Sect

ionA:
Comput
erHar
dwar
e.

1.
Component
sofacomput
ersy
stem

i
)Ident
if
yanddescr
ibef
ivemaj
orhar
dwar
ecomponent
sofacomput
ersy
stem.

a)
.Cent
ral
Processi
ngUni
t(CPU)
:

-Descript
ion:TheCPUi soft
enref
err
edtoasthe"br
ain"oft
hecomputer
.Itper
for
ms
calcul
ati
ons,execut
esinstr
ucti
ons,
andmanagestheflowofinf
ormati
onthr
oughthecomputer
system.Theper f
ormanceofaCPUi sty
pical
l
ymeasuredingi
gahert
z(GHz),whi
chindi
cat
es
howmanycy cl
esperseconditcanperf
orm.

-Example:
Int
elCor
ei7orAMDRy
zen7ar
epopul
arCPUmodel
susedi
nmanydeskt
opsand
l
aptops.

b)
.Mot
her
boar
d:

-Descri
pti
on:Themot her
boardi
sthemai nci
rcuitboar
dthatconnectsal
lthecomponentsofa
comput er.I
thousestheCPU,memory,andprovidesconnect
orsforotherperi
pher
als.I
tal
so
facil
i
tatescommuni cat
ionbet
weendif
ferenthardwarecomponents.

-Exampl
e:ASUSROGStr
ixorMSIB450ar
eexampl
esofmot
her
boar
dst
hatsuppor
tvar
ious
CPUsandcomponent
s.

c)
.Random AccessMemor
y(RAM)
:

-Descr
ipt
ion:
RAM isaty
peofv olat
il
ememor ythatt
emporari
l
yst
oresdataandinstr
uct
ions
thattheCPUneedswhil
eperformingtasks.ThemoreRAM acomputerhas,
themor edat
ait
canhandleatonce,
whichimprovesperformance,
especi
all
yinmul
ti
taski
ngscenar
ios.

-Exampl
e:16GBDDR4RAM modul
esf
rom br
andsl
i
keCor
sai
rorKi
ngst
onar
ecommonl
yused
i
nmoderncomputer
s.

d)
.St
orageDev
ices:

-Descript
ion:Stor
agedevi
cesareusedt
opermanentl
ystoredataandfi
l
es.Therearetwo
maintypes:HardDiskDri
ves(HDD)andSol
idStat
eDriv
es(SSD).HDDsusespi nni
ngdiskst
o
r
ead/writ
edat a,whi
leSSDsusefl
ashmemor y
,makingthem f
asterandmorereli
abl
e.
 -Exampl
e:A1TBSeagat
eHDDora500GBSamsungSSDar
ecommonchoi
cesf
orst
orage.

e)
.Gr
aphi
csPr
ocessi
ngUni
t(GPU)
:

-Descri
pti
on: TheGPUi sresponsi
bleforrender
ingimages,vi
deos,andanimati
ons.I
toffl
oads
gr
aphicsprocessingfrom t
heCPU, al
lowingforsmootherperf
ormancei ngamingandgraphic-
i
ntensi
veapplicati
ons.ModernGPUscanal sohandl epar
all
elprocessi
ngtasks.

-Example:NVI
DIAGeFor
ceRTX3080orAMDRadeonRX6800XTar
eexampl
esofhi
gh-
per
formanceGPUsusedingami
ngandgraphi
cdesi
gn.

Thesecomponent
sworktoget
hertofor
m afunct
ional
comput
ersy
stem,
eachpl
ayi
ngacr
uci
al
rol
einover
all
perf
ormanceandcapabi
li
ti
es.

i
i
)Incl
udet
hef
unct
ionofeachcomponentandi
tsi
mpor
tancei
nthesy
stem

a)Cent
ral
Processi
ngUni
t(CPU)
:

-Functi
on:
TheCPUexecut
esinst
ruct
ionsf
rom progr
ams,per
for
mscal
cul
ations,and
managesdataf
lowwi
thi
nthecomputer.I
tpr
ocessesallt
hecommandsf
rom hardwareand
sof
tware.

-I
mport
ance:TheCPUi scr
ucialbecauseitdeter
minestheov er
all
speedandperfor
manceof
thecomputer
.AfasterCPUcanhandl emor etaskssi
mul t
aneousl
y,makingi
tessenti
alf
or
gaming,
videoedit
ing,
andotherresource-
int
ensiveappl
icati
ons.

b)
.Mot
her
boar
d:

-Functi
on:Themotherboardconnectsallcomponent
softhecomputer
,includi
ngt
heCPU,
RAM,storagedev
ices,
andper i
pheral
s.Itcontai
nstheci
rcui
tr
ythatal
l
owst hesepar
tst
o
communicatewit
heachot her.

-I
mportance:Themother
boar
disvi
talbecauseitser
vesasthebackboneoft
hecomput
er
system.Withouti
t,t
hecomponent
scannotinter
act,maki
ngitessent
ial
fort
hesyst
em'
s
functi
onal
it
y.

c)
.Random AccessMemor
y(RAM)
:
 -Functi
on:RAM t
empor
ari
l
ystor
esdat
aandi nst
ruct
ionsthattheCPUneedswhil
eperf
ormi
ng
t
asks.Ital
lowsf
orqui
ckr
eadandwri
teaccesstothedata,
whi chspeedsuppr
ocessi
ngti
mes.

-Importance:RAM i
simport
antbecauseiti
mpactsthecomput
er'
sabi
l
ityt
omulti
taskandr
un
appl
icati
onssmoothly.Mor
eRAM allowsformoreappli
cat
ionst
obeopenatonceand
i
mpr ovesperfor
manceindemandingtasks.

d)
.St
orageDev
ices:

-Function:
Storagedev
icesar
eusedtosavedat
aper
manentl
y.Theyhol
dtheoperat
ing
system, appl
icat
ions,
anduserf
il
es.HDDsusemagnet
icdi
sks,
whileSSDsusef
lashmemoryf
or
fasteraccess.

-Importance:Stor
agedev i
cesarecri
ti
calbecausetheydet
erminehowmuchdat acanbe
stor
edandhowqui ckl
yitcanbeaccessed.SSDs, i
nparti
cul
ar,i
mproveboott
imesand
appl
icat
ionloadingspeeds,enhanci
ngtheoverall
userexper
ience.

e)
.Gr
aphi
csPr
ocessi
ngUni
t(GPU)
:

-Functi
on:TheGPUprocessesandrender
simages,vi
deos,
andanimati
ons.Itof
fl
oads
graphicstasksf
rom t
heCPU, al
l
owingforbett
erper
for
manceingraphi
c-i
ntensi
veappl
icat
ions
l
ikegami ngandv i
deoedi
ti
ng.

-Importance:TheGPUi sessent
ialfortaskst
hatr
equi
rehi
gh-
qual
i
tygraphi
cs.Apower
fulGPU
cansignif
icant
lyenhancevi
sualperformanceandiscr
uci
alf
orgamers,
graphi
cdesi
gner
s,and
prof
essionalswhowor kwit
hv i
sualcontent.

Eachofthesecomponent
splaysavi
tal
rol
eint
heover
all
perf
ormanceandf unct
ional
i
tyofa
computersyst
em,worki
ngtoget
hert
oprovi
deaseaml
essuserexper
ience.

2.St
oragedev
ices.

i
)Compar
eandcont
rastHDDsandSSDsi
nter
msof
:

✓Per
for
mance

✓Cost

✓Dur
abi
l
ity
✓Usecases

a)
Per
for
mance

-HDDs:HDDsusespi
nni
ngmagneti
cdiskstor
eadandwri
tedat
a,whi
chmakest
hem sl
ower
compar
edtoSSDs.Typi
cal
read/
wri
tespeedsf
orHDDsrangefr
om 80t
o160MB/s.

-SSDs:SSDsusef l
ashmemor ywi
thnomov i
ngparts,
resul
ti
ngi nmuchf ast
erreadandwri
te
speeds,usual
l
yrangingf
rom 200t
o550MB/ sforSATASSDs, andevenhigher(upt
osever
al
GB/s)forNVMeSSDs.Thi sl
eadst
oquickerboott
imesandf asterf
il
etransfer
s.

b)
Cost

-HDDs:HDDsar egener
all
ycheaperpergi
gabyt
e, maki
ngthem acost
-ef
fect
iveopt
ionf
orl
arge
st
orageneeds.Pri
cescanbearound$0.03to$0.05perGB.

-SSDs:
SSDsaremoreexpensi
vepergi
gabyt
e,wit
hpr
icest
ypi
cal
l
yrangi
ngf
rom $0.
10t
o$0.
30
perGBormor
e,dependi
ngonthetypeandbrand.

c)
Dur
abi
l
ity

-HDDs:HDDsar
emoresuscept
ibl
etophy
sical
damageduet
othei
rmov
ingpar
ts.Dr
oppi
ngor
j
arr
inganHDDcanl
eadtodatal
ossordri
vefai
lur
e.

-SSDs:SSDsaremor edur
ableandresi
stanttophy
sicalshockssi
ncet
heyhavenomoving
part
s.Theycanwithst
anddropsandv i
brat
ionsbet
terthanHDDs,maki
ngthem i
deal
for
port
abledevi
ces.

d)UseCases

-HDDs:Duetotheirl
owercostandlar
gestoragecapaci
ty,
HDDsareof
tenusedforbul
kstor
age,
suchasindesktopcomputer
s,ext
ernalhar
ddr i
vesf
orbackups,
andi
nsit
uati
onswherespeed
i
snotapr i
ori
ty.

-SSDs:SSDsar epref
err
edf orappli
cat
ionsrequi
ri
nghighspeedandperf
ormance,
suchas
gaminglaptops,hi
gh-
performancewor kst
ati
ons,andserv
ers.Theyar
eal
socommonlyusedi
n
smartphonesandtablet
sf orfast
eraccesstoappli
cat
ionsanddata.

I
nSummar
y

SSDsoff
ersuperi
orperf
ormanceanddur
abil
i
tybutcomeatahighercost
,makingthem i
deal
f
orspeed-
sensi
ti
veappli
cati
ons.HDDs,
ontheotherhand,
prov
idel
argerst
oragecapaci
ti
esat
l
owerpr
ices,
maki
ngt
hem sui
tabl
eforgener
alst
orageneedswher
espeedi
slesscr
it
ical
.

i
i
)Expl
aint
hedi
ff
erencesBet
weenPr
imar
yMemor
yandSecondar
yMemor
y.

a)Pr
imar
yMemor
y

-Defini
ti
on:Primarymemor
y,al
soknownasv
olat
il
ememory,r
efer
st ot
hememor ythati
s
di
rectlyaccessi
blebyt
heCPU.I
tisusedt
ost
oredataandi
nst
ruct
ionsthatar
ecurr
entl
ybei
ng
processed.

-Ty
pes:Themai
nty
pesofpr
imar
ymemor
yar
eRAM (
Random AccessMemor
y)andcache
memory
.

-Volat
il
it
y:Pr
imar
ymemor
yisv
olat
il
e,meani
ngt
hati
tlosesi
tsdat
awhent
hepoweri
stur
ned
off
.

-Speed:Iti
smuchf
ast
ert
hansecondar
ymemor
y,al
l
owi
ngf
orqui
ckdat
aaccessand
processi
ng.

-Capaci
ty:
Typi
cal
lyhasasmal
l
ercapaci
tycompar
edt
osecondar
ymemor
y,usual
l
ymeasur
ed
i
ngigabyt
es(GB).

b)
Secondar
yMemor
y

-Defi
nit
ion:Secondar
ymemory
,al
soknownasnon-
volat
il
ememory,
refer
stostor
agedevi
ces
thatr
etaindataevenwhent
hepoweri
stur
nedof
f.I
tisusedf
orl
ong-t
erm dat
astor
age.

-Types:Commonty
pesofsecondar
ymemor
yincl
udeHDDs,
SSDs,
USBdr
ives,
andopt
ical
di
scs(li
keCDsandDVDs)
.

-Vol
ati
l
ity
:Secondar
ymemor
yisnon-
vol
ati
l
e,whi
chmeansi
tret
ainsdat
awi
thoutpower
.

-Speed:
Iti
sgener
all
ysl
owert
hanpr
imar
ymemor
y,wi
thl
ongeraccesst
imes.

-Capacit
y:Secondar
ymemor
yusual
l
yof
fer
smuchl
argerst
oragecapaci
ti
es,
oft
enmeasur
edi
n
ter
abytes(TB).

I
nSummar
y

pri
marymemoryisfastandtemporar
y ,
usedforact
iveprocessi
ng,
whi
l
esecondar
y
memoryissl
owerandper
manent ,
usedforlong-
ter
m datastor
age.

i
i
)Compar
eandcont
rastRAM andROM
 a)
RAM (
Random AccessMemor
y)

-Defi
nit
ion:
RAM isaty
peofv
olat
il
ememorythatall
owsdatat
ober eadandwr
it
ten.I
tisused
bytheCPUt ost
oredat
aandi
nstr
ucti
onst
hatareacti
vel
ybei
ngused.

-Vol
ati
l
ity
:RAM i
svol
ati
l
e,meani
ngi
tlosesi
tscont
ent
swhent
hepoweri
stur
nedof
f.

-Ty
pes:Ther
earedi
ff
erentt
ypesofRAM,i
ncl
udi
ngDRAM (
DynamicRAM)andSRAM (Stat
ic
RAM).DRAM i
scommonlyusedformai
nmemory,whi
l
eSRAM isf
asterandusedf
orcache
memory.

-Speed:
RAM i
sver
yfast
,al
l
owi
ngqui
ckaccesst
odat
aforpr
ocessi
ng.

-Capaci
ty:
RAM typi
cal
lyhasasmal
lercapaci
tycompar
edtostor
agedevi
ces,
usual
l
yrangi
ng
fr
om afewgigaby
testosever
alt
ensofgigaby
tesinper
sonal
computer
s.

b)
ROM (
Read-
Onl
yMemor
y)

-Def
ini
ti
on:
ROM isat
ypeofnon-vol
ati
lememor ythati
susedtost
orefi
rmwareorsoft
waret
hat
i
snotmeanttobemodif
iedf
requent
ly.I
tret
ainsit
sdataevenwhenthepoweri
sturnedof
f.

-Vol
ati
l
ity
:ROM i
snon-
vol
ati
l
e,meani
ngi
tret
ainsi
tscont
ent
swi
thoutpower
.

-Types:
Therearesev
eral
typesofROM,incl
udi
ngPROM (Pr
ogrammableROM),EPROM
(Er
asabl
eProgrammableROM),andEEPROM (El
ect
ri
cal
l
yErasabl
eProgrammableROM).

-Speed:
ROM i
sgener
all
ysl
owert
hanRAM wheni
tcomest
odat
aaccess.

-Capaci
ty:
ROM t
ypi
cal
lyhasasmall
ercapaci
tycompar
edt
oRAM andi
susual
l
ysuf
fi
cientf
or
st
oringf
ir
mwareandessent
ial
syst
em i
nstr
ucti
ons.

I
nSummar
y

RAM i
sfast
,temporar
y,andusedforacti
vedataprocessi
ng,whil
eROM i
ssl
ower
,
per
manent
,andusedforstor
ingessent
ial
instr
uct
ionsandf i
rmware.

3.Per
ipher
aldev
ices.

❖ Li
stt
hreecommonper
ipher
aldev
icesandexpl
aint
hei
rrol
esi
nenhanci
ngcomput
er

usabi
l
ity
.

a)Key
boar
d

-Rol
e:Thekey
boar
disapri
mar yinputdev
icethatall
owsuser
stoentert
ext,number
s,and
commandsint
oacomputer
.Itprovidesatact
il
einter
facef
orty
pingandexecuti
ngvar
ious
f
unct
ions.

-Usabil
i
tyEnhancement:Keyboar
dscomewi t
hv ari
ousl
ayout
sandfeat
ures(
li
kef
uncti
onkeys,
multi
mediacontr
ols,andprogr
ammablekeys)thatcani
mprovet
ypi
ngspeedandeff
ici
ency
,
makingiteasi
erforuser
stointer
actwi
thsoft
war eandper
for
mtasks.

b)
Mouse

-Role:Themousei sapoi
nti
ngdevi
cethatenabl
esuserst
onavi
gat
et hecomputer
'sgr
aphi
cal
userinterface(
GUI
)bymov i
ngacursoronthescr
een.I
tal
lowsf
orpreci
secontr
olover
i
nteractionswit
hsoft
wareappl
i
cati
ons.

-Usabil
it
yEnhancement :
Themouseenhancesusabi
li
tybyprovi
dingamor ei
ntui
ti
vewayt
o
sel
ect,drag,anddropobj
ect
s,aswell
astoaccessmenusandshor tcut
s,whi
chcan
si
gnif
icantlyspeedupworkf
lowsandimpr
oveuserexperi
ence.

c)
Pri
nter

-Rol
e:Apri
nteri
sanoutputdevi
cethatpr
oducesaphy
sicalcopyofdi
git
aldocument
s,i
mages,
orgr
aphi
cs.I
tconver
tselect
roni
cdataint
opri
ntedmat
erial
.

-Usabi
li
tyEnhancement:Pr
int
ersenhanceusabili
tybyallowinguser
st ocreatehar
dcopiesof
i
mpor t
antdocumentsforshar
ing,
record-
keeping,orpresentat
ionpurposes.Thisi
sespeci
all
y
usef
ulineducati
onal
andpr of
essi
onalsett
ingswher eprint
edmat er
ialsareoftenr
equi
red.

Sect
ionB:
Comput
erHar
dwar
e

1.Howdosy
stem sof
twar
e,appl
i
cat
ionsof
twar
e,andut
il
it
ysof
twar
ecompl
ementeachot
her

i
nacomput
ersy
stem?

Syst
em sof
tware,
appli
cati
onsof
twar
e,anduti
l
itysof
twarear
eessenti
alcomponentsofa
comput
ersystem,andeachpl
aysaspeci
fi
crole.Her
e’showtheycomplementeachother
:

a).System Soft
war e:Thi
sisthesoftwaret
hatmanagesthecomputer
'shardwar
eand
provi
desapl at
for
mf orr unni
ngappli
cat
ionsoftwar
e.Agoodexampleisoperat
ingsy
stemsl
i
ke
Windows, macOS, orLinux.Syst
em soft
war eensur
esthatal
lhar
dwarecomponentswork
togetherproperl
y.

b)
.Appli
cat
ionSoft
ware:Theseareprogr
amsthatusersi
nter
actwit
htoper
for
m speci
fi
c
t
asks.Exampl
esincl
udeoff
iceappli
cat
ionsli
keMicr
osoftWord,gr
aphi
cdesi
gnsoft
wareli
ke
AdobePhot
oshop,orevengames.Appli
cat
ionsof
twar
erel
i
esonsy
stem sof
twar
etor
un,
asi
t
needst
heoperat
ingsystem t
ofunct
ion.

c)
.Uti
li
tySof t
ware:Thesearespeci
ali
zedtool
st hathel
pmanage, maint
ain,andcontr
ol
computerresources.Examplesi
ncludeanti
vi
rusprogr ams,
diskcl
eanuptools,andbackup
soft
ware.Util
i
tysoftwareenhancestheeff
ici
encyoft hecomputersy
stem andensuresit
operat
essmoot hly.

2.Cany
out
hinkofascenar
iowher
etheabsenceofonet
ypeofsof
twar
esi
gni
fi
cant
lyaf
fect
s

sy
stem per
for
mance?

a)
.Scenar
io:
Ast
udentneedst
owr
it
ear
esear
chpaperf
orschool
.

b)
.Syst
em Soft
war
e:Thecomputerhasanoper
ati
ngsy
stem (
li
keWi
ndowsormacOS)
i
nst
all
ed,
whichal
lowsi
ttofunct
ionpr
operl
y.

c)AbsenceofAppl
i
cat
ionSof
tware:Thestudentdoesnothav
eanywor
dpr
ocessi
ng
sof
tware(l
ikeMicr
osof
tWordorGoogleDocs)inst
all
ed.

d)
.ImpactonPer
for
mance:

i
)nabi
l
ityt
oCreat
eDocuments:
Thest
udentcannotwr
it
eoredi
tthepaper
,whi
chi
sessent
ial
f
orcompleti
ngt
heassi
gnment.

i
i
)IncreasedTimeandEffor
t:Withouttheri
ghtappl
icat
ionsof
tware,
thestudentmayatt
empt
t
owr it
et hepaperi
nabasictextedit
or,whichlacksf
ormatti
ngt
oolsandfeatur
es,maki
ngthe
t
askmor eti
me-consumi
ngandf rustr
ati
ng.

i
ii
)ReducedProductiv
ity
:Theabsenceoffeat
uresl
ikespell
check,gr
ammarsuggesti
ons,and
easyformatti
ngoptionsmeansthestudentmaytakelongert
ofini
shthepaper
,af
fect
ingthei
r
over
allproduct
ivi
ty.

i
v)Pot
ent
ialf
orErr
ors:
Withoutt
hetool
sprov
idedbyapplicat
ionsof
twar
e,t
hequal
i
tyoft
he
wor
kmaysuf f
erduetomoretyposandfor
matt
ingissues.

Int
hisscenar
io,
theabsenceofappli
cati
onsoftwar
edir
ect
lyimpact
sthestudent'
sabi
li
tyt
o
complet
ethei
rworkeffi
cient
lyandeff
ecti
vel
y,demonst
rat
inghowcruci
ali
tisforsyst
em
per
formanceinafunct
ionalcont
ext
.

3.Expl
aint
hest
epsi
nvol
vedi
ninst
all
i
ngnewsof
twar
eonacomput
ersy
stem.Hi
ghl
i
ght
 common i
ssuest
hatcanoccurdur
ingt
hei
nst
all
ati
onpr
ocessandhowt
oresol
vet
hem

*
Stepst
oInst
all
NewSof
twar
e

i
).Downl
oadt
heSof
twar
e:

-Fi
ndt
heof
fi
cial
websi
teorat
rust
edsour
cet
odownl
oadt
hesof
twar
e.

-Cl
i
ckont
hedownl
oadl
i
nkandsav
ethei
nst
all
ati
onf
il
etoy
ourcomput
er.

i
i
).Locat
etheI
nst
all
ati
onFi
l
e:

-Oncedownl
oaded,
nav
igat
etot
hef
olderwher
ethef
il
eissav
ed(
usual
l
ythe"
Downl
oads"
f
older
).

i
i
i)Runt
heI
nst
all
er:

-Doubl
e-cl
i
cktheinst
all
ati
onfi
l
e(of
tenendswi
th.
exef
orWi
ndowsor.
dmgf
ormacOS)t
o
st
artt
heinst
all
ati
onprocess.

i
v).UserAccountCont
rol
(UAC)
:

-I
fprompt
edbytheUserAccountCont
rol
,cl
i
ck"
Yes"t
oal
l
owt
hepr
ogr
am t
omakechanges
t
oyourcomput
er.

v
)Fol
l
owI
nst
all
ati
onPr
ompt
s:

-Readandacceptt
heEndUserLi
censeAgr
eement(
EULA)
.

-Chooset
hei
nst
all
ati
ont
ype(
Typi
cal
,Cust
om,
orMi
nimal
)basedony
ourpr
efer
ence.

-Sel
ectt
hedest
inat
ionf
olderwher
eyouwantt
hesof
twar
etobei
nst
all
ed.

v
i).Compl
etet
heI
nst
all
ati
on:

-Cl
i
ckt
he"
Inst
all
"but
tonandwai
tfort
hei
nst
all
ati
onpr
ocesst
ocompl
ete.
 -Oncefini
shed,
youmaybepr
ompt
edt
olauncht
hesof
twar
eimmedi
atel
yorcr
eat
eadeskt
op
shor
tcut
.

v
ii
).Rest
artt
heComput
er(
ifnecessar
y):

-Somei
nst
all
ati
onsmayr
equi
rey
out
orest
arty
ourcomput
ert
ofi
nal
i
zet
hei
nst
all
ati
on.

*CommonI
ssuesandResol
uti
ons

i
).I
nst
all
ati
onFai
l
s:

-I
ssue:
Thei
nst
all
ati
onmi
ghtf
ail
duet
oinsuf
fi
cientdi
skspaceorcompat
ibi
l
ityi
ssues.

-Resol
uti
on:Checkav
ail
abl
ediskspaceandensuret
hesof
twar
eiscompat
iblewi
thy
our
oper
ati
ngsyst
em.Freeupspaceifnecessar
yordownl
oadacompat
ibl
ever
sion.

i
i
).Er
rorMessages:

-I
ssue:
Youmi
ghtencount
erer
rormessagesdur
ingi
nst
all
ati
on.

-Resol
uti
on:Readtheerr
ormessagecareful
ly;
itof
tenpr
ovi
descl
ues.Checkt
hesof
twar
e's
websi
tefort
roubl
eshoot
ingti
psrel
atedt
ot hatspeci
fi
cerr
or.

i
i
i)Per
missi
onsI
ssues:

-I
ssue:
Youmaynothav
ethenecessar
yper
missi
onst
oinst
all
sof
twar
e.

-Resol
uti
on:Ensur
eyouar
eloggedi
nasanadmi
nist
rat
ororhav
eadmi
nist
rat
ivepr
ivi
l
eges.I
f
not
,cont
actsomeonewhodoes.

i
v)Ant
ivi
rusI
nter
fer
ence:

-I
ssue:
Ant
ivi
russof
twar
emi
ghtbl
ockt
hei
nst
all
ati
on.

-Resol
uti
on:Tempor
ari
l
ydi
sabl
etheant
ivi
russof
twar
edur
ingi
nst
all
ati
on,
butr
emembert
ore
-
enablei
taft
erwar
d.
 v
)Mi
ssi
ngDependenci
es:

-I
ssue:
Somesof
twar
erequi
resaddi
ti
onal
component
s(l
i
ke.
NETFr
amewor
korJav
a).

-Resol
uti
on:
Inst
all
anyr
equi
reddependenci
esaspr
ompt
eddur
ingt
hei
nst
all
ati
onpr
ocess.

4.Def
ineopen-
sour
ceandpr
opr
iet
arysof
twar
e.

i
)Open-
Sour
ceSof
twar
e

Open-sour
cesoftwarei
ssoftwar
ewhosesourcecodeismadeavai
l
ablet
othepubl
i
c.Thi
s
meansanyonecanv i
ew,modif
y,anddist
ri
but
ethecode.Open-
sour
cesoft
war
eisoft
en
dev
elopedcoll
abor
ati
velybyacommuni t
yofdevel
oper
s.

i
i
)Pr
opr
iet
arySof
twar
e

Propr
iet
arysoft
wareissoft
warethati
sownedbyanindi
vi
dual oracompany.Thesource
codeisnotmadeav ai
l
abletothepubl
ic,
anduser
smustpayforli
censestousethesoft
ware.
Theownerretai
nscontrol
overhowthesoft
warei
sused,modif
ied,anddi
str
ibut
ed.

➢ Compar
ethei
radv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesf
rom auser
’sper
spect
ive.

i
)Open-
Sour
ceSof
twar
e

Adv
ant
ages:

-Cost
:Of
tenf
reet
ouse,
whi
chcansav
emoney
.

-Cust
omi
zat
ion:
User
scanmodi
fyt
hesof
twar
etof
itt
hei
rspeci
fi
cneeds.

-Communi
tySuppor
t:Al
argecommuni
tycanpr
ovi
dehel
p,r
esour
ces,
andupdat
es.

-Tr
anspar
ency
:User
scani
nspectt
hecodef
orsecur
it
yandpr
ivacyconcer
ns.

Di
sadv
ant
ages:
-Usabi
l
ity
:Mayr
equi
remor
etechni
cal
knowl
edget
oinst
all
andcust
omi
ze.

-Suppor
t:Li
mit
edof
fi
cial
suppor
t;user
sof
tenr
elyoncommuni
tyf
orums.

-Compat
ibi
l
ity
:Someopen-
sour
cesof
twar
emaynotbecompat
ibl
ewi
thpr
opr
iet
aryf
ormat
sor
syst
ems.

i
i
)Pr
opr
iet
arySof
twar
e

Adv
ant
ages:

-User
-Fr
iendl
y:Ty
pical
l
ydesi
gnedf
oreaseofuse,
wit
hint
uit
ivei
nter
faces.

-Off
ici
alSuppor
t:User
shav
eaccesst
ocust
omersuppor
tandr
egul
arupdat
esf
rom t
he
company.

-I
ntegr
ati
on:
Oft
enbet
teri
ntegr
ati
onwi
thot
herpr
opr
iet
arysof
twar
eandser
vices.

Di
sadv
ant
ages:

-Cost
:Usual
l
yrequi
respur
chasi
ngal
i
cense,
whi
chcanbeexpensi
ve.

-Li
mit
edCust
omi
zat
ion:
User
scannotmodi
fyt
hesof
twar
eoraccesst
hesour
cecode.

-VendorLock-
In:
User
smaybecomedependentonaspeci
fi
cvendorf
orupdat
esandsuppor
t.

5.Oper
ati
ngSy
stems

➢ Descr
ibet
hef
unct
ionsofanoper
ati
ngsy
stem (
OS)
.

1.ProcessManagement:TheOSmanagesprocessesinthesystem,i
ncl
udi
ngt
heschedul
i
ngof
tasksandtheal
locat
ionofresour
cest
oensur
eef f
ici
entexecut
ion.

2.MemoryManagement:
Itoverseest
hesy st
em'smemory,al
locat
inganddeal
locat
ingmemory
spaceasneededf
orappl
icat
ionsandprocesses,
andensur
ingthateachpr
ocesshasenough
memor yt
ooperat
e.
3.FileSy st
em Management
:TheOSmanagesf
il
esonstor
agedevices,
organi
zingthem i
nto
di
r ector
ies,handl
i
ngfil
eper
missi
ons,
andpr
ovi
dingawayforuser
stocreate,
delet
e,andmodif
y
fi
les.

4.Devi
ceManagement:I
tcont
rol
sandcoor
dinat
estheuseofhar
dwaredev
ices,providi
nga
wayforsof
twareappl
i
cati
onstoi
nter
actwi
thhardwar
ecomponentsl
i
kepri
nters,disks,
and
networ
kint
erf
aces.

5.UserI
nter
face:
TheOSprovi
desauseri
nter
face,
whichcanbegraphi
cal(
GUI
)orcommand-
l
ine(CLI
),al
l
owinguser
stoi
nter
actwi
ththecomputerandrunappl
i
cati
ons.

6.Secur
it
yandAccessControl
:Itensuresthatunauthori
zeduser
scannotaccessthesystem
andmanagesuseraccount
s,passwor ds,andpermissionst
oprotectdat
aandresources.

7.Net
wor
king:
TheOSmanagesnet
wor
kconnect
ions,
all
owi
ngcomput
erst
ocommuni
cat
ewi
th

eachot
herandaccessshar
edr
esour
cesov
eranet
wor
k.

➢ Pr
ovi
deexampl
esoft
hreepopul
aroper
ati
ngsy
stemsanddi
scussoneuni
quef
eat
ure

ofeach

a)Wi
ndows,

Oneuni quefeatureofWindowsi si
tsext
ensivecompat i
bil
i
tywit
hawi derangeofsof t
war
e
applicati
onsandhar dwaredevices.Thismakesitav er
sati
l
echoiceforbothpersonaland
professionaluse,all
owinguserstorunmanypopul arprogr
amslikeMicrosof
tOf f
ice,
Adobe
CreativeSuite,
andv ari
ousgameswi t
houti
ssues.

b)
.macOS,
 Auni quefeatur
eofmacOSi sit
sseamlessint
egr
ati
onwi t
hotherApplepr
oduct
sand
ser
vices.Featuresl
ikeHandoffandAirDropal
lowuser
st oeasi
lyshar
efil
esandconti
nuetasks
acr
ossdi ff
erentAppledevi
ces,provi
dingacohesi
veecosyst
em foruser
swhoownmul t
ipl
e
Appl
epr oducts.

c)
.Li
nux,

Oneuniquef eatur
eofLinuxisitsopen-sour
cenat ur
e,all
owinguserst
omodi fyand
customizetheoper ati
ngsystem accor
dingtotheirneeds.Thi
sf l
exi
bil
i
tyat
tractsdevel
oper
s
andt echenthusi
astswhoappr eciat
etheabili
tyt
ot weakthesy st
em andcreatespeci
ali
zed
dist
ribut
ionstail
oredforspecif
icappli
cati
ons.