Savitribai Phule Pune University

M.Sc. Computer Science (From 2024-25)

Sem-III
CS-603-MJ :Internet of Things
NEP – 2024 pattern
End Semester: 35 Marks
No. of Credits:02
 1) Fundamentals of IoT

1.1 Concepts and Definitions of The Internet of Things (IoT), History of IoT
 Concepts and Definitions of IoT: IoT is about connecting everyday
objects like fans, lights, or even refrigerators to the internet. These
devices can send and receive data, making them "smart."
 History of IoT: The idea of IoT started in the 1980s, but it became
popular after 2008 when more devices started getting internet
connections. Kevin Ashton coined the term "Internet of Things" in
1999.

1.2 Characteristics, Conceptual Framework, Architectural View,

Technology Behind IoT, Source of the IoT (Zetta), IoT Examples
 Characteristics:
o Connectivity: Devices connect to the internet.
o Automation: They work automatically without human
interference.
o Intelligence: Use data to make decisions.
o Scalability: Easy to add more devices to the network.
 Conceptual Framework: It’s a basic structure showing how IoT
works—connecting devices, collecting data, sending it to the cloud,
and using the data for smart decisions.
 Architectural View: IoT architecture usually has 4 layers:
1. Perception Layer: Sensors collect data.
2. Network Layer: Data is transmitted through networks like Wi-Fi.
3. Processing Layer: Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud.
4. Application Layer: Results are shown to users through apps or
interfaces.
  Technology Behind IoT: IoT uses technologies like sensors,
actuators, cloud computing, AI, and networks like Bluetooth or 5G.
 Source of IoT (Zetta): Zetta is an open-source platform that helps
build IoT applications. It connects devices to create a real-time
machine-to-machine (M2M) network.
 IoT Examples:
o Smart homes (e.g., Alexa, smart lights).
o Wearable devices (e.g., fitness trackers).
o Smart cities (e.g., traffic management, waste management).

1.3 Design Principles for Connected Devices

 IoT/M2M Systems Layers and Standardization: IoT devices work
in layers, and for better communication, they follow international
standards.
1. Device Layer: Sensors collect data.
2. Network Layer: Transfers data securely.
3. Application Layer: Provides insights to users.
 Physical vs. Logical Design:
o Physical Design: Refers to the actual devices like sensors,
gateways, and networks.
o Logical Design: The flow of data and functions to make the IoT
system work.
 Communication Technologies: IoT uses technologies like Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, Zigbee, and 5G to transfer data.
  Data Enrichment and Consolidation: Raw data collected by
sensors is processed and enriched in the cloud to extract meaningful
information.
 Ease of Designing and Affordability: IoT devices are now easier
and cheaper to design, making them accessible to more people.

1.4 Major Components of IoT Devices

 Sensors/Gateway: Sensors collect data (e.g., temperature, motion).
Gateways act as a bridge to transfer this data to the cloud.
 Cloud: A storage system where all the IoT data is saved and
processed.
 Analytics: Tools that analyze the data to provide useful insights
(e.g., your fitness tracker showing steps walked in a day).
 User Interface (UI): Apps or dashboards through which users
interact with IoT devices (e.g., controlling lights via a mobile app).
 2)Hardware for IoT

2.1 Sensors, Digital Sensors, Actuators, Wireless Sensor Networks,

Participatory Sensing Technology
 Sensors: These are devices that detect changes in the environment,
like temperature, light, motion, etc., and convert it into data. For
example, a temperature sensor measures how hot or cold it is.
 Digital Sensors: These sensors give output in digital form (e.g., "1"
for ON, "0" for OFF). They are precise and easy to integrate into IoT
devices.
 Actuators: Actuators take the processed data and perform an action.
For example, when a smart AC detects high room temperature, the
actuator adjusts the cooling.
 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN): These are groups of sensors
connected wirelessly. They work together to collect and share data
with a central system, like sensors monitoring air quality in a city.
 Participatory Sensing Technology: In this, individuals use their
smartphones or devices to collect and share data voluntarily. For
instance, people sharing road traffic data through apps like Google
Maps.

2.2 IoT Protocols: MQTT, CoAP, XMPP

Protocols are like languages that IoT devices use to communicate.
 MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport):
o Lightweight protocol ideal for devices with low power and less
bandwidth.
o Example: Sending data from a temperature sensor to the cloud.
 CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol):
 o A protocol designed for IoT devices with limited resources (low
battery, low memory).
o Example: Used in smart home systems to control lights.

 XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol):

o A protocol for real-time communication, like chatting or
sending alerts.
o Example: IoT chatbots or instant notifications.

2.3 Embedded Platforms for IoT

 Embedded Computing Basics (Block Diagram):
Embedded systems are small computers within a device that manage
its operation.
o Components:
1. Input Devices (Sensors): Collect data.
2. Processor: Processes the data.
3. Memory: Stores the data temporarily.
4. Output Devices (Actuators): Take actions based on
processed data.
5. Communication Interfaces: Connect to other devices or
networks.
 Overview of IoT Supported Hardware Platforms:
o Arduino:
 An easy-to-use, low-cost microcontroller platform for
beginners.
 Can connect sensors, LEDs, motors, etc.
 Example: Home automation projects.
 o Raspberry Pi:
 A small, affordable computer with more power than
Arduino.
 Can run an operating system, making it suitable for
complex IoT applications.
 Example: Smart surveillance systems.

3)Network and Communication Aspects in IoT:

3.1 Wireless Medium Access Issues, MAC Protocol Survey, Survey Routing
Protocols, Sensor Deployment & Node Discovery, Data Aggregation &
Dissemination
 Wireless Medium Access Issues:
Wireless networks share a common medium (like air), so multiple
devices trying to communicate can cause interference and data loss.
Proper techniques are needed to avoid collisions and delays.
 MAC Protocol Survey:
o MAC (Media Access Control) Protocols decide how devices
access the shared wireless medium.
o For example, TDMA assigns specific time slots to devices,
while CSMA checks if the channel is free before sending data.
 Survey Routing Protocols:
Routing protocols decide the best path for data to travel from sensors
to the destination.
o Proactive Protocols: Maintain routes continuously (e.g.,
DSDV).
o Reactive Protocols: Find routes only when needed (e.g.,
AODV).
 o Hybrid Protocols: Combine both methods.
 Sensor Deployment & Node Discovery:
o Sensors must be placed efficiently to cover the required area
and avoid overlapping.
o Node Discovery: Ensures that each sensor in the network is
aware of its neighbors for smooth communication.
 Data Aggregation & Dissemination:
o Data Aggregation: Combining data from multiple sensors to
reduce redundancy and save energy.
o Data Dissemination: Sending processed data to the central
system or users.

3.2 Communication Technologies and Features

1. Bluetooth:
o Short-range communication (up to 10 meters).
o Example: Wireless headphones, fitness trackers.
2. ZigBee:
o Low power, low data rate, ideal for home automation.
o Example: Smart lights, security systems.
3. Z-Wave:
o Similar to ZigBee but with better compatibility between
devices.
o Example: Smart locks, thermostats.
4. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification):
o Uses radio waves to identify objects.
o Example: Toll payment tags, inventory tracking.
 5. GPS (Global Positioning System):
o Provides location data.
o Example: Vehicle tracking, navigation systems.
6. NFC (Near Field Communication):
o Short-range communication (a few centimeters).
o Example: Contactless payments, access cards.
7. Ethernet TCP/IP:
o High-speed, wired communication protocol commonly used in
networks.
o Example: Connecting IoT devices to local area networks.

3.3 Cloud-Based Architecture, SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS

 Cloud-Based Architecture:
o IoT devices send data to the cloud for storage, processing, and
analysis.
o The cloud makes it easy to access data from anywhere.
 SaaS (Software as a Service):
o Cloud offers software applications over the internet.
o Example: Google Docs, Microsoft 365.
 PaaS (Platform as a Service):
o Cloud provides a platform to build and run applications without
worrying about infrastructure.
 o Example: Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure.
 IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service):
o Cloud offers virtual servers, storage, and networking.
o Example: Amazon EC2, Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines.

Benefits, Risks, and Challenges of Cloud Computing Platforms and

Services
 Benefits:
o Scalability: Easily add resources as needed.
o Accessibility: Access data from anywhere.
o Cost-Effective: No need to maintain physical servers.
 Risks:
o Security: Data stored in the cloud can be hacked.
o Dependency: Reliant on the cloud service provider.
 Challenges:
o Internet Dependency: Requires a stable internet connection.
o Privacy Concerns: Sensitive data might be exposed.

Introduction to Cloud-Based IoT Platforms

 IBM Watson IoT:
Provides tools for device management, data analysis, and application
development.
 Thingspeak:
An open-source platform that allows real-time data collection and
visualization.
  AWS IoT (Amazon Web Services):
Offers secure, scalable IoT services for connecting and managing
devices.

4) Programming for IoT

4.1 Arduino Software Setup

 Arduino Software Setup the IDE:
o IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is the software
where you write and upload code to an Arduino board.
o You can download it from Arduino’s official website.
o Steps to set up: Install the IDE, connect your Arduino board via
USB, and select the correct board and port in the IDE.
 Writing Arduino Software:
o The code written for Arduino is called a sketch. It’s written in
C/C++.
o Basic structure:
o void setup() {
o // Code to run once, e.g., setting up pins
o }
o void loop() {
o // Code that runs repeatedly, e.g., blinking an LED
o }
 Some Basic Examples:
o Blink LED: Make an LED blink on and off.
o Temperature Reading: Use a temperature sensor to read and
display data.
 Trying the Code on an Arduino Emulator:
o Emulators like Tinkercad let you simulate Arduino projects
without physical hardware.
4.2 Arduino Libraries, Programming & Interfacing
 Arduino Libraries:
o Libraries are pre-written codes that make programming easier.
o Example: The LiquidCrystal library helps interface with LCD
screens.
o You can install libraries via the Arduino IDE’s Library
Manager.
 Programming & Interfacing:
o Programming: Write code to control connected devices.
o Interfacing: Connecting devices like sensors, LEDs, and
motors to Arduino.
 Programming Arduino for IoT:
o Using Timers: Timers allow specific tasks to run after a delay
or at regular intervals.
Example: Blink an LED every second.
o Threads: Threads let multiple tasks run simultaneously, like
reading data while controlling a motor.
Example: Using a multithreading library for Arduino.
o Adding Security to Sensor Readings:
 Ensure sensor data is not tampered with during
transmission.
 Use techniques like data validation or error-checking
algorithms.
o Authenticating and Encrypting Arduino Data:
 Authentication: Verify that the data is coming from a
trusted device.
 Encryption: Encode data before sending it to ensure
privacy. Example: Use libraries like AESLib.
4.3 Introduction to Raspberry Pi
 Introduction to Raspberry Pi:
o A small, powerful computer used for IoT projects. It supports
various programming languages, including Python.
o Popular models: Raspberry Pi 4, Pi Zero.
o Applications: Home automation, robotics, and weather
monitoring.
 Installation:
o Install an operating system like Raspberry Pi OS (formerly
Raspbian) on an SD card.
o Boot the Raspberry Pi using the SD card.
o Access via a monitor, keyboard, or remotely using SSH.
 GPIO (General-Purpose Input/Output):
o Pins on the Raspberry Pi used to connect sensors and other
devices.
o Example: Use GPIO pins to control an LED or read data from a
sensor.
 Interfacing:
o Hardware Interfacing: Connecting hardware like temperature
sensors, motors, and cameras.
o Software Interfacing: Writing code to communicate with the
hardware.
 Programming:
o Raspberry Pi supports Python, C, and JavaScript. Python is the
most commonly used for IoT.
 o Example: A Python script to turn an LED on/off.
o import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
o import time

o GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
o GPIO.setup(18, GPIO.OUT)
o

o GPIO.output(18, True) # Turn LED on

o time.sleep(2) # Wait for 2 seconds
o GPIO.output(18, False) # Turn LED off
o GPIO.cleanup()
 Features of Python for IoT:
o Easy to learn and use.
o Rich libraries for IoT (e.g., GPIO, Flask, MQTT).
o Cross-platform and widely supported.
 5)IoT Application and Case Study

5.1 Development Challenges, Security Challenges

1. Development Challenges:
o Scalability: IoT systems must work efficiently as the number
of devices grows.
o Interoperability: Different devices from different brands need
to communicate seamlessly.
o Battery Life: IoT devices like sensors need long battery life,
especially in remote areas.
o Data Handling: Managing large amounts of data generated by
devices is a challenge.
2. Security Challenges:
o Data Breaches: Hackers can steal personal or sensitive data
from IoT devices.
o Device Vulnerabilities: Weak passwords or outdated software
can lead to hacking.
o Privacy Concerns: Devices may collect more data than
necessary, raising privacy issues.
 o Network Attacks: Unauthorized access to IoT networks can
disrupt entire systems.

5.2 Smart Metering

 Smart Metering:
o Smart meters measure electricity, gas, or water usage and send
data to service providers.
o Example: Automatically generating electricity bills without
manual readings.
o Benefits: Saves time, reduces errors, and helps users track
usage in real time.

5.3 E-Health
 E-Health:
o IoT devices help monitor health remotely.
o Example: Fitness bands track heart rate and send data to
doctors for analysis.
o Applications:
 Smart Wearables: Track health metrics like blood
pressure, sleep, etc.
 Remote Monitoring: Doctors monitor patients'
conditions without hospital visits.

5.4 City Automation

 City Automation:
o Using IoT to make cities smarter and more efficient.
 o Examples:
 Smart Traffic Lights: Adjust timings based on real-time
traffic data.
 Smart Parking: Guide drivers to available parking
spaces.
 Waste Management: Smart bins notify when they are
full for efficient waste collection.

5.5 Automotive Applications

 Automotive Applications:
o IoT in vehicles improves safety, navigation, and convenience.
o Examples:
 Self-Driving Cars: Cars use sensors to navigate without
a driver.

 Vehicle Tracking: GPS tracks a vehicle’s location in real

time.
 Car Diagnostics: Sensors monitor engine performance
and notify about maintenance.

5.6 Home Automation

 Home Automation:
o IoT enables remote control of home devices.
o Examples:
 Turn on lights or fans using a smartphone.
 Control the thermostat or AC to maintain the desired
temperature.
  Smart locks for security.

5.7 Smart Cards

 Smart Cards:
o Cards with embedded chips that store and process data.
o Examples:
 Debit/credit cards for payments.
 RFID cards for entry into offices or metro stations.

5.8 Communicating Data with H/W Units, Mobiles, Tablets

 IoT devices communicate with hardware (like sensors), mobiles, and
tablets using wireless technologies like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or ZigBee.
 Example: A fitness band sends health data to your smartphone for
tracking.

5.9 Designing Smart Street Lights in Smart City

 Smart Street Lights:
o Automatically adjust brightness based on time or traffic.
o Use motion sensors to light up only when needed, saving
electricity.
o Monitor energy usage and report faults to the central system.
o Example: A street light dims during low traffic hours but
brightens when vehicles approach.