Elastic Constants

1) A prismatic brass bar of 30mm diameter is subjected to the axial forces as shown in fig.
Determine the maximum and minimum stresses induced in the bar. Also find the total axial
deformation in the bar. E = 100 GPa.
50 kN 80 kN 15 kN
P kN

A B C D
0.6m 1m 1.2m
(Ans: P = 15 kN  ; PAB =50 kN (T) ; PBC = 30 kN (C) ; PCD = 15 kN (C) ; AB = 70.74 MPa (T) ;
BC = 42.44 MPa (C) ; CD = 21.22 MPa (C) ; AB = 0.4244 mm (elongation); BC = 0.4244 mm (contraction) ;
CD = 0.2546 mm (contraction) )
2) A stepped bar as shown in fig. below, is subjected to the axial forces P 1, P2, P3, and P4. The
geometry and material property are also shown in fig. Determine the value of force P 2 and the axial
deformation in the bar, if the forces are P 1 = 45 kN, P3 = 450 kN and P4 = 130 kN.

P1
A B
P4
P2 P3 C D
1.2 m 0.6 m 0.9 m
2 2
625 mm 2500 mm 1250 mm2
210 GPa 210 GPa 210 GPa

(Ans: P2 = 365 kN  ; PAB = 45 kN (T) ; PBC = 320 kN (C) ; PCD = 130 kN (T) ; AB = 72 MPa (T) ;
BC = 128 MPa (C) ; CD = 104 MPa (T) ; AB = 0.4114 mm (elongation) ; BC = 0.3657 mm (contraction) ;
CD = 0.4457 mm (elongation) )
3) A steel bar of 22 mm diameter and 1m long is subjected to 60 kN axial tensile load. The
elongation in the gauge length of 200 mm is found to be 0.157 mm. The diameter is reduced
by 5.13x10-3 mm. Determine the Poisson’s ratio, Young’s modulus of elasticity, Rigidity
modulus and Bulk modulus of the material.
(Ans: 0.297, 201.0696 GPa, 77.5105 GPa and 165.1199 GPa)
4) A metal bar having square cross section of 50 mm side length is subjected to an axial
compressive load of 500 kN. The contraction on a gauge length of 200 mm is found to be
0.56 mm and the increase in thickness is 0.046 mm. Determine the elastic constants. Also
find the change in volume.
(Ans: 0.3286, 71.4286 GPa, 26.8817 GPa, 163.3837 GPa and 480 mm3 decrease)
5) Determine the lateral contraction in a round bar of 40 mm and 2.5 m long when stretched
by 2.5 mm. Also find the Bulk modulus. E = 110 GPa, G = 42 GPa.
(Ans: 0.012381 mm; 96.25 GPa)
6) A steel block of 50 mm X 75 mm X 100 mm is subjected to the following tri-axial force
system. E = 200 GPa and  = 0.3
i) 75 kN tensile force on 50 mm X 75 mm face
ii) 200 kN tensile force on 50 mm X 100 mm face
iii) 240 kN compressive force on 75 mm X 100 mm face
Determine the changes in dimensions and volume of the block.
(Ans: -0.0125 mm; 0.01635 mm; 0.0088 mm and 21 mm3)

August 2022 Elastic Constants - Problems 1/2

 7) A steel bar of 40 mm diameter and 1 m long is stretched by 1 mm under simple tension.
Find the change in volume. Also find the hydrostatic pressure which would cause the same
change in volume numerically. E = 210 GPa,  = 0.25
(Ans: V = 628.3185 mm3, K = 140 GPa, p = 70 MPa)
8) The three orthogonal strains are in the ratio of 3:4:5. Poisson’s ratio=0.286. Find the ratio
of the corresponding three orthogonal stresses. If the maximum of orthogonal stresses is
60 MPa find the other two stresses.
(Ans: 0.8464 : 0.9232 : 1, 50.7825 & 55.3912 MPa)
oOo

August 2022 Elastic Constants - Problems 2/2

 Statically Indeterminate Problems
1) A prismatic copper bar of 2m long is supported by rigid supports at ends A and B.
Axial forces are applied at C, D and E as shown in fig. below. Find the displacement
of section at E, D, C, B and A. Young’s modulus of copper is 120 GPa. The segments
AE, ED, DC and CB are of same length. The cross-sectional area of bar is 250 mm2.

10 kN 20 kN 15 kN

RB
RA

A E D C B
(Ans: RA = 1250 N, RB = 3750 N, section E moves left by 0.0208 mm,
section D moves right by 0.125 mm and section C moves left by 0.0625mm)
2) A solid steel bar AB of 20 mm diameter and 900 mm long is held between two supports
and subjected to an axial load P = 54 kN as shown in fig. below. Determine the support
reactions, stresses in the bar and movement of C. ES = 210 GPa.

Ans: RA =36 kN  ;
RB = 18 kN  ;
B AC = 114.59 MPa (C) ;
A P CB = 57.29 MPa (T) ;
AC = 0.1637 mm (contraction);
C CB = 0.1637 mm (elongation)
300 mm 600 mm

3) A composite bar made by

connecting 35 mm diameter
Aluminium bar CB with 45 mm C
200 kN
diameter steel bar AC axially and
200 kN axial force is applied at the A B
junction C as shown in fig.
Determine the stresses and 35 mm diam.
45 mm diam.
deformations in the two bars. 500 mm long 250 mm long
ES = 210 GPa EAl = 70 GPa
(Ans: RA =140.503 kN  ; RB = 59.4969 kN  ; AC = 88.3427 MPa (C);
CB = 61.8399 MPa (T); AC = 0.2209 mm (contraction); CB = 0.2209 mm (elongation))
4) A stepped bar ABC is fixed at the top end A and subjected to A
an axial load P = 50 kN at junction B as shown in fig. There is
clearance  between the stepped bar and lower support C.
Determine the support reactions, stress in AB and BC, and B
P
movement of junction B.
LAB = 1 m, LBC = 2 m; AB = 100 mm2, BC = 200 mm2;
= 1 mm, EAB = EBC = 200 GPa
 C
(Ans: RA =35 kN  ; RC = 15 kN  ; AB = 350 MPa (T); CB = 75 MPa
(C); AB = 1.75 mm (elongation; CB = 0.75 mm (contraction))
5) A composite bar is made by encasing a steel rod of 25 mm diameter and 400 mm long
in a brass tube of same length, 30 mm inner diameter and 35 mm outer diameter. The

August 2022 Statically Indeterminate Problems 1/3

 ends of rod and tube are rigidly attached. This composite bar is subjected to an axial
compressive force of 40 kN. Determine the stresses and deformations in the two
elements. Es = 2Ebr = 200 GPa.
(Ans:S = 64.6725 MPa (C ; Br = 32.3362 MPa (C) ; S = Br = 0.1293 mm(contraction))
5A) A steel bar of 20 mm diameter is concentrically placed in a brass tube of 25 mm inner
diameter, 30 mm outer diameter and 300 long. The ends of tube and bar are brazed
with rigid plates. This compound assembly is subjected to an axial compressive force
of 40 kN. Determine the stresses induced and the axial deformations in these two
elements. ES = 2 EBr = 200 GPa.
Anss = 94.8 MPa (Comp), Br = 47.4 MPa (Comp) and s = Br = 0.1422 mm (contraction)

6) A steel bolt of 25 mm diameter passes centrally through a brass tube of 45 mm outer

diameter and 35 mm inner diameter. The copper tube is 400 mm long and closed by
rigid washers at both ends. The tube is just tightened by a nut on the threading of bolt.
The pitch of threading is 3 mm. The nut is further tightened by another 450. Determine
the stresses and deformations in the two elements. Es = 205 GPa Ec = 110 GPa
(Ans:S = 78.2533 MPa (T); Br = 61.1354 MPa (C);
S = 0.1527 (elongation) and Br = 0.2223 mm(contraction))
6A) A steel bolt of 28 mm diameter passes through a copper tube of 56 mm outer diameter
and 40 mm inner diameter. The copper tube is 500 mm and closed by rigid washers
at both ends. The tube is just tightened by a nut on the threading of bolt. The pitch of
threading is 3 mm. The nut is further tightened by quarter turn. Determine the stresses
deformations in the two elements. Es = 205 GPa Ec = 90 GPa
(Ans:S = 142.1889 MPa (T); C = 72.5756 MPa (C);
S = 0.3468 (elongation) and C = 0.4032 mm(contraction))
7) A steel bolt of 25 mm diameter passes through a copper tube of 50 mm outer diameter
and 40 mm inner diameter. The copper tube is 400 mm long and closed by rigid
washers at both ends. The tube is just tightened by a nut on the threading of bolt. The
pitch of threading is 3 mm. Determine the stresses and deformations in the bolt and
tube, due to the following two independent actions. (a) If the nut is further tightened
by quarter turn (b) If the assembly is subjected to an axial tensile force of 15 kN. (c)
Also find the final stresses and deformations in the bolt and tube due to the
simultaneous action of the above. Es = 205 GPa Ec = 80 GPa.
Ans: S(MPa) C (MPa) S (mm) C (mm)
Due to nut 138.289 -96.0337 0.2698 -0.4802
Due to axial force 19.5638 7.6347 0.0382 0.0382
Final 157.8528 -88.399 0.308 -0.442
+ ve tensile & elongation - ve compressive & contraction
8) A rigid horizontal bar AECB is supported by D
a hinge at A and supported by steel wire EF
and bronze wire CD. Determine the F
stresses in the two wires EF and CD due to B
A
the application of 60 kN vertical force at B
on the rigid bar. The steel wire EF is of C P
E
22.57 mm diameter and 1 m long.
The bronze wire CD is of 17.85 mm diameter and 1.6 m long.
AE = 0.8 m, EC = 1.2 m, CB = 0.5 m, E S = 200 GPa and EBr = 85 GPa.
(Ans: force in EF and CD 91.9842 kN tensile and 38.2063 kN tensile,
reaction at A= 70.1905 kN downwards)

August 2022 Statically Indeterminate Problems 2/3

 9) A rigid horizontal bar AB is supported by a steel wire AD
at left end and a brass wire BC at right end. The steel
wire is of 10 mm diameter and 1500 mm long. The rigid D
bar is of 600 mm long. The brass wire is of 20 mm
diameter and 800 mm long. The Young’s modulus of C

Steel wire
steel and brass are 210 GPa and 110 GPa respectively.

Brass wire
The rigid bar AB is subjected to 30kN vertical load at E.
a) If the rigid bar AB remains horizontal even after
loading, determine the position of load on the bar. Also P
find the stresses and deformations in the wires. b) If the
load is applied at the middle point of rigid bar AB,
determine the stresses and deformations in the wires. A E B
Also find the inclination of rigid bar AB.
(Ans:ax = 478.26 mm from left, s= 77.502 MPa, Br =76.118 MPa, s=Br= 0.5536 mm, bs= 190.986
MPa, Br = 47.7465 MPa, s = 1.3642 mm, Br = 0.3472 mm, = 0.0971 deg. Anti-clockwise B)

oOo

August 2022 Statically Indeterminate Problems 3/3

 Strain Energy & Impact Load

1) A prismatic bar of 25 mm diameter and 2 m long is subjected to 60 kN axial tensile load.

Young’s modulus of elasticity of bar material is 200 GPa. Find the strain energy and resilience
if the (Ans: 36.6693 J, 37351.0411 J/m3)
2)A prismatic bar of cross-sectional area ‘A’ 4P 2P
(in mm2) is subjected to axial forces as P
shown in fig. what is the strain energy
stored in the bar. the Young’s modulus of A
B C D
elasticity of bar material is ‘E’ in GPa. The
load ‘P’ is in kN. AB = BC = CD = L / 3.
3) Compare the strain energy in the following two bars of same length and same material,
subjected to same axial load.
a) A prismatic bar of diameter ‘d’
b) A stepped bar of diameter ‘d’ in the middle quarter length and ‘2d’ in the end portions.
(Ans UB / UA = 7 / 16)
4)Two bars are subjected to gradually applied axial tensile loads. One bar has diameter ‘d’
throughout and the other bar has same length but turned down to ‘d/2’ diameter over the
middle third of length and remaining length has same diameter ‘d’. Material is same in both
bars.
a) compare the strain energy in the two bars
b) compare the strain energy which can be absorbed by the two bars in simple tension
without exceeding the limit of proportionality
c) if the maximum stress is same in both bars, compare the strain energy per unit
volume in the bars.
(Ans U1 / U2 = 0.5, 8 and 6)
5) A steel rod of 50 mm diameter and 1 m long is subjected to an axial energy load of 4.5 J
which causes a tensile stress in the rod. (a) determine the instantaneous stress in the rod
(b) if the same rod is machined down to 25 mm diameter in the middle half length of the bar,
what is the increase in instantaneous stress? Young’s modulus of rod material is 210 GPa.
(Ans 31.025 Mpa, 19.62 Mpa, 78.48 Mpa and 47.455 MPa)
6) A prismatic bar has 30 mm diameter and 2m long. The elastic limit of bar material is 160
MPa. Determine the a) proof resilience, b) maximum value of load which may be suddenly
applied on the bar without exceeding the elastic limit and c) gradually applied load which will
produce the same extension as that produced by the above suddenly applied load.
(Ans: 64 kJ, 56.55 kN, 113.1 kN)
7) A sliding weight of W is released from a height of 10 mm on to a collar attached at the lower
end of a vertical bar of 3 m long and 600 mm 2 cross sectional area. If the maximum
instantaneous elongation is 2 mm, what is the corresponding stress in bar. Also find the
value of weight W. The Young’s modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa.
(Ans:  = 133.33 MPa, W = 6.67 kN)
8) A vertical steel rod AB of 1.5 m long, is fixed at the top end A. A collar of negligible weight is
attached to the lower end B. A sliding weight of W is released from a height of 10 mm on to
the collar. The resulting instantaneous stress in the rod is found to be 60 MPa. If the same
weight is released from a height of 20 mm find the instantaneous stress in the rod. The
Young’s modulus of steel is 200 GPa.
(Ans: 84.3 MPa)
9) A weight of 2 kN is dropped on to a collar attached at the lower end of a vertical bar of 3 m
long and 28 mm diameter. The top end of bar is fixed to the ceiling. If the allowable stress is
120 MPa, find the maximum height of drop. Also find the resulting instantaneous elongation.
The Young’s modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa.
(Ans: h = 31.4506 mm)

August 2022 Strain Energy - Impact Load – Problems - Exercise 1/2

10) A steel rod AB of 50 mm diameter and 3 m long is suspended at the top end A and a collar
of negligible weight is attached at the lower end B. A sliding weight of 5 kN is arranged on
the steel rod. Determine the instantaneous stress and corresponding deformation in the rod,
If the sliding weight is (i) gradually applied on the collar, (ii) suddenly applied on to the collar,
(iii) released on to the collar from 30 mm height. (iv) Also find the height through which the
sliding weight may be allowed to fall on to collar. The allowable stress and Young’s modulus
of elasticity of steel are 80 MPa and 210 GPa respectively.
(Ans: a) 2.5465 MPa, 0.0364mm, b) 5.093 MPa, 0.0728 mm, c)106 MPa, 1.5142 mm, d)16.81 mm)
11) A steel bar ABC of 3 m long is suspended from ceiling by fixing at A. The bar is of 20 mm
diameter in the lower half portion BC and 40 mm diameter in the upper half portion AB. A
collar of negligible weight is attached at the lower end C of the bar as a stopper. A sliding
weight of 250 N is arranged on the bar and it is released on to the collar from a height of 60
mm. Determine the instantaneous stress and corresponding deformation in the two
segments of the rod. What is the total axial deformation in the bar ABC. E = 200 GPa
(Ans: 25.43 MPa, 101.72 MPa, 0.1907 mm, 0.7629 mm, 0.9537 mm)
12) A steel rod of 2.5 m long and 20 mm diameter is enclosed in a brass tube of same length,
40 mm outer diameter and 30 mm internal diameter. The ends of the bar and tube are brazed
together and the composite bar is held vertically by fixing top end. A collar of negligible
weight is attached at the lower end of the composite bar as a stopper. A sliding weight of 1
kN is arranged on the composite bar and it is released on to the collar from a height of 50
mm. Determine the instantaneous stress and corresponding deformation in the rod and tube.
ES = 210 GPa, Ebr = 100 GPa
(Ans: (a) s = 122.515 Mpa (T), Br = 58.3402 Mpa (T), s =Br = 1.45851 mm elongation)
13) A vertical tie rod rigidly fixed at the top end, consists of a steel rod of 2.5 m long and 20 mm
diameter is encased throughout in a brass tube of same length, 35 mm outer diameter and
25 mm internal diameter. The rod and casing are fixed together at both ends. The compound
bar is subjected to impact load by a weight of 10 kN freely falling through a height of 3 mm
before being arrested by the collar of negligible weight at the lower end of the compoound
bar. Determine the instantaneous stress and corresponding deformation in the rod and tube.
ES = 2 EBr = 200 GPa.
(Ans: (a) s = 113.382 Mpa (T), Br = 56.6909 Mpa (T), s =Br = 1.41727 mm elongation)
14) Two bars A and B of circular cross section and same material are of 300 mm long each. The
bar A is of 20 mm diameter in the end 100 mm length and 40 mm diameter in the remaining
length. The bar B is of 20 mm diameter in the end 200 mm length and 40 mm diameter in
the remaining length.
a) If an axial blow on bar A causes an instantaneous stress of 120 MPa, find the
instantaneous stress induced in the bar B when it is subjected same axial blow.
b) If each bar is stressed up to the elastic limit, find the ratio of strain energy in the two bars.
c) If both bars are subjected to same instantaneous stress, find the ratio of strain energy
per unit volume in the two bars.
(Ans: (a) same blow i.e., same work therefore same strain energy. 𝜎𝐴 = 120 MPa, 𝜎𝐵 =
𝑈𝐵 𝑢𝐵
97.98 MPa, (b) stress is same, =1.5 and (c) stress is same, = 2.25)
𝑈𝐴 𝑢𝐴

oOo

August 2022 Strain Energy - Impact Load – Problems - Exercise 2/2

 Thin Cylinders & Spherical shells
1) Calculate the minimum wall thickness of a thin cylindrical shell of 1.2 m dia –meter if it is to
withstand an internal pressure of 2 MPa and (a) the longitudinal stress is limited to 30 MPa
and (b) the hoop stress is limited to 50 MPa. (Ans: 24 mm)

2) A boiler is 2.5m in diameter subjected to pressure of steam 1 MPa. If the efficiency of the
longitudinal joint be 80% and the maximum tensile strength is limited to 80 MPa, find the
necessary thickness of the plate. (Ans:19.5313 mm)

3) A boiler shell 1.5 m in diameter is made of 20 mm plates. The longitudinal joint has an
efficiency of 70%. Calculate the maximum permissible steam pressure if the tensile stress in
the plate is not exceed 80 MPa. If the circumferential joint has an efficiency of 60%, calculate
the longitudinal stress induced. (Ans: 1.493 MPa, 46.67MPa)

4) A thin cylindrical shell, 800 mm as inner diameter and 3m long, is having 10mm metal
thickness. If the thin cylindrical shell with closed ends, is subjected to an internal fluid pressure
of 2.5 MPa, determine (a) change in inner diameter, (b) change in length and (c) change in
storage capacity of the cylindrical shell. The Young’s modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio
of shell material is 200 GPa and 0.25 respectively. (Ans: 0.35mm, 0.375mm, 1507964 mm3)

5) Calculate the increase in storage capacity of spherical shell having 1m inner diameter and 10
mm in wall thickness subjected to an internal fluid pressure of 1.5 MPa. The Young’s modulus
of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of shell material is 210 GPa and 0.25 respectively.
(Ans: 210374.5 mm3)

6) Compare (a) the maximum tensile stresses and (b) the proportional increase in volume of a
thin cylindrical shell and thin spherical shell having the same inner diameter-wall thickness
ratio and subjected to same internal fluid pressure. The Poisson’s ratio of shell material is
0.25. (Ans: (a) C / S = 2, (b) C / S = 16 / 9)

7) A cylindrical steel vessel with hemispherical ends is 0.6 m long overall, 0.1 m outer diameter
and 5.5 mm thickness throughout. Calculate the change in internal volume of the vessel when
it is subjected to an internal fluid pressure of 15 MPa. The Young’s modulus of elasticity and
Poisson’s ratio of shell material is 200 GPa and 0.288 respectively. (Ans: 3870.8669 mm3)

8) A cylindrical vessel composed of thin plates 20 mm thick has inner diameter of 1.2 m, its ends
being hemispherical. Estimate the thickness of the ends in order that the circumferential strain
may be the same in the ends as the cylindrical shell and state the stress in the ends when the
internal pressure is 1 MPa and the Poisson’s ratio of shell material is 0.25.
(Ans: t = 8.5714 mm,  = 35 MPa)

9) A copper tube of 50 mm internal diameter, 1.2 m long and 1.2 mm thick has closed ends and
is filled with water under pressure. Neglecting any distortion of the end plates, determine the
alteration of pressure when an additional volume of 32 CC water is pumped in to the tube. The
Young’s modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of Copper is 100 GPa and 0.3 respectively.
The Bulk modulus of water is 2000 MPa. (Ans: 15.16043 MPa)

10) A copper cylinder 900 mm long, 400 mm outer diameter and 6 mm thick with flat ends, is
initially full of oil at atmospheric pressure. Calculate the volume of oil which must be pumped
into the cylinder in order to raise the pressure to 5 MPa above atmospheric pressure. The
Young’s modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of Copper is 100 GPa and 1/3 respectively.
The Bulk modulus of Oil is 2600 MPa. (Ans: 520038.08 mm3)

September 2022 Thin Cylindrical and Spherical shells – Problems - Exercise 1/2
11) A thin cylindrical vessel of 450 mm inner diameter, 6 mm wall thickness and 1200 mm long is
filled with Oil at atmospheric pressure. Find the rise in internal fluid pressure in the vessel, if
560 CC of Oil pumped additionally. The Young’s modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of
shell material is 100 GPa and 0.3 respectively. The Bulk modulus of Oil is 2400 MPa.
(Ans: 2.5986 MPa)

12) A thin spherical vessel of 800 mm inner diameter and 10 mm thickness is filled with water at
atmospheric pressure. Find how much the internal pressure will be increased by pumping in
250 CC of water. The Young’s modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of shell material is 210
GPa and 0.286 respectively. The Bulk modulus of Water is 2200 MPa. (Ans: 1.4161 MPa)

13) A copper tube of 80 mm internal diameter, 1.2 m long and 2 mm thick has closed ends and
filled with water under pressure. Neglecting any distortion of the end plates, determine the
alteration of pressure when an additional volume of 10 CC water is pumped in to the tube. The
Young’s modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of Copper is 102 GPa and 0.3 respectively.
The Bulk modulus of Water is 2100 MPa. (Ans: 1.953325 MPa)

14) A spherical steel vessel having inside diameter of 750 mm and 10 mm wall thickness is filled
with water at a gauge pressure of 6 MPa. The pressure is lowered by allowing 930 CC of water
to escape so that the pressure in the vessel is reduced to atmospheric pressure. Find the bulk
modulus of water. The Young’s modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of Steel is 210 GPa
and 0.286 respectively. (Ans: 1959.0693 MPa)

15) A boiler drum consists of a cylindrical portion 2.4 m long, 1.2 m diameter and 25 mm thick,
closed by hemispherical ends is filled with water at atmospheric pressure. Assume the
circumferential strain in cylinder and hemisphere is same at the junction. How much additional
water will be pumped into drum to raise the pressure in the drum to 7 MPa? The Young’s
modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of the boiler drum material is 210 GPa and 0.3
respectively. The Bulk modulus of Water is 2200 MPa.
16) A cast iron pipe having an internal diameter of 300 mm and 6 mm wall thickness, is closely
wound with a single layer of steel wire of 3 mm diameter under a stress of 8 MPa. Calculate
the stresses in the pipe and wire when the internal fluid pressure in the pipe is 1 MPa. The
Young’s modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of the Cast iron is 100 GPa and 0.3
respectively. The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Steel is 200 GPa.
(Ans: 3.146 MPa (C), 15.6521-3.1416=12.5105 MPa (T) and 8+23.8042=31.802 MPa (T))

17) A brass pipe has a diameter of 350 mm and the thickness of the metal is 6 mm. A single layer
of high tensile steel wire of diameter 3 mm is wound closely round it at a tension of 1.5 MPa.
Find (a) the stress in the pipe when there is no internal pressure, (b) the maximum permissible
internal pressure in the pipe if the working tensile stress in the brass is 60 MPa, (c) the stress
in the steel wire under condition (b). Treat the pipe as a thin cylinder and neglect the
longitudinal stresses and strains. The Young’s modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of the
Brass is 105 GPa and 0.3 respectively. The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Steel is 210 GPa.
(Ans: (a) 0.589 MPa (C), (b) 3.7089 MPa and (c) 1.5+121.1789=122.6789 MPa (T))

18) A copper tube 38 mm external diameter and 35 mm internal diameter is closely wound with
one layer of 0.8 mm diameter steel wire. Estimate the tension at which the wire must have
been wound if an internal pressure of 2 MPa produces 8 MPa (ensile) as the final
circumferential stress in the tube. The Young’s modulus of elasticity Steel is 60% more than
of Copper. The Poisson’s ratio of the Copper is 0.3.
(Ans: (a) tube: 7.3748 MPa (C), 15.3748, 8 MPa (T) (b) wire: 19.9933+18.9996=38.993 MPa (T))
oOo

September 2022 Thin Cylindrical and Spherical shells – Problems - Exercise 2/2
 Shear Force and Bending Moment
Problem
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams by indicating all salient values for
the beam loaded as shown below.

35 kN-m 20 kN/m
10 kN/m 80 kN F
A
D E B
C
2m 2m 1m 2m 1m

Solution:
Support reactions: Va and Rf
Coplanar general force system:
Equilibrium equations ∑ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 ∑ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 ∑ 𝑴𝒛 = 𝟎

35 kN-m 20 kN/m
10 kN/m 80 kN F
A
D E B
C
Va 2m 2m 1m 2m Rf 1m

∑ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎  𝑽𝒂 + 𝑹𝒇 − 𝟏𝟎𝑿𝟐 − 𝟖𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝑿𝟏 = 𝟎
∑ 𝑴𝒛 = 𝟎  ∑ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎 
(𝑽𝒂 𝑿𝟎) − (𝟏𝟎𝑿𝟐𝑿𝟏) − (𝟑𝟓) − (𝟖𝟎𝑿𝟓) + (𝑹𝒇 𝑿𝟕) − (𝟐𝟎𝑿𝟏𝑿𝟕. 𝟓) = 𝟎
𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟔𝟎𝟓
𝑽𝒂 = = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟕𝒌𝑵 ↑ 𝑹𝒇 = = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟒𝟑𝒌𝑵 ↑
𝟕 𝟕
Segments AC CD DE EF FB
Section X1X1 X2X2 X3X3 X4X4 X5X5
35 kN-m X3 X5 20 kN/m
10 kN/m X1 X2 80 kN X4 F
A
D E B
X1 C X2 X3 X4 X5
Va 2m 2m 1m 2m Rf 1m

Segment: AC Section: X1X1 Origin: A 𝒙 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛

Shear force at section X1X1 X1
𝟐𝟑𝟓 10 kN/m
𝑽𝒙𝟏 = +𝑽𝒂 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 = − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 A
𝟕
Bending moment at section X1X1 C
X1
𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝒙 𝟐𝟑𝟓 Va x
𝑴𝒙𝟏 = + ( ) 𝒙 − (𝟏𝟎𝒙) (𝟐) = 𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐
𝟕 𝟕

at 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 2 𝑚 at 𝑥 = 2 𝑚
𝑉𝐴 = +33.57𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝑉𝐶 = +13.57𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝐶 = +47.14𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

September 2022 Shear Force and Bending Moment – Problem 1/5

 35 kN-m X3 X5 20 kN/m
10 kN/m X1 X2 80 kN X4 F
A
D E B
X1 C X2 X3 X4 X5
Va 2m 2m 1m 2m Rf 1m

Segment: CD Section: X2X2 Origin: C 𝒙 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛

10 kN/m X2
A
C
D Shear force at section X2X2
Va 2m X2 𝟐𝟑𝟓
x 𝑽𝒙𝟐 = +𝑽𝒂 − (𝟏𝟎)(𝟐) = − 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟓𝟕𝒌𝑵
𝟕

Bending moment at section X2X2

𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟐𝟑𝟓
𝑴𝒙𝟐 = + (
𝟕
) (𝒙 + 𝟐) − (𝟏𝟎)(𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟕
(𝒙 + 𝟐) − 𝟐𝟎(𝒙 + 𝟏)

at 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 2 𝑚 at 𝑥 = 2 𝑚
𝑉𝐶 = +13.57𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝐶 = 47.14𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑉𝐷 = +13.57𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝐷 = +74.29𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

X2 35 kN-m X3 X5 20 kN/m
10 kN/m X1 80 kN X4 F
A
C D E B
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5
Va 2m 2m 1m 2m Rf 1m

Segment: DE Section: X3X3 Origin: D 𝒙 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛

10 kN/m X3
A
C D E
Va 2 m X3 2m x

September 2022 Shear Force and Bending Moment – Problem 2/5

 𝟐𝟑𝟓
Shear force at section X3X3: 𝑽𝒙𝟑 = +𝑽𝒂 − (𝟏𝟎)(𝟐) = − 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟓𝟕𝒌𝑵
𝟕
Bending moment at section X3X3:
𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟐𝟑𝟓
𝑴𝒙𝟑 = + ( ) (𝒙 + 𝟒) − (𝟏𝟎)(𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟑) + 𝟑𝟓 = (𝒙 + 𝟒) − 𝟐𝟎(𝒙 + 𝟑) + 𝟑𝟓
𝟕 𝟕

at 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 1 𝑚 at 𝑥 = 1 𝑚
VD = +13 .57 kN M D = +109 .29 kN − mVE = +13 .57 kN M E = +122 .88 kN − m

X2 35 kN-m X3 X5 20 kN/m
10 kN/m X1 80 kN X4 F
A
C D E B
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5
Va 2m 2m 1m 2m Rf 1m

Segment: EF Section: X4X4 Origin: F 𝒙 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛

X4 F 20 kN/m

Shear force at section X4X4 E B

𝟔𝟎𝟓 X4
𝑽𝒙𝟒 = −𝑹𝒇 + (𝟐𝟎)(𝟏) = − 𝟕 + 𝟐𝟎 = −𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝟑𝒌𝑵 Rf 1 m
x
Bending moment at section X4X4:
𝟔𝟎𝟓 𝟔𝟎𝟓
𝑴𝒙𝟒 = + ( 𝟕 ) (𝒙) − (𝟐𝟎)(𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟓) = 𝟕 (𝒙) − 𝟐𝟎(𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟓)

at 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 2 𝑚 at 𝑥 = 2 𝑚
𝑉𝐹 = −66.43𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝐹 = −10𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑉𝐸 = −66.43𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝐸 = +122.88𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

X2 35 kN-m X3 X5 20 kN/m
10 kN/m X1 80 kN X4 F
A
C D E B
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5
Va 2m 2m 1m 2m Rf 1m

September 2022 Shear Force and Bending Moment – Problem 3/5

Point of Contra-flexure (point of inflexion)
Where B.M. changes sign.
𝑴𝒙𝟒 = 𝟎  𝟔𝟎𝟓
𝟕
(𝒙) − 𝟐𝟎(𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟓) = 𝟎  x = 0.150538 m from F towards left
𝒙 𝟐−𝒙
Or from similar triangles of BMD in that segment: =
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟐.𝟖𝟖

Segment: FB Section: X5X5 Origin: B 𝒙 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛

Shear force at section X5X5 X5 20 kN/m
𝑽𝒙𝟓 = +(𝟐𝟎)(𝒙) = +𝟐𝟎𝒙
F B
Bending moment at section X5X5
𝒙 X5
𝑴𝒙𝟓 = −(𝟐𝟎)(𝒙) ( ) = −𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 x
𝟐
at 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 1 m at 𝑥 = 1 m
𝑉𝐵 = 0 𝑀𝐵 = 0 𝑉𝐹 = +20𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝐹 = −10𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

X2 35 kN-m X3 X5 20 kN/m
10 kN/m X1 80 kN X4 F
A
C D E B
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5
Va 2m 2m 1m 2m Rf 1m

September 2022 Shear Force and Bending Moment – Problem 4/5

Problem:
A cantilever beam of span L is carrying a uniformly
varying load of w/unit run at fixed end and zero at
the free end.
X HA
wx/L A B
Segment: AB A L
MA
Section: XX X x B VA
Orizon: B wL
Second order variation
x = distance from horizon to the section 2
1 𝑤𝑥 𝑤𝑥 2 + ve
𝑉𝑥 = + 2 [(𝑥) ( )] =
𝐿 2𝐿
1   wx  x  − wx 3
M x = − ( x )  = S F D
2   L  3  6L
at B, x = 0, VB = 0 , MB = 0 - ve
wL wL2 Third order variation
at A, x = L, V A = , MA = − 𝑤𝐿2
2 6 B M D
6

A cantilever beam of span L is carrying a uniformly

distributed load of w/unit run over the entire span.
Segment: AB HA
X A B
wx L
Section: XX MA
B V A
Orizon : B X x
wL
x = distance from horizon to section XX
+ ve
Vx = +w( x ) = wx
 Linear variation
 x  − wx
2
M x = −  w( x )  = S F D
  2  2
at B, x = 0, VB = 0 , MB = 0 - ve
2
wL
wL2
at A, x = L, V A = wL , M A = − 2 B M D
2
Second order variation

September 2022 Shear Force and Bending Moment – Problem 5/5

 Shear Force and Bending Moment
Exercise Problems
1) Cantilever beam with concentrated load at free end
2) Cantilever beam with concentrated load at intermediate point
3) Cantilever beam with several concentrated loads
4) Cantilever beam with uniformly distributed load over the total span
5) Cantilever beam with uniformly distributed load over the partial span (3 cases)
6) Cantilever beam with uniformly distributed load and concentrated loads
7) Cantilever beam with a couple at free end
8) Cantilever beam with a couple at intermediate point
9) Simply supported beam with a concentrated load at mid span
10) Simply supported beam with a concentrated load at intermediate point
11) Simply supported beam with several concentrated loads
12) Simply supported beam with uniformly distributed load over the total span
13) Simply supported beam with uniformly distributed load over the partial span (3 cases)
14) Simply supported beam with uniformly distributed load concentrated loads
15) Simply supported beam with a couple at intermediate point
16) The presence of overhang (single or double) reduces the bending moment in the span

September 2022 Shear Force and Bending Moment – Problems-2 1/7

17) Limitation on the length of overhang:

Case (i) If the length of overhang ‘a’ in increased then negative BM increases and positive
BM decreases. Similarly, if the length of overhang ‘a’ decreased then negative BM
decreases and positive BM increases
Therefore, for maximum bending moment is to be minimum, the positive bending moment
and negative bending moment shall be equal numerically.
𝑤𝑎2 𝑤𝑙 2 𝑤𝑎2
= −  𝑎 = 0.3535 𝑙 i.e., 35% of span
2 8 2
Case (ii) If the length of overhang ‘a’ is 0.5 l, i.e., both supports are at mid-point, then entire
beam is in hogging bending (sagging bending is not present anywhere in the
beam).

September 2022 Shear Force and Bending Moment – Problems-2 2/7

18) Limitation on the length of overhang:
Crane hooks C and D are used to lift a prismatic concrete pole AB of length ‘L’. The
pole remains horizontal during the lift. Determine the most suitable position for crane
hooks C and D. Draw the SFD and BMD by indicating all salient values.

w = self-weight of pole (N/m)

𝑤𝐿
Support reactions: 𝑅𝑐 = 𝑅𝑑 =
2
𝑤𝑎2
maximum negative bending moment (hogging) at support is 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2

maximum positive bending moment (sagging) at the mid span is

(𝐿−2𝑎) 𝐿 𝐿 𝑤𝐿 𝐿 𝑤𝐿2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝐶 [ ]− 𝑤( )( ) = [ − 𝑎] −
2 2 4 2 2 8
Equating the numerical values of the two bending moments 𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝟏 𝑳
(almost 20 % of total length of member)

0.2071 0.353534
0.5858 0.292933
0.2071 0.353534
1 1
19) A beam of length of ‘L’ carries a uniformly distributed load ’w’ per unit run on the entire
length. It has one support at left end and the other support at distance ‘a’ from right end.
Find the value of ‘a’ so that the maximum bending moment for the beam is as small as
possible. Draw the SFD and BMD for this position by showing all salient values.

September 2022 Shear Force and Bending Moment – Problems-2 3/7

Support reactions are Va and Rc , Right end B is free end and Roller support is at C (at
distance ‘a’ from right end)
(𝑳)
∑ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑹𝒄 + 𝑽𝒂 − 𝒘(𝑳) = 𝟎 and ∑ 𝑴𝒛 = 𝟎 ⇒ ∑ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑹𝒄 (𝑳 − 𝒂) − 𝒘(𝑳) =𝟎
𝟐
𝒘𝑳𝟐 𝒘𝑳(𝑳−𝟐𝒂)
𝑹𝒄 = 𝟐(𝑳−𝒂) and 𝑽𝒂 = 𝟐(𝑳−𝒂)

𝑳(𝑳−𝟐𝒂)
Shear force at ‘x’ distance from left end A is zero ⇒ +𝑽𝒂 − 𝒘𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 =
𝟐(𝑳−𝒂)
𝒙
Bending moment at ‘x’ distance from left end A is 𝑴𝒙 = +𝑽𝒂 𝒙 − 𝒘𝒙
𝟐
𝑤𝐿2 (𝐿−2𝑎) 2
maximum positive bending moment (sagging) is 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [ (𝐿−𝑎) ]
8
𝑤𝑎2
maximum negative bending moment (hogging) is 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [ ]
2
For the condition ‘the maximum bending moment in the beam is as small as possible’, the
maximum positive bending moment (sagging) shall be equal to maximum negative bending
moment (hogging) numerically
𝒘𝑳𝟐 (𝑳−𝟐𝒂) 𝟐
𝟖
[ (𝑳−𝒂) ] =[
𝒘𝒂𝟐
𝟐
]  𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟗𝑳
For this value of ‘a’ 𝑽𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟗𝒘𝑳 𝑹𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝟏𝒘𝑳
maximum positive bending moment (sagging) =
𝒘𝑳𝟐
maximum negative bending moment (hogging) =
𝟐𝟑.𝟑

September 2022 Shear Force and Bending Moment – Problems-2 4/7

20) A beam ABCD is supported at B and C with equal over hang ‘a’ on both ends and loaded
with a uniformly distributed load ‘w’ per unit run over the length ‘L’ between supports B
and C along with concentrated load ‘W’ at each end A and D. If W = wL, find the length
of overhang ‘a’ when the bending moment at the middle point ‘E’ of the beam ABCD is
zero. For this position, draw the SFD and BMD by indicating all salient values.

𝒘𝑳+𝑾+𝑾
𝑹𝒃 = 𝑹𝒄 = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝒘𝑳
𝟐
𝑳 𝑳 𝑳 𝟏 𝑳 𝑳
𝑴𝑬 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝒘𝑳 ( ) − (𝒘𝑳) (𝒂 + ) − 𝒘 ( ) ( ) = (𝒘𝑳) ( − 𝒂)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟖
𝑳 𝑳
𝑴𝑬 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝒘𝑳) ( − 𝒂) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒂 =
𝟖 𝟖

21) A beam ABCD of 20 m long is supported at B and C with 2m overhang AB at left end
and ‘k’ m overhang CD at right end. The self-weight of beam is w per unit run. A
concentrated load of 5w is acting at left end. Determine the value of ‘k’ if the mid-point E
of the beam ABCD is point of inflexion. For this position, draw the SFD and BMD by
indicating all salient values.

September 2022 Shear Force and Bending Moment – Problems-2 5/7

Point E is point of inflexion
𝟏𝟎
(𝑴𝑬 )𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕 = −𝒘(𝟏𝟎) ( ) − 𝟓𝒘(𝟏𝟎) + 𝑹𝒃 (𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑹𝒃 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝒘
𝟐
∑ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑹𝒃 + 𝑹𝒄 − 𝟓𝒘 − 𝟐𝟎𝒘 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑹𝒄 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝒘
𝟏𝟎
(𝑴𝑬 )𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 = −𝒘(𝟏𝟎) ( ) + 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝒘(𝟏𝟎 − 𝒌) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒌 = 𝟔𝒎
𝟐

22) A beam ADEBC of 12 m long is supported at left end A by hinge and roller at B with 3m
overhang BC at right end. Clockwise couple of 18 kN-m is applied at free end C.
Concentrated loads of 3 kN and 4.5 kN are acting at D and E respectively. Uniformly
varying load spread over ADEB of 9m with 2 kN/m at left end A and zero intensity at B.
AD = DE = EB = 3m. Draw the SFD and BMD by indicating all salient values.

∑ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 ⇒
𝟏
𝑽𝒂 + 𝑹𝒃 − 𝟒. 𝟓 − 𝟑 − (𝟐) (𝟐)(𝟗) = 𝟎  𝑽𝒂 + 𝑹𝒃 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓𝒌𝑵
𝟏 𝟏
∑ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑽𝒂 (𝟎) + 𝑹𝒃 (𝟗) − 𝟒. 𝟓(𝟔) − 𝟑(𝟑) − (𝟐) (𝟐)(𝟗) (𝟑) (𝟗) − 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟎
𝑹𝒃 = 𝟗𝒌𝑵 𝑽𝒂 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝒌𝑵

September 2022 Shear Force and Bending Moment – Problems-2 6/7

23) A beam ACDEB of 8 m long is supported A and B. It is loaded as shown below. Draw
the AFD, SFD and BMD by indicating all salient values.

oOo

September 2022 Shear Force and Bending Moment – Problems-2 7/7