Scribd
Upload
1 views

php-exam

The document provides an overview of different types of CSS including Inline, Internal, and External CSS, along with CSS selectors, properties, values, and various specialized concepts like pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements. It also discusses the use of TypeScript and Flow for type definitions in CSS. Additionally, it outlines the structure and common attributes of HTML elements, categorizing them into block-level, inline, self-closing, form, table, semantic, and media elements.

Uploaded by

Kj Ortiz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1 views

php-exam

The document provides an overview of different types of CSS including Inline, Internal, and External CSS, along with CSS selectors, properties, values, and various specialized concepts like pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements. It also discusses the use of TypeScript and Flow for type definitions in CSS. Additionally, it outlines the structure and common attributes of HTML elements, categorizing them into block-level, inline, self-closing, form, table, semantic, and media elements.

Uploaded by

Kj Ortiz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Css types

Based on the provided search results, here’s a comprehensive overview of


the different types of CSS:

1. Inline CSS: Defined within an HTML element using the style attribute.
It’s used to apply unique styles to a single element. Example: <p
style="color: blue;">This text is blue.</p>
2. Internal CSS: Defined within the <head> section of an HTML
document, inside a <style> block. It’s used to apply styles to a single
HTML page. Example: <style>h1 { color: red; }</style>
3. External CSS: Defined in a separate file (e.g., style.css) and linked to
an HTML document using the <link> tag. It’s used to apply styles to
multiple HTML pages. Example: <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="style.css">

Additionally, the search results highlight the following:

 CSS selectors: Used to target specific HTML elements and apply


styles. Examples include class selectors (``.class ), ID selectors (#id), and
attribute selectors ([attribute=“value”]`).
 CSS properties: Used to define the styles for targeted elements.
Examples include color, background-color, font-size, and padding.
 CSS values: Used to specify the values for CSS properties. Examples
include red, #FFFFFF, 10px, and 1em.
 Hyphenated properties: Used to define properties with hyphens in
their names (e.g., flex-grow, flex-shrink).
 Fallback properties: Used to provide fallback values for properties
that may not be supported by all browsers.
 Pseudo-classes: Used to target elements based on their state or
interaction (e.g., :hover, :active, :focus).
 Pseudo-elements: Used to target specific parts of an element
(e.g., ::before, ::after).

The search results also mention the use of TypeScript and Flow type
definitions for CSS, which provide type checking and autocompletion for CSS
properties and values.

In summary, CSS types include:

 Inline CSS
 Internal CSS
 External CSS
 CSS selectors
 CSS properties
 CSS values
 Hyphenated properties
 Fallback properties
 Pseudo-classes
 Pseudo-elements

ChatGPT
You said:
Basic PHP tags and definition

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a server-side scripting language designed for web development.
Its syntax is simple, and scripts are embedded in HTML using specific tags. Below are the basic
PHP tags and their definitions:

1. Standard PHP Tags


php
Copy code
<?php // PHP code goes here ?>

 The most common and widely supported PHP tag.


 Always start with <?php and end with ?>.
 Ensures compatibility with all servers running PHP.

2. Short Tags
php
Copy code
<? ?>

 A shorthand version of the standard PHP tags.


 Example:
php
Copy code
<? echo "Hello World!" ; ?>
 Note: This may not be enabled by default on all servers. It depends on
the short_open_tag setting in the php.ini configuration file.

3. Echo Shortcut Tag


php
Copy code
<?= ?>
 A shorthand for echo, used to output values.

 Example:
php
Copy code
<?= "Hello World!" ; ?>
 Always available starting from PHP 5.4, regardless of
the short_open_tag setting.

4. ASP Style Tags (Deprecated)


php
Copy code
<% %>

 Example:
php
Copy code
<% echo "Hello World!" ; %>

 Deprecated as of PHP 7.0 and not recommended.

5. Script Tag (Obsolete)


php
Copy code
<script language= "php" > // PHP code here </script>

 Example:
php
Copy code
= "php" > echo "Hello World!" ; </script>

 Rarely used and not recommended in modern PHP devHTML attributes


are additional information provided within an HTML tag to define the
properties or behavior of an element. They are always included in the
opening tag and consist of a name and a value pair.

 ### **Basic Structure**
 ```html
 <tagname attribute=”value”>Content</tagname>
 ```

 ### **Common HTML Attributes and Their Definitions**

 1. **`id`**
 - Specifies a unique identifier for an element.
 - Example:
 ```html
 <div id=”header”>Welcome</div>
 ```

 2. **`class`**
 - Specifies one or more class names for an element (used for styling
or JavaScript targeting).
 - Example:
 ```html
 <p class=”intro”>This is an introduction.</p>
 ```

 3. **`style`**
 - Adds inline CSS styling to an element.
 - Example:
 ```html
 <h1 style=”color: blue;”>Hello World!</h1>
 ```

 4. **`title`**
 - Provides additional information about an element (often shown as a
tooltip on hover).
 - Example:
 ```html
 <button title=”Click me!”>Click</button>
 ```

 5. **`href`**
 - Specifies the URL of a link (used in `<a>` tags).
 - Example:
 ```html
 <a href=https://example.com>Visit Example</a>
 ```

 6. **`src`**
 - Specifies the source of an embedded content like an image, video,
or iframe.
 - Example:
 ```html
 <img src=”image.jpg” alt=”Example Image”>
 ```

 7. **`alt`**
 - Provides alternative text for an image (displayed if the image
cannot load).
 - Example:
 ```html
 <img src=”image.jpg” alt=”An example image”>
 ```

 8. **`width` and `height`**
 - Define the dimensions of an image or video.
 - Example:
 ```html
 <img src=”image.jpg” width=”200” height=”150”>
 ```

 9. **`type`**
 - Specifies the type of element (used in `<input>` or `<button>`).
 - Example:
 ```html
 <input type=”text” placeholder=”Enter your name”>
 ```

 10. **`placeholder`**
 - Displays a placeholder text inside input fields.
 - Example:
 ```html
 <input type=”email” placeholder=”Enter your email”>
 ```

 11. **`name`**
 - Assigns a name to an element (useful in forms for data
submission).
 - Example:
 ```html
 <input type=”text” name=”username”>
 ```

 12. **`value`**
 - Specifies the default value for input, button, or other elements.
 - Example:
 ```html
 <input type=”text” value=”Default Text”>
 ```

 13. **`target`**
 - Specifies where to open a linked document (used in `<a>` tags).
 - Example:
 ```html
 <a href=https://example.com target=”_blank”>Open in New
Tab</a>
 ```

 14. **`disabled`**
 - Disables an element so it can’t be interacted with.
 - Example:
 ```html
 <button disabled>Submit</button>
 ```

 15. **`checked`**
 - Specifies that an input (checkbox or radio) is pre-selected.
 - Example:
 ```html
 <input type=”checkbox” checked> Subscribe to newsletter
 ```

 16. **`readonly`**
 - Makes an input field non-editable.
 - Example:
 ```html
 <input type=”text” value=”Read-only” readonly>
 ```

 17. **`required`**
 - Indicates that the input field must be filled out before submission.
 - Example:
 ```html
 <input type=”text” required>
 ```

 18. **`data-*`**
 - Custom attributes for embedding data into HTML elements (used in
JavaScript).
 - Example:
 ```html
 <div data-user-id=”12345”>User Information</div>
 ```

 ### **How to Use Attributes**
 - Multiple attributes can be added to a single element, separated by
spaces.
 ```html
 <input type=”text” name=”username” placeholder=”Enter your
name” required>
 ```

 Attributes enhance the functionality and interactivity of HTML elements
and are essential for proper web design and development.elopment.

HTML attributes are additional information provided within an HTML tag to define the
properties or behavior of an element. They are always included in the opening tag and consist of
a name and a value pair.

Basic Structure
<tagname attribute="value">Content</tagname>

Common HTML Attributes and Their Definitions

1. id
o Specifies a unique identifier for an element.
o Example:
o <div id="header">Welcome</div>

2. class
o Specifies one or more class names for an element (used for
styling or JavaScript targeting).
o Example:
o <p class="intro">This is an introduction.</p>

3. style
o Adds inline CSS styling to an element.
o Example:
o <h1 style="color: blue;">Hello World!</h1>

4. title
o Provides additional information about an element (often shown
as a tooltip on hover).
o Example:
o <button title="Click me!">Click</button>

5. href
o Specifies the URL of a link (used in <a> tags).
o Example:
o <a href="https://example.com">Visit Example</a>

6. src
o Specifies the source of an embedded content like an image,
video, or iframe.
o Example:
o <img src="image.jpg" alt="Example Image">

7. alt
o Provides alternative text for an image (displayed if the image
cannot load).
o Example:
o <img src="image.jpg" alt="An example image">

8. width and height


o Define the dimensions of an image or video.
o Example:
o <img src="image.jpg" width="200" height="150">

9. type
o Specifies the type of element (used in <input> or <button>).
o Example:
o <input type="text" placeholder="Enter your name">

10. placeholder
o Displays a placeholder text inside input fields.
o Example:
o <input type="email" placeholder="Enter your email">

11. name
o Assigns a name to an element (useful in forms for data
submission).
o Example:
o <input type="text" name="username">

12. value
o Specifies the default value for input, button, or other elements.
o Example:
o <input type="text" value="Default Text">

13. target
o Specifies where to open a linked document (used in <a> tags).
o Example:
o <a href="https://example.com" target="_blank">Open in New Tab</a>

14. disabled
o Disables an element so it can't be interacted with.
o Example:
o <button disabled>Submit</button>

15. checked
o Specifies that an input (checkbox or radio) is pre-selected.
o Example:
o <input type="checkbox" checked> Subscribe to newsletter

16. readonly
o Makes an input field non-editable.
o Example:
o <input type="text" value="Read-only" readonly>

17. required
o Indicates that the input field must be filled out before
submission.
o Example:
o <input type="text" required>

18. data-*
o Custom attributes for embedding data into HTML elements (used
in JavaScript).
o Example:
o <div data-user-id="12345">User Information</div>

How to Use Attributes

 Multiple attributes can be added to a single element, separated by


spaces.
 <input type="text" name="username" placeholder="Enter your name"
required>

Attributes enhance the functionality and interactivity of HTML elements and are essential for
proper web design and development.

HTML elements are the building blocks of a web page. They consist of a start
tag, content, and an end tag. Some elements are self-closing, meaning they
do not have content or an end tag.

### **Structure of an HTML Element**

```html

<tagname attributes>Content</tagname>

```
### **Types of HTML Elements**

#### 1. **Block-Level Elements**

Block-level elements occupy the full width of their container and start on a
new line.

- Examples:

- `<div>`: A container element.

- `<p>`: Defines a paragraph.

- `<h1>`, `<h2>`, …, `<h6>`: Headings, where `<h1>` is the largest and


`<h6>` is the smallest.

- `<section>`: Defines a section in a document.

- `<article>`: Represents an independent piece of content.

- `<header>`: Defines a header for a document or section.

- `<footer>`: Defines a footer for a document or section.

- `<ul>`: Unordered list.

- `<ol>`: Ordered list.

- `<li>`: List item.

- `<table>`: Defines a table.

#### 2. **Inline Elements**

Inline elements do not start on a new line and only take up as much width as
necessary.

- Examples:

- `<span>`: Used for styling inline text.

- `<a>`: Defines a hyperlink.

- `<strong>`: Makes text bold.

- `<em>`: Emphasizes text (usually italicized).


- `<img>`: Embeds an image (self-closing).

- `<br>`: Inserts a line break (self-closing).

- `<label>`: Defines a label for form elements.

#### 3. **Self-Closing (Void) Elements**

These elements do not have closing tags and are typically used for
embedding or breaking content.

- Examples:

- `<img>`: Embeds an image.

- `<br>`: Inserts a line break.

- `<hr>`: Inserts a horizontal rule (line).

- `<meta>`: Provides metadata about the document.

- `<input>`: Defines an input field.

#### 4. **Form Elements**

Used to collect user input.

- Examples:

- `<form>`: Defines a form for user input.

- `<input>`: Defines an input field.

- `<textarea>`: Defines a multi-line text input.

- `<button>`: Creates a clickable button.

- `<select>`: Defines a drop-down list.

- `<option>`: Defines options in a drop-down list.

- `<label>`: Associates a label with a form element.

#### 5. **Table Elements**

Used to create tables.


- Examples:

- `<table>`: Defines a table.

- `<tr>`: Defines a table row.

- `<td>`: Defines a table cell.

- `<th>`: Defines a table header cell.

- `<caption>`: Provides a table caption.

#### 6. **Semantic Elements**

Provide meaning to the structure of a web page.

- Examples:

- `<header>`: Defines a header.

- `<nav>`: Represents navigation links.

- `<main>`: Indicates the main content.

- `<section>`: Groups related content.

- `<article>`: Represents self-contained content.

- `<aside>`: Represents content aside from the main content.

- `<footer>`: Defines a footer.

#### 7. **Media Elements**

Used to embed multimedia content.

- Examples:

- `<img>`: Embeds an image.

- `<audio>`: Embeds sound content.

- `<video>`: Embeds video content.

- `<source>`: Defines multiple media sources.

- `<iframe>`: Embeds another HTML page.


#### 8. **Programming Elements**

Used for scripts or external resources.

- Examples:

- `<script>`: Embeds JavaScript.

- `<noscript>`: Content for browsers that do not support JavaScript.

- `<style>`: Embeds CSS styles.

- `<link>`: Links an external resource, like CSS.

### **Examples of HTML Elements**

1. **Basic Text**

```html

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

```

2. **Image**

```html

<img src=”image.jpg” alt=”A description of the image”>

```

3. **Hyperlink**

```html

<a href=https://example.com>Visit Example</a>

```

4. **Form**

```html

<form action=”submit.php” method=”post”>


<input type=”text” name=”username” placeholder=”Enter username”>

<button type=”submit”>Submit</button>

</form>

```

HTML elements form the foundation of any web page, giving structure,
meaning, and interactivity to content.

In PHP, elements typically refer to the core building blocks of the language used to create
dynamic web applications. These include scripts, statements, variables, functions, and more.
Below is a comprehensive breakdown of PHP elements and their definitions:

1. PHP Tags

 Definition: Tags that denote the beginning and end of PHP code within
a file.
 Examples:
 <?php
 // PHP code here
 ?>
o Short Tags: <? ?> (depends on server configuration).
o Echo Shortcut: <?= ?> (outputs data directly).

2. Variables

 Definition: Used to store data such as numbers, strings, or arrays.


Variables in PHP always start with a $.
 Example:
 $name = "John";
 $age = 25;

3. Constants

 Definition: Immutable variables that hold data and cannot be


changed once defined.
 Example:
 define("SITE_NAME", "My Website");
 echo SITE_NAME; // Outputs: My Website
4. Data Types

 Definition: Types of data that variables can hold.


 PHP supports:
o String: "Hello World"
o Integer: 123
o Float/Double: 3.14
o Boolean: true or false
o Array: ["Apple", "Banana"]
o Object: An instance of a class.
o NULL: A variable with no value.

5. PHP Operators

 Definition: Symbols used to perform operations on variables and


values.
 Examples:
o Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /
o Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=
o Comparison Operators: ==, ===, !=
o Logical Operators: &&, ||, !

6. Control Structures

 Definition: Allow you to control the flow of the program.


 Examples:
o Conditional Statements:
o if ($age > 18) {
o echo "Adult";
o } else {
o echo "Minor";
o }
o Loops:
 for: Loop with a counter.
 for ($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++) {
 echo $i;
 }
 while: Loop while a condition is true.
 while ($x <= 5) {
 echo $x;
 $x++;
 }
7. Functions

 Definition: Blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.


 Example:
 function greet($name) {
 return "Hello, $name!";
 }
 echo greet("Alice");

8. Arrays

 Definition: Used to store multiple values in a single variable.


 Types:
o Indexed Arrays:
o $fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"];
o echo $fruits[0]; // Outputs: Apple
o Associative Arrays:
o $person = ["name" => "John", "age" => 30];
o echo $person["name"]; // Outputs: John
o Multidimensional Arrays:
o $matrix = [[1, 2], [3, 4]];
o echo $matrix[1][1]; // Outputs: 4

9. Classes and Objects

 Definition: Used for Object-Oriented Programming (OOP).


 Example:
 class Car {
 public $brand;
 public function honk() {
 return "Honk!";
 }
 }
 $myCar = new Car();
 $myCar->brand = "Toyota";
 echo $myCar->brand; // Outputs: Toyota

10. Superglobals

 Definition: Built-in variables that are always available.


 Examples:
o $_GET: Collects data from query strings.
o $_POST: Collects data from form submissions.
o $_SESSION: Manages session data.
o $_SERVER: Contains server and environment info.

11. File Inclusion

 Definition: Includes and reuses external files.


 Examples:
 include 'header.php'; // Includes a file.
 require 'config.php'; // Requires a file (throws an error if missing).

12. Error Handling

 Definition: Manages runtime errors in PHP scripts.


 Example:
 try {
 $file = fopen("test.txt", "r");
 } catch (Exception $e) {
 echo "Error: " . $e->getMessage();
 }

13. PHP Scripts

 Definition: A sequence of PHP code executed on the server to


generate dynamic web content.
 Example:
 <?php
 echo "Today's date is: " . date("Y-m-d");
 ?>

14. Comments

 Definition: Notes in the code that are ignored by the PHP interpreter.
 Examples:
 // Single-line comment
 /* Multi-line comment */

15. Database Interaction

 Definition: PHP elements to connect and manipulate databases.


 Example (MySQLi):
 $conn = new mysqli("localhost", "username", "password", "database");
 if ($conn->connect_error) {
 die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
 }

PHP elements work together to create dynamic, interactive, and functional web pages. These
elements form the foundation of PHP programming.

JavaScript Definition

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted, and high-level programming language primarily used


for adding interactivity to web pages. It runs in the browser and allows developers to create
dynamic and responsive user experiences. JavaScript is a core technology of the web, alongside
HTML and CSS.

 Features:
o Client-side scripting (runs in the browser).
o Supports object-oriented, functional, and event-driven
programming.
o Allows DOM manipulation to modify web page content and style
dynamically.
o Can be used for backend development with environments like
Node.js.

JavaScript Elements

JavaScript elements refer to the building blocks and features used to write JavaScript code.
Below are the core elements:

1. Variables

 Definition: Variables store data values.


 Keywords: var, let, const (for declaring variables).
 Example:
 let name = "Alice"; // Declares a variable
 const age = 25; // A constant value

2. Data Types

 Definition: JavaScript supports various types of data.


 Types:
o Primitive Types:
 String: "Hello"
 Number: 42
 Boolean: true or false
 Null: null (intentional absence of a value)
 Undefined: undefined (a variable with no assigned value)
 Symbol (unique identifier)
o Complex Types:
 Object: {key: value}

 Example:
 let isStudent = true; // Boolean
 let user = { name: "Bob", age: 30 }; // Object

3. Operators

 Definition: Symbols used to perform operations on data.


 Types:
o Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %
o Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=
o Comparison Operators: ==, ===, !=, !==, >, <
o Logical Operators: && (AND), || (OR), ! (NOT)

 Example:
 let sum = 10 + 5; // Addition
 let isEqual = (5 == "5"); // Loose comparison (true)

4. Control Structures

 Definition: Used to control the flow of the program.


 Types:

o Conditional Statements:
o if (age >= 18) {
o console.log("Adult");
o } else {
o console.log("Minor");
o }

o Loops:
 For Loop:
 for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
 console.log(i);
 }
 While Loop:
 let count = 0;
 while (count < 5) {
 console.log(count);
 count++;
 }

5. Functions

 Definition: Blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.


 Types:
o Function Declaration:
o function greet(name) {
o return `Hello, ${name}`;
o }
o Arrow Function:
o const greet = (name) => `Hello, ${name}`;

6. Objects

 Definition: Key-value pairs used to store structured data.


 Example:
 let car = {
 brand: "Toyota",
 model: "Corolla",
 drive: function() {
 return "Vroom!";
 }
 };
 console.log(car.drive()); // Outputs: Vroom!

7. Arrays

 Definition: Used to store a list of values.


 Example:
 let fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"];
 console.log(fruits[1]); // Outputs: Banana

8. Events

 Definition: Used to handle user interactions or browser actions.


 Examples:
o Click Event:
o document.getElementById("btn").addEventListener("click",
function() {
o alert("Button clicked!");
o });
9. DOM (Document Object Model) Manipulation

 Definition: JavaScript can interact with and modify HTML content and
styles.
 Examples:
o Change Content:
o document.getElementById("header").innerHTML = "Hello World!";
o Change Style:
o document.getElementById("header").style.color = "blue";

10. Promises and Asynchronous Code

 Definition: JavaScript supports asynchronous programming for tasks


like fetching data from a server.
 Example:
 fetch("https://api.example.com/data")
 .then(response => response.json())
 .then(data => console.log(data))
 .catch(error => console.error(error));

11. Classes

 Definition: Used for object-oriented programming in JavaScript.


 Example:
 class Person {
 constructor(name, age) {
 this.name = name;
 this.age = age;
 }
 greet() {
 return `Hi, I'm ${this.name}`;
 }
 }
 const john = new Person("John", 25);
 console.log(john.greet());

12. Comments

 Definition: Used to add notes or explanations in the code.


 Types:
o Single-line comment: // Comment
o Multi-line comment:
o /* This is
o a multi-line
o comment */
13. Modules

 Definition: JavaScript files that export and import reusable code.


 Example:
o Export:
o export const name = "Alice";
o Import:
o import { name } from './module.js';

JavaScript's elements are versatile and crucial for creating dynamic, interactive, and user-friendly
web applications.

You might also like