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UNITS & DIMENSIONS 3

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 IN
MEASUREMENT
How to find ERRORS in Measurements?
Error is amount of uncertainty in measurement of the magnitude of a physical quantity.

Error = Measured Value – True Value

 Types of ERROR
● Instrumental errors
● Systematic errors
● Random errors
● Personal errors
Instrumental Errors - These errors arise due to use of faulty
instrument.

Systematic Errors - These errors arise due to definite cause and

takes place according to some rule.
Random Errors - These errors are random and occur irregularly. It
can be due to changes in the ambient conditions like
temperature, pressure, etc. or due to limitations of instrument.

Personal Errors - The errors which occur due to limitation of the

human senses, judgment, carelessness and responses
How to calculate errors?
 CALCULATION of ERRORS

Most Probable Value amean

Absolute Error
Calculation Of Errors

Relative error :

Percentage error :
Length of the plate measured using Vernier caliper of least count 0.01 cm. The
measurements made were 3.11 cm, 3.13 cm, 3.14 cm & 3.14 cm. Find mean length
A. 3.15 cm
B. 3.13 cm
C. 3.14 cm
D. 3.12 cm
 The length of the plate measured using Vernier caliper of least
count 0.01 cm. The measurements made were 3.11 cm, 3.13cm, 3.14
cm and 3.14 cm. Find mean length, mean absolute error and % error

Solution: Step: 1

Step: 2

Step: 3
Length of the plate measured using Vernier caliper of least count 0.01 cm. The
measurements made were 3.11 cm, 3.13 cm, 3.14 cm & 3.14 cm.
Find mean absolute error
A. 0.05 cm
B. 0.03 cm
C. 0.02 cm
D. 0.01 cm

absolute error
|Δ a| = |a mean – ai|
 The length of the plate measured using Vernier caliper of least count
0.01 cm. The measurements made were 3.11 cm, 3.13cm, 3.14 cm and
3.14 cm. Find mean absolute error

Solution:
Step: 4

Step: 5

Step: 6
The length of the plate measured using Vernier caliper of least count 0.01 cm. The
measurements made were 3.11 cm, 3.13cm, 3.14 cm and 3.14 cm. Find % error

A. 3.19 %
B. 0.319 %
C. 31.9 %
D. 3.3 %
 The length of the plate measured using Vernier caliper of least
count 0.01 cm. The measurements made were 3.11 cm, 3.13cm,
3.14 cm and 3.14 cm. Find % error

Solution:
Step: 4

Step: 5

Step: 6
The size of the object measured by means of a Vernier calipers is 3.52 cm. If
the least count is 0.01 cm, estimate the percentage error in the measurement.
A. 0.28 %
B. 0.31 %
C. 2.81 %
D. 4.12 %
 The size of the object measured by means of a Vernier calipers is 3.52 cm. If
the least count is 0.01 cm, estimate the percentage error in the measurement.

Solution:
Step: 1

Step: 2

Step: 3
How to predict in Calculations?
1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Multiplication
4. Division ERROR
5. Powers
CALCULATING
1. ADDITION
R=x+y R=x+y
dR = dx + dy

ΔR = Δx + Δy
Error in y
Error in R Error in x

Note that ERRORS are ALWAYS added up

CALCULATING
2. SUBTRACTION
R=x-y R=x-y
dR = dx - dy

ΔR = Δx + Δy
Error in y
Error in R Error in x

Note that ERRORS are ALWAYS added up

R= x2y3 R= x2y3
√z
R = xy R= x
y
Calculate fractional error for R = √x /y2

A.

B.

C.

D.
 Calculate fractional error for R = √x /y2

Solution:

When the expressions are not simple, just

differentiate and get the results
A physical quantity A is dependent on the other quantities p, q, r & s.
The percentage error of measurement in p, q, r & s are
1%, 3%, 0.5% & 0.33% respectively, then the maximum percentage error in A is

A. 2%
B. 0%
C. 4%
D. 3%
The heat dissipated Q in a resistance(R) can be obtained by the measurement of
resistance, current(I) and time(t). If the maximum errors in the measurement of
these quantities are 2%, 1% and 1% respectively, then what is the maximum error in
the measurement of dissipated heat, Q = [ I2Rt/4.2 ] cal?

A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
 The heat dissipated Q in a resistance(R) can be obtained by the measurement of resistance,
current(I) and time(t). If the maximum errors in the measurement of these quantities are
2%, 1% and 1% respectively, then what is the maximum error in the measurement of
dissipated heat, Q = [ I2Rt/4.2 ] cal?

Solution:
A. -4%
B. -2%
C. -1%
D. -5%
 JEE Main 2019

The diameter & height of a cylinder are measured by a meter scale to be 12.6 ± 0.1
cm and 32.4 ± 0.1 cm, respectively. What will be the value of its volume in
appropriate significant figures ?

A. 4264 ± 81 cm3
B. 4300 ± 80 cm3
C. 4260 ± 80 cm3
D. 4264.4 ± 81.0 cm3
Solution:
 JEE Main 2019
In a simple pendulum experiment for determination of acceleration due to gravity (g),
time taken for 20 oscillations is measured by using a watch of 1 s least count. The mean
value of time taken comes out to be 30s. The length of pendulum is measured by using a
meter scale of least count 1 mm and the value obtained is 55.0 cm.
The % error in the determination of g is close to :

A. 6.8 %
B. 0.2 %
C. 3.5 %
D. 0.7 %
Solution:
The length of a simple pendulum is 100 cm known to have an accuracy of
1 mm. Its period of oscillation is 2s determined by measuring the time for 100
oscillations using a clock of 0.1s resolution. What is the accuracy in the
determined value of g?

A. 0.2%
B. 0.5%
C. 0.1%
D. 2%
The length & breadth of a rectangle are (4 cm ± 0.2 cm) and
(9 cm ± 0.3 cm) respectively. Find percentage error in
calculation of its area?

A. 2%
B. 4%
C. 6%
D. 8.3%
Two resistors have resistances x = (24 ± 0.5) Ω and y = (8 ± 0.3)Ω .
Calculate the absolute error and the percentage relative error in
calculating the combination of two resistances when they are in
(a) Series
A. 0.8, 2.0 %
B. 0.8 , 2.5 %
C. 1.2, 2.0 %
D. 1.2, 2.5 %
 Two resistors have resistances x = (24 ± 0.5) Ω and y = (8 ± 0.3)Ω .
Calculate the absolute error and the percentage relative error in
calculating the combination of two resistances when they are in
(a) Series

Solution:
Two resistors have resistances x = (24 ± 0.5) Ω and y = (8 ± 0.3)Ω .
Calculate the absolute error and the percentage relative error in
calculating the combination of two resistances when they are in
(b) Parallel

A. 0.2, 3.33 %
B. 0.3 , 6.66 %
C. 0.2, 0.66 %
D. 0.3, 3.33 %
x = (24 ± 0.5) Ω
y = (8 ± 0.3) Ω
 Two resistors have resistances x = (24 ± 0.5) Ω and y = (8 ± 0.3)Ω .
Calculate the absolute error and the percentage relative error in
calculating the combination of two resistances when they are in
(b) Parallel
Solution:
 x
Calculate fractional error for R =
x+y
A.

B.

C.

D.
 Calculate fractional error for

Solution:
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