
EXAMPLE:
1. Mobile phone
2. Computer system
3. Fax machine
4. Automated teller Machine (ATM)
5. Dispensing Machine
6. Point of sale (POS) Machine
7. Radio set
8. Television set

MOBILE PHONE: It is also called Cellular or Cellphone. It is a portable hand held

device which is used to make phone calls, provide short messages service (SMS),
Multimedia message service (MMS) and the internet service.

COMPUTER SYSTEM: This is an electronic device used to input, process, store,

retrieve or output data at high speed.

FAX MACHINE: This is also called a facsimile machine. It is a device that is used to
send and receive printed pages of text or images over a telephone line. It consists of a
scanner that scans outgoing messages, a printer that prints incoming messages and a
telephone line that makes the connection.

Automated teller Machine (ATM): This is also called Automated Bank Machine
(ABM) or cash machine. It is an electronic banking machine or device which allows
customers to make cash withdrawal, facilitate credit card payments, make cash
transfers, produce report of account balance and even recharge their mobile phones
without the aid of a bank staff or banking hall.

Dispensing Machine: It is also called Vending Machine. It is an electronic machine

from which people can buy items such as water, drinks, sweets, fruits and any other
items.

Point of sale (POS) Machine: this is used to carry out retail transactions such as
calculating the total cost of goods purchased, printing of receipt, processing credit
card payments etc. it makes transactions (buying and selling) fast, easy and secure.

RADIO SET: This is an electronic device that is used to receive information from
broadcasting stations via radio waves by means of an antenna.

TELEVISION SET: This is an electronic device that is used to receive information from
television signals (moving images and sound) via radio waves and displays them on a
screen

INTERNET: This is a computer network that links computers together and allows
almost all computers worldwide to connect and exchange information.

TELEX MACHINE: this is a device that is used to send messages from business to
another on the telephone network or by satellite.

USES OF ICT

Some of the uses of information and communication technology are:

1. Information gathering, processing and distribution: ICT is a major tool in

information gathering, processing and distribution; for example, the use of
computers to produce, edit and distribute news over the internet.
2. Information Management: ICT is used to handle and manage information.
Information is better managed with ICT.
3. Information security: ICT has many features that help to protect and secure
information.
4. Communication: Today, ICT provides effective use of Radio, TV, Video and other
multimedia devices such as the computer mobile phone, and 3G for effective
communication.
5. Timing and control: Operations are effectively timed by computers and other ICT
media. These devices also offer effective control of resources, e.g. computer
gadgets employed in traffic control.
 ADVANTAGES OF ICT
1. Speed: with the introduction of ICT, processes, and transactions are carried out
faster than before.
2. Flexible Interaction: ICT also supports many types of interaction. Examples are
one on one conference, and one to many people conference.
3. Access to Information: There is better and cheaper access to knowledge and
information. With ICT, many people can get information even in remote parts of
the world.
4. Globalization: ICT has made distance become irrelevant in business transactions
and dealings. For instance, one can stay in a room in Anambra State, Nigeria
and carry out business in Tokyo, Japan.
5. Timeless: Information is sent and received in reasonable time with ICT.
Example: Information sent can be received in any part of the world in a split of
second by internet chatting, e-mail, teleconferencing etc.
6. Effective Human Interaction: ICT has created so many new methods of
communication such as the use of the internet, pager, computer, and the
mobile phone.
7. Media integration: with ICT, so many media types can work together. For
example, the mobile phone can be connected to the computer. Also, information
on the mobile phone can be transferred and viewed from a projector.
8. Innovation and creativity: ICT has created so many new methods of
communication such as the use of the internet, pager, computer, and the
mobile phone.
DISADVANTAGES OF ICT
1. IT CAN CAUSE ADDICTION DISORDER (AD): this is when people interact more
with ICT gadgets than with real people.
2. The components are fragile: The ICT devices can easily break. They are fragile
and need to be handled with extra care to prevent damage.
3. Job Loss: People can lose their jobs as a result of ICT. This could be because of
lack of computer skills, or due to ICT gadgets taking over human jobs. For
example, you don’t need a dispatch rider to send an e-mail.
4. It might require large resources: ICT sometimes requires expensive equipment
to carry out, which can be unaffordable to an average user.
5. It requires extra cost train users: to use ICT facilities, you must be well trained.
At times the training can take place in a foreign land and can be very expensive.
6. Destruction of human capital: Many old skills are no longer needed. As a result,
such skills are lost.

LINKS BETWEEN THE COMPUTER AND INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

The computer is part of ICT and plays a major role in facilitating ICT. As a result, there
are relationships and links between computers and ICT.
These include the following:

1. All modern ICT gadgets are programmable just as computers are.

2. Experience shows that people who understand the technology of the computer
and how it operates are better ICT users.
3. Most discoveries in IT and ICT were as a result of access to the computer.
4. Computers can serve the functions of other ICT gadgets. For example, the
computer can exchange information with the telephone, it can play video, it can
tune to television stations, connect to the satellite, and can also play audio data
like the radio.
5. The computer through the internet and ICT has created ‘Sovereign people’, i.e.
people who are empowered by their knowledge

LESSON THREE

THE INTERNET

Definition of Internet: The internet, also called the NET, can be defined as a global
collection of computers connected to each other, sharing available resources and
communicating effectively. This global network links thousands of computers in
universities, government agencies, research institutions and business houses
throughout the world.

COMMON TERMINOLOGIES

1. TCP: Transaction Control Protocol which helps the computer connected to the
Internet to communicate with other computers.
2. WEBSITE: This is a collection of related web pages, images, codes or other
digital assets that are hosted on one web server usually accessible through the
internet.
3. WEB PAGE: This is a document typically written in HTML, that is almost always
accessible through http.
4. WAP: Wireless Access Protocol.
5. WWW: World Wide Web, which is a medium that allows people to get
information that is available on the internet. Examples are www.yahoo.com,
www.google.com, www.ehjmc.edu.com
6. INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP): This is a protocol used for communicating data across
a pocket-switch on the internet.

INTERNET ENVIRONMENT
In the internet environment, some of the icons that are mostly used are ‘Back’,
‘Forward’, ‘Stop’, ‘Refresh’, ‘Home’, ‘Favourites’ (Bookmarks) and ‘Search’.

USES OF THE INTERNET

Some uses of the internet include the following:

1. The internet is used to communicate with friends’ relations, family members,

business partners, etc. in any part of the world.
2. It is used in searching for information on the net through search engines.
3. It is used in sending and receiving messages.
4. It can be used for electronic learning (e-learning) to acquire knowledge and
computer based training programs.
5. It is used for chatting or electronic conversation with other people in different
parts of the world.
6. It can be used in planning a trip.
7. It can be used for advertisement and marketing.
8. It is used to access education network groups.
9. It is used to gather information about countries, companies etc.

BENEFITS OF THE INTERNET

The internet provides many benefits, some of which are given below:

1. Search tools: The internet provides search tools called search engines for users
to get information quickly and easily.
2. Online payment transaction: the introduction of Microsoft wallet enables users
to send personal details securely through the internet. This guarantees the
security of transactions.
3. Investment: the internet gives financial and investment information throughout
the year.
4. Online shopping: it is also called e-shopping. The internet has made it possible
for users to purchase and receive goods, sitting in their homes and using
internet connected computers.
5. Online banking: this can be called e-banking transactions through the internet
e.g. First Bank of Nigeria and United Bank for Africa e-banking facilities.
6. Education: there is a lot of information and knowledge to acquire through the
internet. One can even study many courses abroad and acquire certificates
through the internet (e-learning)
7. Software: Almost all the software companies have internet sites from which one
can download the latest version of their software.
8. E-entertainment: the internet gives access to the latest movies, music, or
theatre information. Games can be played on the internet. This is called e-
entertainment.
9. Conferencing: the internet provides a virtual conference room where people of
like minds share information.

ABUSES OF THE INTERNET

The internet is said to be abused when used for any of the following:
 1. Fraud: Internet fraud is carried out by imposters or prowlers who use the
internet for dishonest purposes or 419. They lie about themselves and business
activities.
2. Piracy of software: This is when software from the internet is copied and used
without the person of the owners.
3. Pornography: There are sites on the internet that show pictures of naked
people, thereby abusing the minds of the under aged.
4. Hacking: This is when an authorized person illegally gains access to a computer
system and tampers with the information on it.
5. Plagiarism: This happens when pirates of software on the internet present
copied or already existing work as original and new.
6. Worms: some internet users intentionally send worms to attack networks and
servers, making everything slow down, or stop working altogether. The worms
spread by copying and multiplying.
7. Computer virus: This becomes an abuse of the internet when some internet
users intentionally send viruses to other internet users. Such viruses can be
very difficult and expensive to remove.

USING THE INTERNET

In order to get onto the internet and all its sites, a computer needs a special type of
software called an internet browser. There are various browsers to choose from, such
as Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape communicator, Mozilla Firefox, Safari,
Netscape, Maxton, Slick, Eudaracom and Eudora Light. The two most common
browsers are Internet Explorer by Microsoft and Netscape Communication. You can
easily see which one you have on your computer by the icon (picture) at the top of
your screen. Internet service is provided by ISPs (Internet Service Providers).

THE ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL)

E-mail is basically a file that is sent from one computer to another through a network.
Some files are texts, scanned images, computer graphics and sound and video files,
which can also be sent along with your e-mail messages.

ADVANTAGES OF E-MAIL

1. Messages can be transmitted in a few seconds.

2. It saves a lot of paper.
3. The chance of an e-mail getting misplaced is almost nil.
4. Messages can be sent at any time of the day at the sender’s convenience.
5. Copies of a single e-mail can be sent to multiple users.
6. Both incoming and outgoing messages can be saved for future reference.

CREATING AN E-MAIL ACCOUNT

Before you actually settle down to send an e-mail, you need to have an e-mail account
which allows you to send and receive e-mail messages. Some sites where you can
create an e-mail account are: www.yahoo.com, www.indiatimes.com,
www.hotmail.com, www.mail.com, www.rediff.com

STEPS IN CREATING AN E-MAIL ACCOUNT

The following steps are to be taken in creating an e-mail account

1. Open Internet Explorer

2. Log in into any internet e-mail service provider’s site or sites such as
yahoomail.com or Hotmail.com
3. Click on sign up on the homepage.
4. After filling the form, click on ‘I agree’. Instantly, a new page appears which
confirms your registration.
5. To open your e-mail account, type the site address you used e.g.,
www.yahoo.com in the address bar of the Internet Explorer window and press
the enter key. A page will appear.
6. Type your e-mail address and Password.
7. Click on sign in or press Enter.

CREATING E-MAIL MESSAGES

E-mail messages can be created on the yahoo site by:

1. Clicking on compose in the compose bar.

2. Typing your letter in the appropriate box with its title, or the subject.
3. Typing in the address of the receiver.
4. Clicking send in the bar above the compose bar.