1(a). Define IOT and M2M. Illustrate the differences between IOT and M2M.

1. Internet of Things : IOT is known as the Internet of Things where things are said to
be the communicating devices that can interact with each other using a
communication media.
2. Machine to Machine : This is commonly known as Machine to machine
communication. It is a concept where two or more than two machines communicate
with each other without human interaction using a wired or wireless mechanism. M2M
is an technology that helps the devices to connect between devices without using
internet.

Difference between IoT and M2M :

Basis of IoT M2M

Abbreviation Internet of Things Machine to Machine

Devices have objects that are Some degree of intelligence

Intelligence
responsible for decision making is observed in this.

The connection is via Network

Connection type The connection is a point to
and using various communication
used point
types.

Traditional protocols and

Communication Internet protocols are used such
communication technology
protocol used as HTTP, FTP, and Telnet.
techniques are used

Data is shared between other

Data is shared with only the
Data Sharing applications that are used to
communicating parties.
improve the end-user experience.

Internet connection is required for Devices are not dependent

Internet
communication on the Internet.

Type of It supports point-to-point

It supports cloud communication
Communication communication.

Involves the usage of both Mostly hardware-based

Computer System
Hardware and Software. technology

A large number of devices yet

Scope Limited Scope for devices.
scope is large.
 Basis of IoT M2M

There is no support for

Open API support Supports Open API integrations.
Open APIs

Devices/sensors, connectivity, Device, area networks,

Components
data processing, user interface gateway, Application server.

Smart wearables, Big Data and Sensors, Data and

Examples
Cloud, etc. Information, etc.

1(b).Illustrate With the help of neat diagram, describe the levels of IOT with an
example.

Architecture of IoT
The architecture of IoT is divided into 4 different layers i.e. Sensing Layer, Network
Layer, Data processing Layer, and Application Layer.
 Sensing Layer:
The sensing layer is the first layer of the Internet of Things architecture and is
responsible for collecting data from different sources. This layer
includes sensors and actuators that are placed in the environment to gather
information about temperature, humidity, light, sound, and other physical
parameters. Wired or wireless communication protocols connect these devices to
the network layer.
 Network Layer:
The network layer of an IoT architecture is responsible for providing
communication and connectivity between devices in the IoT system. It includes
protocols and technologies that enable devices to connect and communicate with
each other and with the wider internet. Examples of network technologies that are
commonly used in IoT include WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular networks such
as 4G and 5G technology. Additionally, the network layer may
include gateways and routers that act as intermediaries between devices and the
wider internet, and may also include security features such as encryption and
authentication to protect against unauthorized access.
 Data processing Layer:
The data processing layer of IoT architecture refers to the software and hardware
components that are responsible for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data
from IoT devices. This layer is responsible for receiving raw data from the devices,
processing it, and making it available for further analysis or action. The data
processing layer includes a variety of technologies and tools, such as data
management systems, analytics platforms, and machine learning algorithms. These
tools are used to extract meaningful insights from the data and make decisions
 based on that data. Example of a technology used in the data processing layer is a
data lake, which is a centralized repository for storing raw data from IoT devices.
 Application Layer:
The application layer of IoT architecture is the topmost layer that interacts directly
with the end-user. It is responsible for providing user-friendly interfaces and
functionalities that enable users to access and control IoT devices. This layer
includes various software and applications such as mobile apps, web portals, and
other user interfaces that are designed to interact with the underlying IoT
infrastructure. It also includes middleware services that allow different IoT devices
and systems to communicate and share data seamlessly. The application layer
also includes analytics and processing capabilities that allow data to be analyzed
and transformed into meaningful insights. This can include machine learning
algorithms, data visualization tools, and other advanced analytics capabilities..

Architecture of IoT

2(a).Draw the internal architecture of three domains of M2M architecture and

explain its operation.
A typical M2M architecture consists of three primary domains: Device Domain
(containing the sensors and actuators), Network Domain (responsible for data
transmission), and Application Domain (where data is processed and utilized), each with
distinct functions and interactions:.
1. Device Domain:
 Components:
Sensors, actuators, embedded systems, microcontrollers, and sometimes a gateway
device for local data aggregation.
 Function:
Collects data from the physical environment through sensors, performs basic data
processing, and sends the information to the network domain via a gateway if needed.
2. Network Domain:
 Components:
Cellular networks (3G, 4G, 5G), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LPWANs (LoRa, Sigfox), dedicated
M2M network infrastructure, and gateways.
 Function:
Transmits data from the device domain to the application domain, managing network
connectivity, routing, and security protocols to ensure reliable data transfer.
3. Application Domain:
 Components:
Application servers, data analytics platforms, cloud services, user interfaces, and
management systems.
 Function:
Receives data from the network domain, performs complex data processing, analysis,
and decision-making, triggers actions on devices through the network domain, and
presents information to users via applications.

Application Domain
- M2M Applications
- Data Processing and Business Logic
- User Interface (Mobile/Web Apps)
Network Domain
- Communication Networks (Wi-Fi, 5G, LoRa)
- Gateways and Middleware
- Cloud Services and Data Storage

Device Domain
- Sensors, Actuators, and Smart Devices
- Embedded Systems and Edge Computing
- M2M Modules (SIM, Modems, IoT Boards)

2(b).Define IOT and Explain the advantages and disadvantages of an IOT.

Definition of IoT (Internet of Things)

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected devices that

communicate and exchange data over the internet without human intervention. These
devices include sensors, actuators, smart appliances, and industrial machines that
collect, process, and transmit data to improve efficiency and automation.

Advantages of IoT

Internet of things facilitates the several advantages in day-to-day life in the business
sector. Some of its benefits are given below:

o Efficient resource utilization: If we know the functionality and the way that how
each device work we definitely increase the efficient resource utilization as well
as monitor natural resources.
o Minimize human effort: As the devices of IoT interact and communicate with
each other and do lot of task for us, then they minimize the human effort.
o Save time: As it reduces the human effort then it definitely saves out time. Time
is the primary factor which can save through IoT platform.
o Enhance Data Collection:
o Improve security: Now, if we have a system that all these things are
interconnected then we can make the system more secure and efficient.

Disadvantages of IoT

As the Internet of things facilitates a set of benefits, it also creates a significant set of
challenges. Some of the IoT challenges are given below:

o Security: As the IoT systems are interconnected and communicate over

networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures, and it
can be lead the various kinds of network attacks.
o Privacy: Even without the active participation on the user, the IoT system
provides substantial personal data in maximum detail.
o Complexity: The designing, developing, and maintaining and enabling the large
technology to IoT system is quite complicated.

3(a).Explain with example MQTT protocol. What is the role of MQTT protocol in
IoT?
o Message Queuing Telemetry Transport, or MQTT, is a communications
protocol designed for Internet of Things devices with extremely high latency and
restricted low bandwidth. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport is a perfect
protocol for machine-to-machine (M2M) communication since it is designed
specifically for low-bandwidth, high-latency settings..
How MQTT Works?

MQTT consists of three main components:

1. Publisher → Sends messages (data) to a topic.

 2. Broker → A central server that manages communication between publishers and
subscribers.

 A central "broker" acts as an intermediary.

 It receives messages from publishers and forwards them to subscribers based
on their topic subscriptions.

3. Subscriber → Receives messages from the broker based on subscribed topics.

Example of MQTT in IoT

📌 Smart Home System using MQTT

 Temperature Sensor (Publisher) → Sends temperature readings to the MQTT

broker under the topic home/temperature.
 MQTT Broker (e.g., Mosquitto, HiveMQ) → Receives the temperature data and
forwards it to relevant subscribers.
 Smartphone App (Subscriber) → Subscribes to home/temperature and
receives temperature updates.

If the temperature exceeds 30°C, the app can trigger an air conditioner to turn on.

Role of MQTT in IoT

1. Lightweight & Efficient → Uses minimal bandwidth, ideal for IoT devices with
limited resources.
2. Low Power Consumption → Suitable for battery-operated sensors and smart
devices.
3. Reliable Communication → Works over unreliable networks, ensuring message
delivery.
4. Scalability → Supports multiple devices communicating via a single broker.
5. Secure Communication → Supports authentication and encryption (TLS/SSL).

3(b).Discuss the loT cloud based services provided by Thing Speak platform.

IoT Cloud-Based Services Provided by ThingSpeak Platform

What is ThingSpeak?

ThingSpeak is an IoT analytics platform that allows users to collect, analyze, visualize,
and act on data from IoT devices. It provides cloud-based services to store and process
real-time sensor data.

ThingSpeak is widely used in applications like smart agriculture, environmental

monitoring, and industrial automation. It is supported by MathWorks (MATLAB),
making it ideal for data analytics.

Key IoT cloud services provided by ThingSpeak:

Data Collection:
Users can send sensor data from any internet-connected device to ThingSpeak
channels, which act as data storage containers, using a REST API or MQTT protocol.
Data Storage:
ThingSpeak stores the incoming data in "channels," which act as containers for your
data streams.
Real-time Visualization:
ThingSpeak provides immediate graphical visualizations of incoming data through
charts, graphs, and gauges, enabling monitoring of live sensor readings.
Alerts and Actions:
ThingSpeak allows you to set up triggers and alerts based on specific data conditions.
This can be used to:

o Send email or SMS notifications.

o Trigger actions on other devices or services.

MATLAB Integration:

A major advantage of ThingSpeak is its deep integration with MATLAB, allowing users
to write and execute MATLAB code directly within the platform to perform complex data
analysis, signal processing, and predictive modeling on the collected data without
needing a separate MATLAB license.

App Integrations: ThingSpeak allows for integrations with other applications, and
services.
 Cloud to cloud integrations:

 ThingSpeak allows for cloud to cloud integrations with platforms like The Things
Network, and others, that use LoRaWAN networks

4(a)Explain about IOT Reference architecture.

Layers of IoT Reference Architecture

IoT reference architectures typically consist of multiple layers that work together to
enable the functioning of an IoT system.

 Perception Layer:
This layer comprises the physical devices or sensors that collect data from the
environment or interact with the physical world. These devices can include temperature
sensors, motion detectors, cameras, and other IoT−enabled devices.
 Network Layer:
The network layer facilitates the connectivity and communication between the IoT
devices and the cloud or other data processing components. It includes protocols,
gateways, routers, and other networking infrastructure to ensure seamless data transfer
and reliable connections.
 Data Processing Layer:
This layer involves processing and analyzing the data collected from IoT devices. It may
include edge computing devices or cloud−based platforms where data is aggregated,
filtered, transformed, and analyzed to derive valuable insights.
 Application Layer:
The application layer encompasses the software applications or services that utilize the
processed IoT data to provide specific functionalities or address specific use cases.
These applications can range from real−time monitoring and control systems to
predictive analytics, machine learning algorithms, and automation

4(b)Explain the constraint application protocol (CoAP).

The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a special web transfer protocol that
operates with constrained nodes and networks. These networks are commonly used
for applications such as the Internet of Things (IoT), where devices may have limited
processor, memory, and power resources. CoAP is intended to be simple, low-
overhead, and efficient, making it ideal for machine-to-machine communication.
How Does CoAP Works?
Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is an application layer protocol designed
for resource-constrained devices and networks, particularly in the context of the
Internet of Things (IoT).
 Client-Server Model: CoAP model is essentially a client/server model enabling the
client to request for service from server as needed and the server responds to
client's request.
 Resource-Oriented: CoAP treats various objects in the network as resources,
each uniquely identified by a URI (Uniform Resource Identifier). Clients can request
information about these resources, and servers provide responses2.
 Methods: CoAP supports several methods similar to HTTP:
o GET
o POST
o DELETE
o PUT
Methods in CoAP
 GET - The get method is used to retrieve resource information identified by the
request URI. In response to GET method success a 200(OK) response is sent.
 POST - The post method creates a new subordinate resource under the parent URI
requested by it to the server. On successful resource creation on the server, a 201
(Created) response is sent while on failure a 200 (OK) response code is sent.
 DELETE - The delete method deletes the resource identified by the requested URI
and a 200 (OK) response code is sent on successful operation.
 PUT - The PUT method updates or creates the resource identified by the request
URI with the enclosed message body.
Message Format of CoAP
CoAP messages are encoded in binary-format or 0/1 format. Like other message
formats, CoAP message has a header and a payload section along with an optional
section. The size of CoAP header is 4 bytes or 32 bits. This size is fixed for every
CoAP message. Whereas the other part of message is the optional part which
includes payload and tokens of variable size ranging from 0-8 bytes. The message
format of CoAP contains the following fields:
 Version - The size of version field is 2 bits. It represents the version of the CoAP
protocol.
 Type Code - The size of type field is 2 bits. There are four types of messages
namely confirmable, non-confirmable, acknowledgement and reset represented by
the bit patterns 00, 01, 10, 11 respectively.
 Option Count - The size of option count field is 4 bits. These 4 bits, means there
could be a total of 16 possible options in header.
 Code - The size of code field is 8 bits. This indicates whether message is empty,
request message or response message.
 Message ID - The size of message ID field is 16 bits. It is used to detect the
message duplication and types of messages.
 Tokens [Optional] - The size of tokens field is variable which ranges from 0-8
bytes. It's used to match a response with request.
 Options [Optional] - The options field in CoAP message has a variable size. It
defines the type of payload message.
 Payload [Optional] - Similar to options field, the payload field has a variable size.
The payload of requests or of responses is typically a representation of the
requested resource or the result of the requested action.
CoAP Message Format

CoAP Features
 Lightweight and Simple
 RESTful Architecture
 UDP-Based
 Asynchronous Communication
 Low Header Overhead
 Multicast Communication
 Proxy and Caching

5(a).Draw the internal architecture Raspberry Pi and explain its operation?

Raspberry Pi mainly consists of the following blocks:
 Processor: Raspberry Pi uses Broadcom BCM2835 system on chip which is an
ARM processor and Video core Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). It is the heart of
the Raspberry Pi which controls the operations of all the connected devices and
handles all the required computations.
 HDMI: High Definition Multimedia Interface is used for transmitting video or digital
audio data to a computer monitor or to digital TV. This HDMI port helps Raspberry
Pi to connect its signals to any digital device such as a monitor digital TV or display
through an HDMI cable.
 GPIO ports: General Purpose Input Output ports are available on Raspberry Pi
which allows the user to interface various I/P devices.
 Audio output: An audio connector is available for connecting audio output devices
such as headphones and speakers.
 USB ports: This is a common port available for various peripherals such as a
mouse, keyboard, or any other I/P device. With the help of a USB port, the system
can be expanded by connecting more peripherals.
 SD card: The SD card slot is available on Raspberry Pi. An SD card with an
operating system installed is required for booting the device.
 Ethernet: The ethernet connector allows access to the wired network, it is available
only on the model B of Raspberry Pi.
 Power supply: A micro USB power connector is available onto which a 5V power
supply can be connected.
 Camera module: Camera Serial Interface (CSI) connects the Broadcom processor
to the Pi camera.
 Display: Display Serial Interface (DSI) is used for connecting LCD to Raspberry Pi
using 15 15-pin ribbon cables. DSI provides a high-resolution display interface that
is specifically used for sending video data.

5(b).Explain Arduino. What are the things need to be considered for developing
on the Arduino?

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and

software. It's designed to make electronics accessible to hobbyists, artists,
programmers, and anyone interested in creating interactive projects. Essentially, it
provides a way to control electronic components through code.

Here's a breakdown:

What is Arduino?

 Hardware:
o Arduino boards are microcontroller-based circuit boards. A microcontroller
is a small computer on a single integrated circuit.
o These boards have pins that allow you to connect various electronic
components like LEDs, sensors, motors, and more.
 Software:
o The Arduino Software (IDE) is a user-friendly programming environment
that allows you to write code (called "sketches") and upload it to the
Arduino board.
o The Arduino programming language is based on C/C++, making it
relatively easy to learn.
Things to Consider When Developing on Arduino:

When embarking on an Arduino project, several factors should be carefully considered:

 Project Requirements:
o Clearly define the goals of your project. What do you want it to do?
o Determine the necessary inputs (sensors, buttons) and outputs (LEDs,
motors).
 Hardware Selection:
o Choose the appropriate Arduino board for your project. Different boards
offer varying features, processing power, and pin configurations.
o Select compatible sensors, actuators, and other electronic components.
o Consider power requirements and ensure you have an adequate power
supply.
 Software Development:
o Plan your code structure and logic.
o Utilize the Arduino IDE and available libraries to simplify development.
o Test your code thoroughly and debug any errors.
 Circuit Design:
o Create a clear and accurate circuit diagram.
o Pay attention to wiring connections and ensure proper grounding.
o Use appropriate resistors to protect components from excessive current.
 Power Management:
o If your project is battery-powered, optimize power consumption to extend
battery life.
o Consider using power-saving techniques like putting the Arduino to sleep
when not in use.
 Environmental Factors:
o If your project will be exposed to harsh environments, consider using
weather-resistant enclosures and components.
o Take into account temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors.
 Security:
o If your project involves network connectivity, implement appropriate
security measures to protect against unauthorized access.
 Scalability:
o If you plan to expand your project in the future, design it with scalability in
mind.
 Documentation:
o Document your project thoroughly, including circuit diagrams, code, and
instructions. This will make it easier to maintain and modify your project in
the future.

By carefully considering these factors, you can increase your chances of successfully
developing and deploying your Arduino project.
6(a).Explain the concept of microcontroller units (MCUs) and their significance
in the development of loT solutions

Microcontroller Units (MCUs) and Their Significance in IoT Solutions

What is a Microcontroller Unit (MCU)?

A Microcontroller Unit (MCU) is a small, self-contained computing device that

includes a processor (CPU), memory (RAM, ROM), and input/output (I/O) interfaces on
a single chip. It is designed for embedded applications, making it a fundamental
component in IoT devices.

MCUs are optimized for low power consumption and real-time processing, making them
ideal for smart devices, sensors, automation, and industrial IoT applications.

Key Components of an MCU

1. CPU (Central Processing Unit) → Executes program instructions.

2. Memory (RAM, ROM, Flash Storage) → Stores code and temporary data.
3. I/O Ports (GPIO Pins) → Connects sensors, actuators, and displays.
4. Communication Interfaces → Supports I2C, SPI, UART, CAN, and USB.
5. Timers & Interrupts → Helps in precise timing and real-time execution.
6. ADC/DAC (Analog-to-Digital, Digital-to-Analog Converters) → Enables
interaction with analog sensors.
7. Power Management → Supports low-power modes for energy-efficient
operation.

Example: The ESP32 MCU has WiFi and Bluetooth built-in, making it perfect for IoT
applications.

Significance of MCUs in IoT Solutions

Microcontrollers play a crucial role in IoT development because they provide a cost-
effective, low-power, and real-time processing solution for smart devices.

1. Low Power Consumption

 MCUs are designed to operate on low power, making them ideal for battery-
powered IoT devices.
 Many MCUs support sleep modes to reduce energy usage.
 Example: Wearable fitness trackers use MCUs to monitor heart rate while
consuming minimal power.

2. Real-Time Data Processing

 MCUs process sensor data in real-time, enabling instant decision-making.

  They handle time-sensitive tasks like motor control and medical monitoring.
 Example: Smart thermostats adjust room temperature based on real-time data
from sensors.

3. Connectivity & Communication

 Many MCUs include built-in communication protocols like WiFi, Bluetooth,

LoRa, Zigbee, enabling IoT devices to transmit data to the cloud or other
devices.
 Example: ESP8266 and ESP32 MCUs provide WiFi connectivity for IoT
applications.

4. Cost-Effective Solution

 MCUs are affordable compared to full-fledged computers (e.g., Raspberry Pi).

 This makes them ideal for mass deployment in IoT applications.
 Example: Arduino Uno (ATmega328P MCU) is a low-cost choice for beginners
in IoT projects.

5. Security & Encryption

 Modern MCUs have hardware-level encryption (e.g., AES, SHA) to protect IoT
data.
 Secure boot and firmware updates ensure device integrity.
 Example: ARM Cortex-M based MCUs have built-in security features for
industrial IoT applications.

6(b). What are some common sensors and actuators used in loT applications,
and how are they integrated with hardware platforms like Arduino and
Raspberry pi?

Python is a popular Sensors and actuators are the essential bridge between the
physical world and the digital realm in IoT applications. Here's a look at common types
and how they're integrated with popular platforms:

Common Sensors in IoT:

 Temperature and Humidity Sensors (DHT11, DHT22, LM35):

o Measure temperature and humidity levels.
o Applications: Smart homes, environmental monitoring, agriculture.

 Light Sensors (LDR, BH1750):

o Detect light intensity.
o Applications: Automatic lighting control, security systems.
  Motion Sensors (PIR sensors):
o Detect movement.
o Applications: Security systems, automated lighting, occupancy detection.
 Gas Sensors (MQ series):
o Detect various gases (e.g., CO, methane).
o Applications: Air quality monitoring, industrial safety.
 Pressure Sensors (BMP180, BMP280):
o Measure atmospheric pressure.
o Applications: Weather monitoring, altitude measurement.
 Accelerometer and Gyroscope (MPU6050):
o Measure acceleration and rotational velocity.
o Applications: wearable devices, motion detection, robotics.
 Ultrasonic Sensors (HC-SR04):
o Measure distance using sound waves.
o Applications: object avoidance, distance measurement.

Common Actuators in IoT:

 LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes):

o Provide visual feedback.
o Applications: Indicators, displays.
 Relays:
o Electrically controlled switches.
o Applications: Controlling high-voltage devices.
 Motors (DC motors, servo motors):
o Provide mechanical motion.
o Applications: Robotics, automation.
 Buzzers and Speakers:
o Produce sound.
o Applications: Alarms, notifications.
 Solenoids:
o An electromechanical device that converts electrical energy into a linear
mechanical motion.
o Applications: locking mechanisms, valve control.

Integration with Arduino and Raspberry Pi:

 Arduino:
o Arduino's strength lies in its simplicity and ease of interfacing with sensors
and actuators.
o Sensors and actuators are typically connected to Arduino's digital or
analog input/output pins.
o Arduino's IDE provides libraries that simplify the process of reading sensor
data and controlling actuators.
o Connections are usually made using jumper wires, breadboards, or
custom-designed circuit boards.
 o Arduino is very good at directly interfacing with lower level sensors and
actuators.
 Raspberry Pi:
o Raspberry Pi is a more powerful single-board computer that runs a full
operating system (typically Linux).
o It offers greater processing power and networking capabilities.
o Sensors and actuators can be connected to Raspberry Pi's GPIO (General
Purpose Input/Output) pins.
o programming language for Raspberry Pi, and libraries like RPi.GPIO and
Adafruit CircuitPython simplify interfacing with hardware.
o Raspberry Pi is better suited for more complex IoT applications that
require data processing, networking, and user interfaces.
o Because it runs an operating system, it can run complex software that can
process sensor data, and control actuators.

7(a)How to use a service platform while developing IoT applications? Explain

with respective to Xively cloud service.

To use a service platform like Xively while developing IoT applications, you
essentially create an account on the Xively platform, define your IoT devices as "Xively
devices", set up data channels for each device to send sensor data, integrate the Xively
API into your device firmware to send data to the cloud, and then utilize the Xively
dashboard or API to visualize, analyze, and manage the data from your connected
devices; effectively using the cloud infrastructure to handle data storage, processing,
and access for your IoT application.
Key steps when using Xively for IoT development:
 Account Creation:
Sign up for a Xively account on their website.
Create a project or "application" within your account to organize your devices and data
streams.
 Device Registration:
Define each physical IoT device as a "Xively device" within your project.
Assign a unique identifier to each device.
 Channel Setup:
For each device, create "channels" which represent the different data streams (like
temperature, pressure, humidity) you want to collect from sensors.
Specify data types (numeric, string, etc.) for each channel.

 Device Firmware Integration:

Utilize the Xively API provided in the form of libraries for your device's programming
language.
 Write code within your device firmware to:
Establish a connection to the Xively cloud.
Send sensor data to the designated channels on the Xively platform.
Potentially receive commands or updates from the cloud via the API.
 Data Access and Visualization:
Access the Xively dashboard to view real-time data streams and historical data from
yourdevices.
 Create custom dashboards with charts and graphs to visualize data trends.
 Data Analysis and Integration:
Use the Xively API to retrieve data for further analysis in external applications or custom
software.
Integrate Xively data with other systems using their API to trigger actions based on sensor
data.
Key benefits of using Xively:
 Simplified Data Management: Xively handles the heavy lifting of data storage,
processing, and distribution, allowing developers to focus on application logic.
 Scalability: Easily add new devices and data streams as your IoT project grows.
 Real-time Monitoring: Access live data streams from devices through the dashboard.
 Customizable Dashboards: Create custom visualizations to suit your application
needs.

8(a).Discuss about cloud deployment models.

The cloud deployment model defines how cloud services are managed, accessed,
and shared among users.

Key Cloud Deployment Models

1 Public Cloud
2 Private Cloud
3 Hybrid Cloud
4 Community Cloud
5 Multi-Cloud

Public Cloud

A cloud infrastructure shared by multiple users and hosted by third-party providers

like AWS, Google Cloud, and Microsoft Azure.

Public Cloud
The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems and services. The
public cloud may be less secure as it is open to everyone. The public cloud is one in
which cloud infrastructure services are provided over the internet to the general
people or major industry groups. The infrastructure in this cloud model is owned by the
entity that delivers the cloud services, not by the consumer. It is a type of cloud
hosting that allows customers and users to easily access systems and services. This
form of cloud computing is an excellent example of cloud hosting, in which service
providers supply services to a variety of customers. In this arrangement, storage
backup and retrieval services are given for free, as a subscription, or on a per-user
basis. For example, Google App Engine etc.

Public Cloud

Private Cloud
The private cloud deployment model is the exact opposite of the public cloud
deployment model. It’s a one-on-one environment for a single user (customer). There
is no need to share your hardware with anyone else. The distinction between private
and public clouds is in how you handle all of the hardware. It is also called the
“internal cloud” & it refers to the ability to access systems and services within a given
border or organization. The cloud platform is implemented in a cloud-based secure
environment that is protected by powerful firewalls and under the supervision of an
organization’s IT department. The private cloud gives greater flexibility of control over
cloud resources.

Private Cloud

Hybrid Cloud
By bridging the public and private worlds with a layer of proprietary software, hybrid
cloud computing gives the best of both worlds. With a hybrid solution, you may host
the app in a safe environment while taking advantage of the public cloud’s cost
savings. Organizations can move data and applications between different clouds using
a combination of two or more cloud deployment methods, depending on their needs.

Hybrid Cloud

Community Cloud
It allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations. It is a
distributed system that is created by integrating the services of different clouds to
address the specific needs of a community, industry, or business. The infrastructure of
the community could be shared between the organization which has shared concerns
or tasks. It is generally managed by a third party or by the combination of one or more
organizations in the community.

Community Cloud

Multi-Cloud
We’re talking about employing multiple cloud providers at the same time under this
paradigm, as the name implies. It’s similar to the hybrid cloud deployment approach,
which combines public and private cloud resources. Instead of merging private and
public clouds, multi-cloud uses many public clouds. Although public cloud providers
provide numerous tools to improve the reliability of their services, mishaps still occur.
It’s quite rare that two distinct clouds would have an incident at the same moment. As
a result, multi-cloud deployment improves the high availability of your services even
more.

8(b).What is WAMP? Explain layers of WAMP protocol

WAMP (Web Application Messaging Protocol) is a web application protocol that
provides two application messaging patterns in one protocol: Publish/Subscribe and
Remote Procedure Call (RPC). It's designed to enable real-time communication
between application components over the web.

Key Concepts:

 Real-time Communication: WAMP facilitates bidirectional, real-time

communication, allowing for instant updates and interactions between clients and
servers.
 WebSockets: WAMP typically operates over WebSockets, which provide a
persistent, full-duplex communication channel between a client and a server.
 Application-Level Messaging: WAMP focuses on application-level messaging,
allowing developers to define and exchange structured data..

Layers of WAMP Protocol:

WAMP is structured into distinct layers, each serving a specific purpose:

1. Transport Layer:
o This layer is responsible for the physical communication between clients
and servers.
o WAMP primarily uses WebSockets as its transport layer. WebSockets
provide a persistent, bidirectional connection, enabling real-time
communication.
o This layer ensures that raw data is reliably transmitted between endpoints.
o It is possible for WAMP to be implemented over other transport layers, but
websockets are the most common.
2. Session Layer:
o This layer establishes and manages communication sessions between
clients and servers.
o It handles session establishment, authentication, and teardown.
o WAMP sessions are typically established over a single WebSocket
connection.
o This layer provides a context for communication, allowing clients and
servers to identify and interact with each other.
3. Application Layer:
o This layer defines the application-level messaging patterns and data
formats.
o WAMP provides two primary application-level messaging patterns:
 Publish/Subscribe (PubSub):
 Allows clients to publish messages to specific topics, and
other clients to subscribe to those topics and receive
published messages.
 This pattern is ideal for broadcasting real-time updates and
events.
  Remote Procedure Call (RPC):
 Allows clients to invoke remote procedures (functions) on
servers, and receive the results.
 This pattern is ideal for implementing client-server
interactions where clients need to request specific actions
from servers.

o This layer also defines the data serialization format used for exchanging
messages. JSON is commonly used.

How WAMP Works:

1. Session Establishment:
o A client initiates a WebSocket connection to a WAMP router (server).
o The client and router establish a WAMP session.
2. Publish/Subscribe:
o A client publishes a message to a specific topic.
o The WAMP router forwards the message to all clients that have
subscribed to that topic.
3. Remote Procedure Call (RPC):
o A client sends an RPC request to the WAMP router, specifying the
procedure to invoke and any parameters.
o The WAMP router forwards the request to the server that has registered
the procedure.
o The server executes the procedure and returns the result to the WAMP
router.
o The WAMP router forwards the result to the client.

9(a).Explain IOT privacy and security Mechanisms

The Internet of Things (IoT) connects smart devices, sensors, and networks to
collect and exchange data. However, this introduces security risks such as data
breaches, unauthorized access, and cyberattacks.

To ensure safe and private communication, various IoT security and privacy
mechanisms are implemented.

Key aspects of IoT privacy and security mechanisms:

 Authentication:
Verifying the identity of devices and users attempting to access the network through
methods like passwords, digital certificates, or biometrics to prevent unauthorized
access.
 Authorization:
Defining what actions a verified user or device is allowed to perform based on their
assigned permissions, restricting access to sensitive data.
 Encryption:
Transforming data into a scrambled format using cryptographic algorithms to protect
data in transit and at rest, making it unreadable to unauthorized parties.
 Access Control:
Implementing mechanisms to limit who can access specific data or functions on an IoT
device, often based on user roles and profiles.
 Data Minimization:
Only collecting the necessary data from IoT devices to minimize the amount of
sensitive information stored and potentially exposed.
 Firmware Updates:
Regularly patching IoT devices with software updates to address security vulnerabilities
and implement new security features.
 Limited Processing Power:
Many IoT devices have limited processing power, making it difficult to implement
complex security algorithms on-device.
 User Awareness:
Lack of user understanding about IoT security practices can lead to poor password
management and neglecting updates.
 Supply Chain Vulnerabilities:
Potential security risks introduced during the manufacturing and distribution stages of
IoT devices.
Importance of IoT Privacy and Security:
 Data Protection:
Safeguarding sensitive personal information collected by IoT devices, such as location
data, health information, and smart home usage patterns.
 System Reliability:
Protecting critical infrastructure and industrial systems from cyberattacks that could
disrupt operations.
 User Trust:
Building confidence among users that their privacy is respected when utilizing IoT
devices and services.

9(b).Discuss about IoT Security Tomography and Layered Attacker Model

Security Tomography?
Security tomography is a new idea that takes inspiration from medical imaging
techniques, such as CT scans and applies them to the world of cybersecurity. It uses
a bunch of different data points and perspectives to give a full picture of how secure
an organization is. This helps us find and fix any weaknesses or vulnerabilities that
could be exploited. So, it's like a super-powered security check for your organization.
Security Tomography in IoT is Mainly of Three Types
Security Tomography
IoT security tomography refers to the process of creating a detailed and accurate map
of an IoT system's security vulnerabilities by analyzing and measuring its various
components and communication channels. This can include identifying and analyzing
network traffic, device configurations, and software vulnerabilities, intrusion detection,
traffic analysis as well as monitoring for suspicious or malicious activity.
The goal of IoT security tomography is to identify and address potential security
risks in an IoT system for protection against cyber-attacks and data breaches.
Computational Tomography
IoT computational tomography refers to the use of computational methods to infer the
internal state or structure of a connected device or network of devices. This can
include inferring the presence or absence of certain features or functionality, as well
as identifying any potential vulnerabilities or performance issues. This can be done
through techniques such as reverse engineering, simulation, and machine learning.
The goal of IoT computational tomography is to provide visibility into the
internal workings of IoT devices and networks and to help identify and mitigate
potential issues.
Network Tomography
IoT network tomography refers to the use of network measurements to infer the
internal state or structure of a connected device or network of devices. This can
include inferring the presence or absence of certain features or functionality. This can
be done through techniques such as packet sniffing, traffic analysis, and network
scanning. This type of tomography also includes:
 WSNs
 RFIDs Networks
 IoT Networks
 Allocating resources and ensuring the network reliability and security
The goal of IoT network tomography is to provide visibility into the internal
workings of IoT devices and networks nd to help identify and mitigate potential
issues.
Layered Attacker Model in IoT
A layered attacker model in IoT refers to a framework for understanding the different
types of attacks that can be launched against IoT devices and networks, and the
different layers of security that are required to protect against them.
This model has typically three layers-
1. Physical Layer
This is the layer of the device or network that is physically accessible. This layer is
also known as the sensor layer or perception layer, this layer must collect the
information from sensors and the identified things.
 Physical or service disturbance - it includes tampering with the devices and
services.
 LAN node attack - it is done using MAC flooding or ARP poisoning
 Node capture - hazardous attack faced by this layer.
 Intercepting communications - using specialized tools to extract information from
the device
 Timing attack - it observes how long a system takes to respond to different queries
and inputs
2. Network Layer
This is the layer of the device or network that is responsible for communication and
connectivity. This layer is also known as the transmission layer.
 Man-in-the-middle attacks - attackers secretly alter the communication between
sender and receiver
 Denial of Service (DoS) Attack - this attack prevents users from accessing devices
or other network resources
 Storage attack - threat/attacks on storage devices or cloud storage
 Unauthorized access to the network
 Packet sniffing and DoS attacks - such as ping floods and ICMP attacks
3. Application Layer
This is the layer of the device or network that is responsible for the processing and
storage of data. Security is the key issue for the applications that use IoT
technologies.
 Injection attacks - Cross-Site Scripting
 Privilege escalation
 The ability to deal with Mass Data
 Malicious Code Attack
Solutions/Suggestions for Mitigating Attacks on Layers
Several solutions can be used to prevent attacks on the different layers of an IoT
system:
1. Physical Layer
To prevent physical attacks, it is important to secure the physical access to the device.
 Tamper-proof enclosures.
 Security cameras.
 Access control systems.
 Encryption algorithm for confidentiality and authentication .
 Link-level provisioning of security.
2. Network Layer
To prevent network-based attacks, it is important to use secure communication
protocols and to properly configure network devices and firewalls.
 Usage of the temper-resistant router.
 Usage of packet filtering.
 A firewall between Layer 3 and Layer 4 reduces the risks by controlling routing
messages and packet data.
 Also, intrusion detection and prevention systems can be used to detect and
respond to network-based attacks.
 Using encryption, authentication, and secure key management .
3. Application Layer
To prevent application-based attacks, it is important to use secure coding practices
and to properly secure and authenticate the device's operating system and
applications.
 Using input validation.
 Access control and secure data storage.
 Using HTTPS communication links for Web applications.
 Regular security testing and vulnerability assessments can be used to identify and
address potential vulnerabilities in the device's software.

10(a).Demonstrate about access control and secure message communications

Access Control and Secure Message Communications in IoT

1. Introduction

Access control ensures that only authorized users and devices can interact with
IoT systems.
Secure message communication protects data exchanged between IoT devices
and cloud platforms from cyber threats.

Both mechanisms are critical to prevent unauthorized access, data breaches, and
cyberattacks in IoT environments.

2. Access Control in IoT

Access control regulates who can access, modify, or interact with IoT devices
and data.
It prevents unauthorized users from controlling or manipulating IoT systems.

Types of Access Control Models

1 Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)

Users are assigned roles with specific permissions (e.g., admin, user, guest).
Limits access based on job functions or hierarchy.

Example:In a smart home, only the homeowner can control smart locks, while
guests can access lighting & temperature controls.

2 Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)

Grants access based on user attributes (e.g., location, device type, time of access).
More dynamic than RBAC, adapting to changing conditions.
Example: A smart factory allows employees to control machinery only during work
hours.

3 Mandatory Access Control (MAC)

Access rights are strictly defined by system policies.

Common in military and high-security IoT systems.

Example:A government IoT surveillance system restricts data access based on

clearance levels.

4 Discretionary Access Control (DAC)

Users have control over who can access their resources.

More flexible but less secure than MAC or RBAC.

Example:A smart office allows employees to share access to connected printers or

conference room controls.

Access Control Mechanisms

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) → Requires password + biometrics or OTP.

Device Identity Management → Uses certificates & unique IDs for device
authentication.
Zero Trust Security Model → Always verify device/user identity before granting
access.

3. Secure Message Communications in IoT

🔹 IoT devices constantly communicate, making data encryption and secure

messaging essential.
🔹 Without security, attackers can intercept, alter, or manipulate IoT messages.

Secure Communication Protocols in IoT

1 Transport Layer Security (TLS) & Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

✔️Encrypts data during transmission over HTTP, MQTT, and CoAP.

✔️Prevents Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks.

📌 Example:A smart thermostat securely sends temperature data to a cloud

dashboard using TLS encryption.
2 Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) with TLS

✔️Lightweight messaging protocol used in IoT.

✔️When combined with TLS encryption, it ensures secure device-to-cloud
communication.

📌 Example:A smart home security system sends encrypted motion sensor alerts
to a mobile app.

3 Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)

✔️Secure version of UDP for low-power IoT devices.

✔️Used in CoAP-based IoT networks.

📌 Example:A smart meter securely transmits energy usage data to a cloud provider.

4 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) for Data Protection

✔️Encrypts stored IoT data using 128-bit, 192-bit, or 256-bit keys.

✔️Used in edge devices, smart grids, and medical IoT systems.

📌 Example:A wearable health monitor encrypts stored heart rate data before
uploading it to the cloud.

10(b).Explain security models with an example

These models are used for maintaining goals of security, i.e. Confidentiality, Integrity,
and Availability. In simple words, it deals with CIA Triad maintenance. There are 3
main types of Classic Security Models.

 Bell-LaPadula
 Biba
 Clarke Wilson Security Model
1. Bell-LaPadula
This Model was invented by Scientists David Elliot Bell and Leonard .J.
LaPadula.Thus this model is called the Bell-LaPadula Model. This is used to maintain
the Confidentiality of Security. Here, the classification of Subjects(Users) and
Objects(Files) are organized in a non-discretionary fashion, with respect to different
layers of secrecy.
It has mainly 3 Rules:
 SIMPLE CONFIDENTIALITY RULE: Simple Confidentiality Rule states that
the Subject can only Read the files on the Same Layer of Secrecy and the Lower
Layer of Secrecy but not the Upper Layer of Secrecy, due to which we call this rule
as NO READ-UP
 STAR CONFIDENTIALITY RULE: Star Confidentiality Rule states that
the Subject can only Write the files on the Same Layer of Secrecy and the Upper
Layer of Secrecy but not the Lower Layer of Secrecy, due to which we call this rule
as NO WRITE-DOWN
 STRONG STAR CONFIDENTIALITY RULE: Strong Star Confidentiality Rule is
highly secured and strongest which states that the Subject can Read and Write the
files on the Same Layer of Secrecy only and not the Upper Layer of Secrecy or the
Lower Layer of Secrecy, due to which we call this rule as NO READ WRITE UP
DOWN
2. Biba
This Model was invented by Scientist Kenneth .J. Biba. Thus this model is called
Biba Model. This is used to maintain the Integrity of Security. Here, the classification
of Subjects(Users) and Objects(Files) are organized in a non-discretionary fashion,
with respect to different layers of secrecy. This works the exact reverse of the Bell-
LaPadula Model.
It has mainly 3 Rules:
 SIMPLE INTEGRITY RULE: Simple Integrity Rule states that the Subject can
only Read the files on the Same Layer of Secrecy and the Upper Layer of Secrecy
but not the Lower Layer of Secrecy, due to which we call this rule as NO READ
DOWN
 STAR INTEGRITY RULE: Star Integrity Rule states that the Subject can
only Write the files on the Same Layer of Secrecy and the Lower Layer of Secrecy
but not the Upper Layer of Secrecy, due to which we call this rule as NO WRITE-
UP
 STRONG STAR INTEGRITY RULE

3. Clarke Wilson Security Model

This Model is a highly secured model. It has the following entities.

 SUBJECT: It is any user who is requesting for Data Items.

 CONSTRAINED DATA ITEMS: It cannot be accessed directly by the Subject.
These need to be accessed via Clarke Wilson Security Model
 UNCONSTRAINED DATA ITEMS: It can be accessed directly by the Subject.
The Components of Clarke Wilson Security Model
 TRANSFORMATION PROCESS: Here, the Subject’s request to access the
Constrained Data Items is handled by the Transformation process which then
converts it into permissions and then forwards it to Integration Verification Process
 INTEGRATION VERIFICATION PROCESS: The Integration Verification Process
will perform Authentication and Authorization. If that is successful, then
the Subject is given access to Constrained Data Items.
 11(a).How has lot been applied in agriculture, and what are some examples of IoT
solutions addressing challenges in farming and crop management?

IoT (Internet of Things) in agriculture allows farmers to collect real-time data on various
aspects of their fields like soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and weather conditions
through sensors, enabling them to optimize water usage, fertilizer application, and
overall crop management, leading to improved yields and reduced waste; some
examples include smart irrigation systems that adjust water based on soil moisture
levels, drone-based crop monitoring, and precision farming technologies that pinpoint
specific areas of a field needing targeted treatment.
Key applications of IoT in agriculture:
 Soil Monitoring:
Sensors embedded in the soil measure moisture levels, nutrient content, and
temperature, allowing farmers to precisely apply irrigation and fertilizers based on
actual needs.
 Weather Monitoring:
IoT weather stations provide real-time data on temperature, humidity, rainfall, and wind
speed, enabling farmers to anticipate weather events and make informed planting
decisions.
 Precision Farming:
By combining soil data with GPS coordinates, farmers can precisely target specific
areas of a field with the right amount of water, fertilizer, and pesticides.
 Crop Health Monitoring:
Cameras and multispectral imaging on drones can be used to monitor crop health,
identify disease outbreaks, and assess plant stress levels.
 Livestock Monitoring:
Sensors attached to animals can track their location, health metrics like temperature
and movement, and provide alerts in case of issues.
 Smart Greenhouses:
IoT systems can automate environmental controls in greenhouses, adjusting
temperature, humidity, and lighting based on specific crop requirements.
Examples of IoT solutions in agriculture:
 CropX:
This system uses soil sensors to monitor moisture levels, temperature, and electrical
conductivity, allowing farmers to tailor irrigation and fertilization practices to specific
crop needs.
 PrecisionHawk:
Offers drone-based imagery and data analytics to monitor crop health, identify pest
infestations, and optimize planting patterns.
 FarmBeats:
 A platform that integrates various IoT sensors to collect data on soil conditions,
weather, and crop health, providing actionable insights to farmers.

 Water Management Systems:

Sensors monitor soil moisture and automatically adjust irrigation systems to minimize
water usage and optimize water efficiency.
 Animal Monitoring Systems:
Wearable tags on livestock can monitor health parameters like body temperature,
movement patterns, and feeding behavior.
Benefits of IoT in agriculture:
 Increased Yield:
By optimizing resource allocation, farmers can maximize crop production and improve
harvest quality.
 Reduced Costs:
Precision farming techniques enabled by IoT can significantly reduce waste of water,
fertilizers, and pesticides.
 Improved Sustainability:
Efficient resource management contributes to more environmentally friendly farming
practices.
 Enhanced Decision Making:
Real-time data analysis allows farmers to make informed decisions based on current
conditions.

11(b).What is a smart city? What are the characteristics of smart city? Explain
briefly about challenges of smart city implementation.

A "smart city" is an urban area that utilizes digital technologies to collect data and
operate services, aiming to improve the quality of life for its citizens by making city
operations more efficient and sustainable, through integrated systems across sectors
like transportation, energy, healthcare, and infrastructure, all while leveraging data
analysis for informed decision-making

Key characteristics of a smart city:

 Data-driven decision making:
Utilizing data collected from sensors and citizen interactions to analyze trends and
inform city planning.
 Smart infrastructure:
Integrating technology into existing infrastructure like streetlights, buildings, and
transportation systems for improved efficiency.
 Sustainable practices:
 Prioritizing environmentally friendly solutions like renewable energy sources and waste
management systems.

 Connected mobility:
Implementing intelligent traffic management systems, promoting public transportation,
and facilitating access to shared mobility options.
 Citizen engagement:
Providing platforms for citizen feedback and participation in decision-making
processes.
 Cybersecurity:
Robust security measures to protect sensitive data collected from connected devices.
Challenges of smart city implementation:
 High cost of deployment: Implementing new technologies across a city can require
significant upfront investment.
 Data privacy concerns: Managing large amounts of citizen data while ensuring privacy
and ethical usage.
 Integration complexities: Integrating diverse technologies and systems from different
vendors across various city departments.

12(a).Define smart city street lights? Explain the control & monitoring system
with an example

A "smart city street light" is a connected street light equipped with sensors and
communication capabilities that allow it to dynamically adjust its brightness based on
real-time conditions like ambient light, pedestrian movement, or traffic patterns,
optimizing energy usage while enhancing safety and providing valuable data to city
officials through a central monitoring system

Control and Monitoring System Example:

 Sensors:
Each street light incorporates sensors like photocells (to measure ambient light),
motion detectors (to detect pedestrian or vehicle presence), and potentially even air
quality sensors.
 Data Collection:
When a person or vehicle approaches, the motion sensor activates, sending data about
the presence and location to a central control unit via a wireless network like ZigBee or
LoRaWAN.
 Centralized Management System:
This central hub receives data from all connected street lights, analyzes it in real-time,
and adjusts the brightness of individual lights accordingly.
 Adaptive Lighting:
Based on the data, the system might dim street lights in areas with minimal activity
during late night hours, but instantly brighten when movement is detected, optimizing
energy consumption while maintaining safety.
 Remote Monitoring and Control:
City officials can access the system through a web interface to monitor the status of
individual lights, identify malfunctioning units, adjust lighting schedules, and even set
specific lighting patterns for different areas based on local needs.
Example Scenario:
 Early Morning:
When the sun rises, the sensors detect increasing ambient light and automatically dim
the street lights to a low level.
 Rush Hour:
As traffic increases in the evening, the system detects movement and gradually
brightens the street lights in busy areas to ensure visibility for pedestrians and drivers.
 Late Night:
During quiet hours, the street lights might dim further, only illuminating significantly
when motion is detected, saving energy.

12(b).Illustrate a case studies about home automation using IOT with

detail explanation?

Case Study: Home Automation Using IoT

1. Introduction

Home automation using IoT allows users to remotely control and monitor household
devices such as lights, security systems, appliances, and HVAC (Heating,
Ventilation, and Air Conditioning).

🔹 Provides convenience, energy efficiency, and security.

🔹 Uses smart sensors, cloud computing, and wireless connectivity for automation.

📌 Example: A smart home system that automatically adjusts lighting, temperature,

and security based on user preferences.

2. Case Study: Smart Home Automation System

John, a working professional, wants to automate his home for energy efficiency,
security, and convenience. He implements a smart home IoT system that
integrates:
✔Smart lighting
✔ Smart thermostat
✔Smart security system
✔Voice assistant integration

3. Components of the Smart Home System

1 Smart Lighting System

✔ Uses motion sensors and voice control (Alexa, Google Assistant).

✔ Lights turn on/off automatically based on movement.

Example:

 Lights turn on when John enters a room.

 Lights turn off if no motion is detected for 10 minutes.

2 Smart Thermostat

✔Uses temperature sensors to adjust heating/cooling automatically.

✔Saves energy by optimizing AC and heating usage.

📌 Example:

 Adjusts AC to 22°C before John arrives home.

 Turns off heating when the house is empty.

3 Smart Security System

✔ Includes CCTV cameras, smart door locks, and motion detectors.

✔Sends alerts to John’s phone in case of security breaches.

Example:

 John locks/unlocks doors remotely using a mobile app.

 CCTV records and sends footage to cloud storage.

4 Voice Assistant Integration

✔Uses Amazon Alexa or Google Assistant for voice control.

✔Allows hands-free control of home appliances.

Example:

 John says, "Alexa, turn off the living room lights" → Lights switch off.
 "Hey Google, set the temperature to 20°C" → Thermostat adjusts accordingly.