6.

Density (𝐺𝑠 − 1)𝑤 PI Description

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 𝑚 𝛾′ =
𝜌= 1+𝑒 0 Nonplastic
𝑉 6. Air Void Ratio
7. Dry Unit Weight 1-5 Slightly plastic
SOIL PROPERTIES 𝑒 − 𝜔𝐺𝑠
 Weight-Volume Relationship 𝑊𝑠 𝐴𝑉𝑅 = 𝑛(1 − 𝑠) = 5-10 Low plasticity
𝛾𝑑 = 1+𝑒
𝑉 7. Zero Air Void Unit Weight 10-20 Medium plasticity
𝛾
𝛾𝑑 = 𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 20-40 High plasticity
1+𝜔 𝛾𝑧𝑎𝑣 =
8. Dry Density 1 + 𝜔𝐺𝑠 >40 Very high plasticity
𝑚𝑠 8. Relative Density
𝜌𝑠 = 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒
𝑉 𝐷𝑟 = 2. Liquidity Index
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝜔 − 𝑃𝐿
1 1 𝐿𝐼 =
 Relationships among Unit Weight, − 𝑃𝐼
Void Ratio, Moisture Content, and 𝛾𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝛾𝑑 Where -moisture content
𝐷𝑟 =
Specific Gravity 1 1 LI Description
−
1. Unit Weight 𝛾𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝛾𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
LI<0 Brittle solid
(𝐺𝑠 + 𝑆𝑒)𝑤 DESIGNATION Dr (%)
𝛾= 0<LI>1 Plastic
1+𝑒 Very Loose 0-15
LI>1 Liquid
2. Density Loose 15-35
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉𝑊 + 𝑉𝑎 (𝐺𝑠 + 𝑆𝑒)𝜌𝑤 3. Consistency Index
Medium Dense 35-70
𝜌= 𝐿𝐿 − 𝜔
𝑊 = 𝑊𝑆 + 𝑊𝑊 1+𝑒 Dense 70-85 𝐶𝐼 =
1. Void Ratio 3. Dry Unit Weight 𝐿𝐿 − 𝑃𝐼
𝑉𝑣 𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 Very Dense 85-100 4. Flow Index
𝑒= 𝛾𝑑 = 9. Values of emin and emax 𝜔1 − 𝜔2
𝑉𝑠 1+𝑒 𝛾 𝐹𝐼 =
𝑁
2. Porosity 4. Dry Density 𝐺𝑠 − 𝑚𝑎𝑥 log 2
𝛾𝑤 𝑁1
𝑉𝑣 𝐺𝑠 𝜌𝑤 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝛾
𝑛= 𝜌𝑑 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
−1 5. Toughness Index
𝑉 1+𝑒 𝛾𝑤 𝑃𝐼
𝑒 5. Saturated Unit Weight 𝛾 𝑇𝐼 =
𝑛= 𝐺𝑠 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝐼
1+𝑒 (𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)𝑤 𝛾𝑤
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛾 6. Shrinkage Limit
3. Degree of Saturation 1+𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛
−1 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
𝑉𝑤 6. Saturated Density 𝛾𝑤 𝑆𝐿 = ( − 𝜌𝑤 )(100)
𝑆= 𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑉𝑣 (𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)𝜌𝑤 7. Shrinkage Ratio
4. Moisture Content 𝜌𝑠𝑎𝑡 = ATTERBERG LIMITS 𝑚2
1+𝑒 1. Plasticity Index 𝑆𝑅 =
𝑊𝑤 7. Degree of Saturation 𝑉2 𝜌𝑤
𝜔= 𝜔𝐺𝑠 𝑃𝐼 = 𝐿𝐿 − 𝑃𝐿
𝑊𝑠 8. Specific Gravity
𝑆= Where: PI-plasticity index
5. Unit Weight 𝑒 1
𝑊 5. Effective Unit Weight/ Submerged LL-liquid limit 𝐺𝑠 =
1 𝑆𝐿
𝛾= Unit Weight/ Buoyant Unit Weight PL-Plastic limit −
𝑉 𝑆𝑅 100
9. Volumetric Shrinkage  AASHTO GROUP INDEX 2. Seepage/ Actual/ Interstitial
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 AASHTO USCS 𝐺𝐼 = (𝐹200 − 35)(0.2 + 0.005(𝐿𝐿 − 40)) Velocity
𝑉𝑠 = ( )(100) +0.01(𝐹200 − 15)(𝑃𝐼 − 10) 𝑣
𝑉2 76.2- 𝑣𝑠 =
GRAVEL 76.2-2
10. Activity of Clay 4.75 𝑛
𝑃𝐼
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝐼 = 0.01(𝐹200 − 15)(𝑃𝐼 − 10) 3. Flow of water
𝐴= 4.75-
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 SAND 2-0.075 𝑞 = 𝑘𝑖𝐴
0.075 SOIL COMPACTION
0.075- 1. Relative Compaction
AC SOIL TYPE SILT <0.075
𝛾𝑑(𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
0.002
<0.70 Inactive 𝑅=  Hydraulic Conductivity
CLAY <0.002 Fines 𝛾𝑑(max) 𝛾𝑤 𝐾̅
0.7-1.2 Normal 𝑘=
*All dimensions in mm 2. Suitability Number
>1.2 Active ƞ
3 1 1 Where:K absolute permeability
 US Sieve Size With Number 𝑆𝑁 = 1.7√ + +
Designation
(𝐷50 )2 (𝐷20 )2 (𝐷10 )2 Ƞ=viscosity of water
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
1. Effective Size =D10 SIEVE OPENI SIEVE OPENIN SN Rating as
NO. NG NO. G Backfill 1. Constant Head Test
2. Uniformity Coefficient (Cu) 4 4.75 45 0.355 0-10 Excellent
𝐷60 5 4 50 0.3 10-20 Good
𝐶𝑢 =
𝐷10 6 3.35 60 0.25 20-30 Fair
3. Coefficient of Gradation/Curvature 7 2.8 70 0.212 30-50 Poor
(Cc)
8 2.36 80 0.18 >50 Unsuitable
(𝐷30 )2
𝐶𝑐 = 10 2 100 0.15
𝐷60 𝐷10
4. Sorting Coefficient 12 1.7 120 0.125 3. Decrease in Thickness
14 1.4 140 0.106
𝑡(∆𝑒)
𝐷75 ∆𝑡 =
𝑆𝑜 = √ 1 + 𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝐷25 16 1.18 170 0.09
18 1 200 0.075 PERMEABILITY
 Soil Grain Analysis 1. Hydraulic Gradient
20 0.85 230 0.063 𝑄𝐿
∆ℎ
MIT USDA 25 0.71 270 0.053 𝑖= 𝑘=
𝐿 𝐴ℎ𝑡
GRAVEL >2 >2 30 0.6 325 0.045 Where: Q-volume of water collected
SAND 2-0.06 2-0.005 35 0.5 400 0.038  Darcy’s Law L-length of specimen
0.06- 0.05- 1. Discharge velocity A- area of cross section of soil specimen
SILT 40 0.425
0.002 0.002 𝑣 = 𝑘𝑖 t-duration of water collection
CLAY <0.002 <0.002 Where: v-discharge velocity
*All dimensions in mm k- hydraulic conductivity
 𝜋𝑡(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )
2. Falling Head Test 3. Kozeny-Carman 𝑡=
𝑄
𝑒3
𝑘 = 𝐶1 ( )
1+𝑒 FLOW NETS
4. Samarasinghe, Huang, Drnevich
𝑒𝑛
𝑘 = 𝐶3 ( )
1+𝑒
5. Kozeny- Carman (without constant
C)
𝑟
100% 1 2 𝑒3 𝑄𝑙𝑛( 1 )
𝑘 = 1.99𝑥104 ( ) ( )
𝑟2
𝑆𝐹 1+𝑒 𝑘=
𝑓
∑ ( 0.5 𝑖 0.5 ) 𝜋(ℎ12 − ℎ22 )
( 𝐷𝐿 𝑥𝐷𝑠 )
6. Carrier 2. Well penetrating the full depth in a
100% 12 3
𝑒 confined aquifer
𝑘 = 1.99𝑥104 ( )( ) ( )
𝑓𝑖 𝑆𝐹 1 +𝑒
∑ ( 0.404 0.595 )
𝐷𝐿 𝑥𝐷𝑠
𝑎𝐿 ℎ1  Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity in
𝑘= ln( )
𝐴𝑡 ℎ2 Stratified Soil
Where: a- cross-sectional area of the 1. Parallel flow
standpipe 1
𝑘ℎ(𝑒𝑞) = (𝑘 𝐻 + 𝑘𝐻2 𝐻2 + 𝑘𝐻3 𝐻3 + ⋯
A- Cross-sectional area of the soil 𝐻 𝐻1 1
specimen + 𝑘𝐻𝑛 𝐻𝑛 )
NOTE: FOR SAME WIDTH ONLY
 Empirical Relationship For
2. Normal Flow 𝑟
Hydraulic Conductivity 𝐻 𝑄𝑙𝑛( 1 )
1. Hazen 𝑘𝑣(𝑒𝑞) = 𝑟2
𝐻1 𝐻2 𝐻3 𝐻𝑛 𝑘=  Isotropic
𝑘𝑣1 + 𝑘𝑣2 + 𝑘𝑣3 + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑣𝑛
2 2𝜋𝑡(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
𝑘 = 𝐶𝐷10
𝑘𝐻𝑁𝑓
Where: C-constant ranges from 1.0 to NOTE: FOR SAME AREAS ONLY 𝑄=
1.5  Transmissivity of Aquifer in a 𝑁𝐷
D10-effective size in mm  Permeability Test in the Field by Pumping Test  Non Isotropic
Pumping from Wells 𝑟 √𝑘𝑥 𝑘𝑧 𝐻𝑁𝑓
𝑄𝑙𝑛( 1 )
2. Casagrande 𝑟2 𝑄=
𝑇= 𝑁𝐷
𝑘 = 1.4𝑒 2 𝑘0.85 1. Well in an unconfined permeable 2𝜋(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) A flow line is a line along which a
Where: e -void ratio layer underlain by an impermeable water particle will travel from upstream to
K0.85- corresponding value at a void ratio stratum  Time of Travel from Observation the downstream side in the permeable
of 0.85 Well soil medium
 And an equipotential line is a line 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐶′ = 𝜎𝑐 − 𝑢  At point C 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐶′ = 𝜎𝑐 − 𝑢𝐶
along which the potential head at all = (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 )(𝑧) 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝐶 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 + 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑧 ℎ
points is equal. 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝑐 = (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 )(𝑧) + 𝛾𝑤 ( 𝑧)
𝐻2
1. Shape Factor  Effective Stress in the Zone ℎ
= 𝛾𝑤 (𝐻1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧)
𝑁𝑓 Capillary Rise 𝐻2
𝑆𝐹 = 1. Capillary Rise ′
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐶 = 𝜎𝑐 − 𝑢𝐶
𝑁𝐷  Seepage force
𝐶 ℎ
2. Pressure Drop ℎ= = (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 )(𝑧) − 𝛾𝑤 ( 𝑧) ℎ
𝐻 𝑒𝐷10 𝐻2 𝐹= 𝛾 = 𝑖𝛾𝑤
𝑑=  Stresses in Saturated Soil with 𝐻2 𝑤
𝑁𝐷 2. Pore Pressure at a point in a layer
of soil partially saturated caused by Downward Seepage
EFFECTIVE STRESSES IN SOIL capillary action COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL
𝑆
 Stresses in Saturated Soil 𝑢=− 𝛾 ℎ 𝑆𝑇 = 𝑆𝐶 + 𝑆𝑆 + 𝑆𝑒
100 𝑤
1. Elastic Settlement
 Stresses in Saturated Soil with
- Elastic settlement (or immediate
Upward Seepage
settlement), which is caused by the
elastic deformation of dry soil and of
moist and saturated soils without any
change in the moisture content. Elastic
settlement calculations generally are
based on equations derived from the
 At point A theory of elasticity.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝐴 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 1 − 𝜇2
 At point A 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝐴 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 𝑆𝑒 = 𝐶𝑆 𝑞𝐵 ( )
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐴′ = 𝜎𝐴 − 𝑢𝐴 = 0 𝐸𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐴 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1
1 − 𝜇2
𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝐴 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 𝑆𝑒 = 𝑞𝐵 ( ) 𝐼𝑝
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐴′ = 𝜎𝐴 − 𝑢𝐴 = 0  At point B 𝐸𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝐵 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 + 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝐻2 𝑃
 At point A 𝑞= 2
𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝐵 𝐵
 At point B 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝐴 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1
= 𝛾𝑤 (𝐻1 + 𝐻2 − ℎ) Where: Cs-shape and foundation rigidity
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝐵 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 + 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝐻2 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝐴 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐴′ = 𝜎𝐴 − 𝑢𝐴 = 0 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐵′ = 𝜎𝐵 − 𝑢𝐵 factor
𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢 = 𝛾𝑤 (𝐻1 + 𝐻2 ) = (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 )(𝐻2 ) + 𝛾𝑤 ℎ B-width of foundation or diameter
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐵′ = 𝜎𝐵 − 𝑢
 At point B q- net vertical pressure applied
= (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 )(𝐻2 )
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝐵 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 + 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝐻2  At point C - Poisson’s ratio of soil
 At point C 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝐵 = 𝛾𝑤 (𝐻1 + 𝐻2 + ℎ) 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝐶 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 + 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑧 Es- modulus of elasticity of soil
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝐵′ = 𝜎𝐵 − 𝑢𝐵 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝑐 Ip-influence factor
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝐶 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻1 + 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 )(𝐻2 ) − 𝛾𝑤 ℎ ℎ
𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑢 = 𝛾𝑤 (𝐻1 + 𝑧) = 𝛾𝑤 (𝐻1 + 𝑧 − 𝑧)
𝐻2
2. Primary Consolidation Settlement 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 Nagaraj and Murty 6. Degree of consolidation for the
Primary consolidation settlement, which 𝑃𝑐 𝐿𝐿 entire depth of clay layer at anytime
𝑂𝐶𝑅 = 𝐶𝑠 = 0.0463 ( )𝐺
is the result of a volume change in 𝑃𝑜 100 𝑠 “t”
saturated cohesive soils because of 3. Secondary Settlement 𝑆𝑐𝑡
TIME RATE OF CONSOLIDATION 𝑈=
expulsion of the water that occupies the - Secondary consolidation settlement, 𝑆𝑐
void spaces. which is observed in saturated cohesive 1. Compression Index, Cc Where: U-degree of consolidation
𝑒1 − 𝑒2
soils and is the result of the plastic 𝐶𝑐 = Sct- settlement of the layer at time ”t”
 Normally Consolidated Clay 𝑃
adjustment of soil fabrics. It is an log ( 2 ) Sc- ultimate settlement of the layer from
𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃 additional form of compression that 𝑃1 primary consolidation
𝑆𝐶 = log ( ) Where: e1- void ratio at a pressure P1
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑂 occurs at constant effective stress.
𝐶∝ 𝐻 𝑇2 e2- void ratio at a pressure P2 7. Degree of consolidation at a
𝑆𝑠 = log ( ) distance “z” at anytime “t”
Where: Cc- compression index 1 + 𝑒𝑝 𝑇1
Eo-void ratio 2. Coefficient of Compressibility, av 1 − 𝑈𝑧
𝑒𝑝 = 𝑒𝑜 − ∆𝑒 𝑒1 − 𝑒2 𝑈=
Po-average effective stress at the mid 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃 𝑎𝑣 = 𝑈𝑜
∆𝑒 = 𝐶𝑐 log ( ) 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
height of the clay layer Where: Uz-excess pore pressure at time
𝑃𝑜 3. Coefficient of Volume
H-thickness of the clay layer “t”
Compressibility, mv
∆𝑃-average effective stress increase on 𝑒1 − 𝑒2 Uo-initial excess pore water pressure
Where: Ss- secondary settlement
clay layer 𝑚𝑣 =
C- secondary compression index (𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )(1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 )
Po- average effective stress on the mid- 𝑒1 + 𝑒2 8. Relationship of time and degree of
T2 –time after completion of primary
height of clay layer 𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 = consolidation
settlement 2
T1- time for completion of primary 4. Coefficient of Consolidation, Cv 𝑡1 𝑈12
=
settlement 𝐾 𝑡2 𝑈22
 Over Consolidated Clay 𝐶𝑣 =
Where: U1- degree of consolidation at
ep- void ratio at the end of primary 𝑚𝑣 𝛾𝑤
a. when Po+P < Pc consolidation Where: k- coefficient of permeability time t1
𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃 U2-degree of consolidation at time t2
𝑆𝑐 = log ( ) 5. Time Factor, Tv
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑂  Compression Index 𝐶𝑣 𝑡
b. when Po+P > Pc 𝑇𝑣 = SOIL BEARING CAPACITY
For undisturbed clay: (𝐻𝑑𝑟 )2
𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝑃𝑐 𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) Where: Cv- coefficient of consolidation  General Shear Failure
𝑆𝑐 = log ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑂 For disturbed clay: t- time corresponding to degree of -It is characterized by heaving of ground
𝐶𝐶 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃 𝐶𝑐 = 0.007(𝐿𝐿 − 7) consolidation accompanied by tilting of footing. It
+ log ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑐 Nagaraj and Murty Hdr- half the thickness of the sample if occurs in soil with low compressibility
𝐿𝐿 drained on both sides such as dense and stiff clay.
1 𝐶𝑐 = 0.2343 ( )𝐺
Where:Cs- swell index (ranges from to 100 𝑠 Hdr- thickness of the sample if drained on
1
5
 Swell Index one side only
of Cc) 1 1
10
𝐶𝑠 = 𝑡𝑜 𝐶
Pc-pre-consolidation pressure 5 10 𝑐
 highly compressible soil and the ultimate 𝑁𝛾 = 2(𝑁𝑞 + 1)𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
bearing capacity is not well defined. COEFFICIENT OF AT REST EARTH
 FACTOR OF SAFETY PRESSURE
1. Gross Allowable Bearing Capacity 1. Normally consolidated soil
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑘𝑜 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝐹𝑆
2. Gross Allowable Load 2. Over Consolidated Soil
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑘𝑜 = (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅)√𝑂𝐶𝑅
2 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐴
𝑐′ = 𝑐 𝐹𝑆 Where
3 3. Net Allowable Bearing Capacity 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, 𝑂𝐶𝑅
2 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 − 𝑞
1. Strip footing 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅′ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙(𝑛𝑒𝑡) = preconsolidation pressure
3 𝐹𝑆 =
1 present effective overburden pressure
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 4. Net Allowable Load
2 1. Strip footing 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 − 𝑞
2. Square Footing 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙(𝑛𝑒𝑡) = 𝐴 3. For Normally consolidated clays
1 𝐹𝑆
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 1.3𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.4𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐′𝑁𝑐 ′ + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 ′ + 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 ′ Where: A –cross sectional area of the whose plasticity index is known
2 For PI between 0 and 40
3. Rectangular Footing 2. Square Footing footing
0.3𝐵 𝑘𝑜 = 0.4 + 0.007 𝑃𝐼
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 1.3𝑐′𝑁𝑐 ′ + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 ′ + 0.4𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 ′
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 (1 + ) + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE For PI between 40 and 80
𝐿
1 0.2𝐵 3. Rectangular Footing 𝜎′𝐻 𝑘𝑜 = 0.64 + 0.001𝑃𝐼
+ 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 (1 − ) 0.3𝐵 𝐾=
2 𝐿 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐 ′𝑁𝑐 ′(1+ 𝐿 ) + 𝑞𝑁𝑞′ 𝜎′𝑉
4. Circular Footing 1 0.2𝐵 Where: ’H-horizontal effective pressure
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 1.3𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.3𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 + 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 ′ (1 − ) AT REST PRSSURE ON THE WALL
2 𝐿 ’V-vertical effective pressure
𝑞 = 𝛾𝐷𝑓 1. Without Surcharge
4. Circular Footing
Where: qult- ultimate bearing capacity 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 1.3𝑐′𝑁𝑐 ′ + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 ′ + 0.3𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 ′  Earth Pressure At Rest
c-cohesion 𝑞 = 𝛾𝐷𝑓
𝛾𝐵-effective stress at a distance B from
the bottom of the footing
Nc, Nq, N-bearing capacity factors that  Bearing Capacity Factors
are non-dimensional and are only 1. Ressner Formula
factors of soil friction angle  ∅
𝑁𝑞 = tan2 (45 + ) 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
2
 Local Shear Failure 2. Prandtl Formula
-A condition where significant 𝑁𝑐 = (𝑁𝑞 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑡∅
compression of the soil occurs but only 1
3. Meyerhof Formula 𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ2 𝑘𝑜
slight heave occurs at the ground 2
𝑁𝛾 = (𝑁𝑞 − 1)𝑡𝑎𝑛1.4∅
surface. Tilting of the foundation is not
4. Vesic Formula
expected. This type of failure occurs in
2. Earth Pressure At-Rest for Partially Rankine Active Pressure Coefficient COULOMB’S EARTH PRESSURE
Submerged Soil 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅  Rankine Active Force For Inclined THEORY
𝐾𝑎 =
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ Backfill  Coulomb’s Active Pressure
∅
𝐾𝑎 = tan2(45 − )
2
Rankine Active Pressure
1
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ2 𝐾𝑎
2

For Cohesive Soil

𝜎 = −2𝑐√𝑘𝑎

 Rankine’s Theory Of Passive

Pressure
sin2 (𝛽 + ∅)
𝐾𝑎 = 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ −√cos2 ∝ − cos 2 ∅
𝐾𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ sin(∅ + 𝛿) sin(∅−∝)
sin2 (𝛽) sin(𝛽 − 𝛿) (1 + √ )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ +√cos2 ∝ − cos 2 ∅ sin(𝛽 − 𝛿) sin(𝛽 + 𝛼)
1 1
𝑃𝑎 = 𝛾ℎ2 𝑘𝑎 𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ2 𝐾𝑎
2 2
1 1
𝑃𝑜 = 𝐾𝑜 𝛾𝐻12 + 𝐾0 𝛾𝐻1 𝐻2 + (𝐾0 𝛾 ′ + 𝛾𝑤 )(𝐻22 )
2 2  Rankine Passive Force For Inclined  Coulomb’s Passive Pressure
Backfill
 Rankine’s Theory Of Active 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ +√cos2 ∝ − cos 2 ∅
Pressure 𝐾𝑃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ −√cos2 ∝ − cos 2 ∅
1
𝑃𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ2 𝑘𝑃
2
Rankine Passive Pressure Coefficient
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
𝐾𝑝 =
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
∅
𝐾𝑝 = tan2 (45 + )
2
Rankine Passive Pressure
1 sin2 (𝛽 − ∅)
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ2 𝐾𝑃 𝐾𝑃 =
2 2
sin(∅ + 𝛿) sin(∅+∝)
sin2 (𝛽) sin(𝛽 + 𝛿) (1 − √ )
sin(𝛽 + 𝛿) sin(𝛽 + 𝛼)
For Cohesive Soil
𝜎 = 2𝑐√𝐾𝑃 1
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ2 𝐾𝑝
2
BRACED SHEETINGS 𝜎𝑎 = 𝛾𝐻 − 4𝐶 For normally consolidated clay 4. Allowable Capacity
Or 𝛽 = (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅)𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ 𝑄𝑏 + 𝑄𝑓
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 =
𝜎𝑎 = 0.3𝛾𝐻 For over consolidated clay 𝐹𝑆
*Whichever is bigger 𝛽 = (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅)𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ √𝑂𝐶𝑅
CAPACITY OF GROUP PILES
b. Case 2 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
3. Allowable or Design Load Capacity 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, ƞ =
𝛾𝐻 ∑ 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
When <4 of Pile
𝐶 𝜎𝑏 + 𝜎𝑓  NOTE: For floating piles, Fb=0
𝜎𝑎 = 0.3𝛾𝐻 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝐹𝑆
PILES SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILES
PILES ON SAND -For friction pile in deep clay, the
PILES ON COHESIVE SOIL (CLAY) equivalent imaginary mat maybe
1. Ultimate Bearing Capacity 1. Bearing Capacity of Pile
𝑄𝑏 = 𝑃𝑉 𝑁𝑞 𝐴 𝑇𝐼𝑃 assumed at a plane located at 2/3 the pile
𝜎𝐵 = 𝐶𝑁𝐶 𝐴 𝑇𝐼𝑃 2 depth. Consolidation of soil below that
Where: C-cohesion=qu/2 𝑁𝑞 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑅 + √1 + tan2 𝜃𝑅 ) 𝑒 2𝜑𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑅 plane is then computed as if the piles are
qu-unconfined compressive strength of no longer present.
soil Where: Pv-soil pressure at the tip
Nc=9 (bearing capacity factor) 𝜋
𝜑 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃
3 𝑆𝐶 = log ( )
𝜋 1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑂
2. Ultimate Frictional Capacity 𝜑 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒, 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
2 Where: Sc- primary settlement
  Method Cc- compression index
𝜎𝑓 = 𝐶𝐿𝛼𝑃  CRITICAL DEPTH Eo-void ratio
Where: -adhesion factor 𝐷𝐶 = 20𝐷, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 Po-average effective stress at the mid
P-perimeter of pile 𝐷𝐶 = 10𝐷, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 height of the clay layer
L-length of pile H-thickness of the clay layer
2. Frictional Capacity of Pile ∆𝑃-average effective stress increase on
  Method 𝑄𝑓 = 𝑃𝐴𝐾𝜇 clay layer
𝜎𝑓 = 𝑃𝐿(𝜎𝑣 + 2𝐶) Where: P-perimeter of the pile Po- average effective stress on the mid-
Where: - frictional coefficient A- Area of the Pv Diagram height of clay layer
v- average vertical pressure at mid K-coefficient of lateral pressure between
height of the pile being analysed piles
1. Cuts In Non Cohesive Soil -coefficient of friction
𝜎𝑎 = 0.65𝛾𝐻𝐾𝑎
  Method
𝜎𝑓 = 𝑃𝐿𝛽𝜎𝑣 3. Ultimate Capacity
2. Cuts in Cohesive Soil 𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑄𝑏 + 𝑄𝑓
a. Case 1 Where:- frictional coefficient
𝛾𝐻
When >4
𝐶