Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SINGAPORE

in collaboration with
CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION
General Certificate of Education Advanced Level

List MF27
LIST OF FORMULAE
AND

RESULTS

for Mathematics and Further Mathematics

For use from 2025 in all papers for the H1, H2 and H3 Mathematics and
H2 Further Mathematics syllabuses.

This document has 8 pages.

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment & MOE 2024

Algebraic series

Binomial expansion:

n n n

(a + b) n = a n +   a n −1b +   a n − 2b 2 +   a n −3b3 +  + b n , where n is a positive integer
1  2  3
n n!
and   =
 r  r !(n − r )!

Maclaurin expansion:
x2 xn (n)
f( x) = f(0) + x f ′(0) + ′′
f (0) +  + f (0) + 
2! n!
n ( n − 1) n ( n − 1)  (n − r + 1) r
(1 + x) n =1 + nx +
2!
x2 +  +
r!
x + ( x < 1)

x 2 x3 xr
e x =1 + x + + +  + +  (all x)
2! 3! r!
3 5 r 2 r +1
x x (−1) x
sin x =x − + −  + + (all x)
3! 5! (2r + 1)!
x2 x4 (−1) r x 2 r
cos x =1 − + − + + (all x)
2! 4! (2r )!
x 2 x3 (−1) r +1 x r
ln(1 + x) =x − + − + + (–1 < x ⩽ 1)
2 3 r

Partial fractions decomposition

Non-repeated linear factors:

px + q A B
= +
(ax + b)(cx + d ) (ax + b) (cx + d )

Repeated linear factors:

px 2 + qx + r A B C
2
= + +
( ax + b)(cx + d ) ( ax + b) (cx + d ) (cx + d ) 2

Non-repeated quadratic factor:

px 2 + qx + r A Bx + C
= + 2
(ax + b)( x + c ) (ax + b) ( x + c 2 )
2 2

2
Trigonometry

sin( A ± B ) ≡ sin A cos B ± cos A sin B

cos( A ± B ) ≡ cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tan A ± tan B
tan( A ± B) ≡
1  tan A tan B
sin 2 A ≡ 2sin A cos A
cos 2 A ≡ cos A − sin 2 A ≡ 2cos 2 A − 1 ≡ 1 − 2sin 2 A
2

2 tan A
tan 2 A ≡
1 − tan 2 A

Principal values:
− 12 π ⩽ sin−1x ⩽ 1
2
π ( x ⩽ 1)
−1
0 ⩽ cos x ⩽ π ( x ⩽ 1)
−1
− π < tan x < π
1
2
1
2

Derivatives

f( x) f ′( x)
1
sin −1 x
1 − x2
1
cos −1 x −
1 − x2
1
tan −1 x
1 + x2

cosec x – cosec x cot x

sec x sec x tan x

3
Integrals

(Arbitrary constants are omitted; a denotes a positive constant.)

f( x) ∫ f( x) dx
1 1 x
tan −1  
x + a2
2
a a
1 x
sin −1  
a
( x < a)
a2 − x2
1 1  x−a
ln   (x>a)
x − a2
2
2a  x + a 
1 1 a+x
ln   ( x < a)
a − x2
2
2a  a − x 
tan x ln(sec x) ( x < 12 π )

cot x ln(sin x) (0 < x < π)

cosec x − ln(cosec x + cot x) (0 < x < π)

sec x ln(sec x + tan x) ( x < 12 π )

Vectors
µa+λb
The point dividing AB in the ratio λ : µ has position vector
λ+µ

Vector product:
 a1   b1   a2b3 − a3b2 
     
a×b
=  a2  ×  b2 =
  a3b1 − a1b3 
a  b  ab −a b 
 3  3  1 2 2 1

Applications of definite integrals

2
b  dy 
Arc length of a curve defined in cartesian form: ∫a
1 +   dx
 dx 

Surface area of revolution about the x-axis for a curve defined in cartesian form:
2
b  dy 
∫a 2πy 1 +  dx  dx

Functions of two variables

Quadratic approximation of f at (a, b):

f(x, y) ≈ f(a, b) + fx(a, b)(x – a) + fy(a, b)(y – b)

1 1
+ fxx(a, b)(x – a)2 + fxy(a, b)(x – a)(y – b) + fyy(a, b)(y – b)2
2 2

4
Numerical methods

b
Trapezium rule (for single strip): ∫ f ( x)dx ≈ 12 (b − a ) [ f (a ) + f (b) ]
a

b   a+b 
Simpson’s rule (for two strips): ∫ a
f ( x)dx ≈ 16 (b − a ) f (a ) + 4f 
  2 
 + f (b) 


The Newton-Raphson iteration for approximating a root of f(x) = 0:

f ( x1 )
x2 = x1 – ,
f ′( x1 )
where x1 is a first approximation.

Euler Method with step size h:

y=
2 y1 + hf ( x1 , y1 )

Improved Euler Method with step size h:

u=
2 y1 + hf ( x1 , y1 )
h
y1 + f ( x1 , y1 ) + f ( x2 , u2 ) 
y2 =
2

Standard discrete distributions

Distribution of X P( X = x) Mean Variance

n x
Binomial B(n, p )   p (1 − p )
n− x
np np (1 − p )
 x

Poisson Po(λ )
λx
e−λ λ λ
x!

1 1− p
Geometric Geo(p) (1 – p)x–1p
p p2

Standard continuous distribution

Distribution of X p.d.f. Mean Variance

1 1
Exponential λe–λx
λ λ2

5
Sampling and testing

Unbiased estimate of population variance:

2 n  Σ( x − x ) 2  1  2 ( Σx ) 2 
s=  =   Σx − 
n −1 n  n −1 n 

Regression and correlation

Estimated product moment correlation coefficient:

ΣxΣy
Σxy −
Σ( x − x )( y − y ) n
=r =
{ }{
Σ( x − x ) 2 Σ( y − y ) 2 }  2 ( Σ x )   2 ( Σy ) 2 
 Σx −
2

  Σy − 
 n   n 

Estimated regression line of y on x:

Σ( x − x )( y − y )
y − y = b( x − x ), where b =
Σ( x − x ) 2

WILCOXON SIGNED RANK TEST

P is the sum of the ranks corresponding to the positive differences,

Q is the sum of the ranks corresponding to the negative differences,
T is the smaller of P and Q.

For each value of n the table gives the largest value of T which will lead to rejection of the null
hypothesis at the level of significance indicated.

Critical values of T

Level of significance
One 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
Two 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01
n=6 2 0
7 3 2 0
8 5 3 1 0
9 8 5 3 1
10 10 8 5 3
11 13 10 7 5
12 17 13 9 7
13 21 17 12 9
14 25 21 15 12
15 30 25 19 15
16 35 29 23 19
17 41 34 27 23
18 47 40 32 27
19 53 46 37 32
20 60 52 43 37

6
Mathematical Results

AM-GM inequality:
For any nonnegative real numbers x1, x2, …, xn,
x1 + x2 + ... + xn n
⩾ x1 x2 ...xn ,
n
where the equality holds if and only if x1 = x2 = … = xn.

Cauchy-Schwarz inequality:
For any real numbers u1, u2, …, un and v1, v2, …, vn,
2
 n   n 2  n 2 
∑ i i 
u v ⩽  ∑ ui  ∑ vi  ,
 i =1 =  i 1=  i 1 
where the equality holds if and only if there exists a nonzero constant k such that ui = kvi for all
i = 1, 2, …, n.

Triangle inequality:
For any real numbers x1, x2, …, xn,
| x1 + x2 + … + xn | ⩽ | x1 | + | x2 | + … + | xn |,
where the equality holds if x1, x2, …, xn are all nonnegative.

Inclusion-Exclusion Principle:
For any subsets A1, A2, …, An of a set,
| A1 ∪ A2 ∪ … ∪ An | = | A1 | + | A2 | + … + | An |
– [| A1 ∩ A2 | + | A1 ∩ A3 | + … + | An–1 ∩ An |]
+ [| A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 | + | A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A4 | + … + | An–2 ∩ An–1 ∩ An |]
⁝
+ (–1)n–1 | A1 ∩ A2 … ∩ An–1 ∩ An |

7
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