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Chap 1

This document provides an overview of sequences in calculus, including definitions, examples, and limit laws. It explains concepts such as convergence, divergence, and properties of increasing and decreasing sequences. Additionally, it includes exercises for finding limits of specific sequences.

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phat.tran0992812
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8 views13 pages

Chap 1

This document provides an overview of sequences in calculus, including definitions, examples, and limit laws. It explains concepts such as convergence, divergence, and properties of increasing and decreasing sequences. Additionally, it includes exercises for finding limits of specific sequences.

Uploaded by

phat.tran0992812
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CALCULUS I

Chapter 1: SEQUENCE

LÊ THÁI THANH ([email protected])

HCMC University of Technology


SEQUENCES

Definition 1: A sequence can be thought of as a list of num-


bers written in a definite order:

a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , . . . , an , . . . (1)

The number a1 is called the first term, a2 is the second term,


and in general an is the nth term. We will deal exclusively with
infinite sequences and so each term an will have a successor
an`1 .

The sequence (1) is also denoted by pan q8


n“1 , or shortly, pan q.
SEQUENCES

Example 1:
ˆ ˙8
n 1 2 3 n
“ , , , ..., , ...
n ` 1 n“1 2 3 4 n`1
` ˘8
p´1qn´1 n“1 “ 1, ´1, 1, ´1, . . . , p´1qn´1 , . . .
sin n 8
ˆ ˙
sin 1 sin 2 sin 3 sin n
“ , , , ..., , ...
n n“1 1 2 3 n
SEQUENCES

Definition 2: A sequence pan q has the limit L and we write

lim an “ L or an Ñ L as n Ñ 8
nÑ8

if for every ε ą 0 there is a corresponding integer N such


that if n ą N then |an ´ L| ă ε. In this case, we say that
the sequence is convergent; otherwise, it is divergent. Math-
ematically, we can write

lim an “ L ô @ε ą 0, DN ą 0, @n ą N, |an ´ L| ă ε
nÑ8
SEQUENCES

n
Example 2: Show that lim “ 1.
nÑ8 n`1

n
Solution : We have: an “ and L “ 1. In Definition 2,
n`1
we begin with the last inequality:
ˇ ˇ
ˇ n ˇ 1
|an ´ L| ă ε ô ˇˇ ´ 1ˇˇ ă ε ô ăε
n`1 n`1
ˆ ˙
1
So, if we choose N “ E , then for all n ą N, we have
ˇ ˇ ε
ˇ n
ˇ ă ε. It means lim n “ 1.
ˇ
ˇ
ˇn ` 1 ´ 1 ˇ nÑ8 n ` 1

Note that E px q or rx s is an integer part of a number x .


SEQUENCES

LIMIT LAWS FOR SEQUENCES:

If tan u and tbn u are convergent sequences and c is a constant,


then
lim pan ` bn q “ lim an ` lim bn
nÑ8 nÑ8 nÑ8
lim pc ¨ an q “ c ¨ lim an
nÑ8 nÑ8
lim pan ¨ bn q “ lim an ¨ lim bn
nÑ8 nÑ8 nÑ8

an lim an
lim “ nÑ8 lim bn ‰ 0
nÑ8 bn lim bn nÑ8
nÑ8
If lim |an | “ 0, then lim an “ 0.
nÑ8 nÑ8
If an ď bn ď cn and lim an “ lim cn “ L, then
nÑ8 nÑ8
lim bn “ L. (Squeeze Theorem)
nÑ8
SEQUENCES

SOME USEFUL LIMITS:

lim q n “ 0, p|q| ă 1q
nÑ8
?
lim n n “ 1
nÑ8
nα
lim “ 0, (a ą 1)
nÑ8 a n
an
lim “ 0, (a ą 0, a ‰ 1)
nÑ8 n!
1 n
ˆ ˙
lim 1 ` “e
nÑ8 n
$
’
’ 0, kăm
a0 nk ` a1 nk´1 ` ¨ ¨ ¨ ` an &a
0
lim “ k“m
nÑ8 b0 nm ` b1 nm´1 ` ¨ ¨ ¨ ` bn ’
’ b0
kąm
%
8
SEQUENCES

Definition 3: Given a sequence pan q. We say


pan q is increasing if for all n: an ď an`1
pan q is decreasing if for all n: an ě an`1
pan q is bounded above if there exists a constant M
such that for all n: an ď M
pan q is bounded below if there exists a constant m such
that for all n: an ě m
SEQUENCES

Theorem 1:
Every increasing, bounded above sequence is
convergent.
Every decreasing, bounded below sequence is
convergent.

Example 3: Consider the sequence pq n q where 0 ď q ă 1.


We see that
for all n, q n ă q ¨ q n “ q n`1 ñ pq n q is decreasing.
for all n, q n ě 0 ñ pq n q is bounded below.
Therefore, Da such that a “ lim q n “ lim q n`1 “ qa. Since
nÑ8 nÑ8
q ‰ 1 ñ a “ 0.
SEQUENCES

Example
c 4: Consider the sequence pan q where an “
b ?
2 ` 2 ` ¨ ¨ ¨ ` 2.
loooooooooooomoooooooooooon
n square root
? ?
We have an`1 “ 2 ` an and 0 ă a1 “ 2 ă 2 so by in-
duction, we can prove that 0 ă an ă 2 for all n P N˚ ñ pan q
is bounded above. On the other hand
a 2 ` an ´ an2 p2 ´ an qpan ` 1q
an`1 ´an “ 2 ` an ´an “ ? “ ?
2 ` an ` an 2 ` an ` an

Since an ă 2 ñ pan q is increasing. Therefore Da : 0 ď a ď 2


?
and lim an “ a. In the equality an`1 “ 2 ` an let n Ñ 8,
nÑ8 ?
we obtain a “ 2 ` a ñ a “ 2.
SEQUENCES

EXERCISES: Find the limits (if exist) of the following sequences:


?
(1) an “ n 3 ` sin n

p´2qn ` 3n
(2) an “
p´2qn`1 ` 3n`1
?
(3) an “ sinpπ n2 ` 1q
?
(4) an “ n an ` b n ` c n , where a, b, c ą 0
n
ř 1
(5) an “
k“1 npn ` 1q
SEQUENCES
—– THE END —–

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