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 Oracle Database
Programming Using
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 Oracle Database
Programming Using
Java and Web Services

Kuassi Mensah

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON

NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Elsevier Digital Press
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Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK

Copyright © 2006. Elsevier, Inc.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or

transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Application Submitted.

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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

For information on all Elsevier Digital Press publications

visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com

06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Printed in the United States of America

 To the memory of my mother and my father.

To my loving wife, Gabrielle, and my wonderful sons, Gareth and Kenneth.

This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Contents

Foreword xix

Preface xxi

Introduction xxv
Server-Side Database Programming
(Stored Procedures) xxvi
Database Programming Using JDBC, SQLJ,
and JPublisher xxviii
Database Programming with Web Services xxix
Putting Everything Together: The “All-You-Can-Eat Buffet” xxx

Acknowledgments xxxi

Part I: Java in the Database 1

1 Stored Procedures as Database Programming Model 3

1.1 Rationale for Stored Procedures 3
1.1.1 Simplifying Database Programming 3
1.1.2 Centrally Managed Data Logic 4
1.1.3 Performance: Run JDBC Applications Faster in
the Database 4
1.1.4 Encapsulation 10
1.1.5 Security: Advanced Data Access Control 10
1.1.6 Resource Optimization 11
1.1.7 Low-Cost Deployment 11
1.1.8 Fully Utilize Database Capabilities 11
1.2 Obstacles to the Adoption of Stored Procedures 11

vii
viii Contents

1.2.1 Lack of Portability across RDBMS Vendors 12

1.2.2 Scalability 12
1.2.3 Maintenance and Resilience to Schema Change 12
1.2.4 Hard to Debug 13
1.2.5 Weak Support for Complex Types 13
1.3 Languages for Stored Procedures 13
1.3.1 Proprietary Languages 13
1.3.2 Java for Stored Procedures 14
1.3.3 .NET Languages 18
1.4 PL/SQL or Java 19
1.4.1 PL/SQL and Java! 21

2 OracleJVM: Under the Hood 23

2.1 Design Goals and Architecture 23
2.1.1 Tight Integration with the RDBMS 24
2.1.2 J2SE Compatibility 24
2.1.3 How Is Java Stored in the Database? 25
2.1.4 Class Sharing 30
2.1.5 Interapplication Isolation (JSR 121) 32
2.1.6 Contrasting OracleJVM with the JDK VM 32
2.1.7 Resource Control 36
2.1.8 SQL Data Access from Java in the Database 37
2.1.9 DBMS_JAVA: The All-Purpose Tool for Administering
OracleJVM 39
2.2 Java Memory Management 41
2.2.1 Key Memory Structures of the Oracle Database 42
2.2.2 Java Memory Allocation Techniques 43
2.2.3 Garbage Collection Techniques 44
2.2.4 Java Memory Areas 46
2.2.5 Shared Servers versus Dedicated Processes 49
2.2.6 The Javapool 52
2.2.7 Top-Level Calls and Recursive Calls 53
2.2.8 State Preservation across Calls and End-of-Call Migration 54
2.2.9 End-of-Call,VM Termination, and Session Termination 58
2.3 Security in OracleJVM 60
2.3.1 User Authentication 60
2.3.2 Database-Schema Security 61
2.3.3 Resolver Specification and Class-Resolution Security 62
2.3.4 Login-User and Effective-User Security 64
2.3.5 Java 2 Security 66
2.3.6 Java 2 Security in OracleJVM 68
Contents ix

2.3.7 OracleJVM Security Best Practices 79

2.3.8 JNI Calls 80
2.4 Java VM Life Cycle 80
2.4.1 OracleJVM Install, Uninstall, and Reinstall 80
2.4.2 Java VM Initialization and Termination 81
2.5 Java Execution in the Database 81
2.5.1 The OracleJVM Interpreter 82
2.6 The Native Java Compiler (NCOMP) 84
2.6.1 What Is NCOMP? 84
2.6.2 Requirements and Design Choices 85
2.6.3 The NCOMP Process 88
2.6.4 The NCOMP Command 88
2.6.5 The STATUSNC Command 92
2.6.6 Dumping Java Classes with NCOMP 96
2.6.7 NCOMP Configuration and Planning 96
2.6.8 NCOMP Performance Tips, Improper Use,
and Troubleshooting 100
2.7 Conclusion 103

3 Developing and Running Java in

the Database 105
3.1 Developing Java in the Database 105
3.1.1 Turning JDBC Applications into Java Stored Procedures 105
3.1.2 Creating or Loading Java in the Database 106
3.1.3 Removing Java Sources, Classes, and Resources from
the Database 119
3.1.4 Setting/Querying Environment Variable and
System Properties 120
3.1.5 The Java Compiler within the Database 124
3.2 Turning Java in the Database into Stored Procedures 126
3.2.1 Call Spec Types 127
3.3 Mapping SQL and PL/SQL Types to/from Java Types 135
3.3.1 Mapping Matrix 135
3.3.2 Code Segments for Mapping 140
3.4 Invoking Java in the Database 207
3.4.1 Setup 207
3.4.2 Invoking Java in the Database Using OJVMJAVA 212
3.4.3 Invoking Java in the Database through the
PL/SQL Wrapper 214
3.4.4 Invoking Java in the Database through Client-side Stub 216
3.4.5 Errors and Exceptions Handling 221

Contents
x Contents

3.5 Managing Java in the Database 227

3.5.1 Java Audit 227
3.5.2 Oracle Enterprise Manager (Database Control) Support
for Java in the Database 228

4 Pragmatic Applications Using Java in

the Database 231
4.1 CNXO: Secure Credit Card Processing with Oracle and JSSE 231
4.2 Using J2EE and Java in the Database Together 239
4.2.1 Auto-generating Primary Keys for BMP Entity Beans 239
4.2.2 Calling-out EJB from OracleJVM 241
4.2.3 HTTP Call-Out: The Poor Man’s Cache Invalidation 249
4.2.4 JMS over Streams/AQ in the Database 253
4.3 JDBC Call-Out to Non-Oracle Databases 260
4.3.1 Description and Rationales 260
4.3.2 How Does It Work? 260
4.4 SAP Java Connector: Accessing the SAP System from the
Oracle Database 268
4.5 Excel-like Expression Parser in the Database 277
4.5.1 Rationales for Custom Parsers in the Database 277
4.5.2 What Is the Mini-Parser? 278
4.5.3 Implementing the Mini-Parser 279

5 Database Scripting Using Non-Java Languages 287

5.1 Why Contemplate Non-Java Languages for the Database? 287
5.1.1 Common Language Runtime in RDBMS 288
5.1.2 Scripting Languages Support in RDBMS 288
5.2 Database Scripting with OracleJVM—Just for Fun! 288
5.2.1 Proof of Concept #1: Running TCL (JACL) Scripts in
the Database 289
5.2.2 Proof of Concept #2: Running Jython (Python) in
the Database 297
5.2.3 Proof of Concept #3: Running Kawa (Scheme) in
the Database 299
5.2.4 Proof of Concept #4: Running Groovy in the Database 302

Part II: Java Persistence and Java SQL Data Access 317
Database Programming with Oracle JDBC 318
Contents xi

6 Introducing the JDBC Technology and

Oracle’s Implementation 319
6.1 JDBC Primer 319
6.1.1 First Steps in JDBC 319
6.1.2 JDBC within J2SE and J2EE Environments 324
6.2 Overview of JDBC Specifications 325
6.2.1 Overview of JDBC 1.22 Specification
(Where Things Started!) 325
6.2.2 Overview of JDBC 2.0 Specification
(A Major Spec!) 326
6.2.3 Overview of JDBC 3.0 Specification 328
6.2.4 Overview of Upcoming JDBC 4.0 Specification 330
6.2.5 JDBC Standards Support in the Oracle JDBC Drivers 331
6.3 Architecture and Packaging of Oracle JDBC Drivers 334
6.3.1 Rearchitected Oracle JDBC Drivers 334
6.3.2 Packaging of Oracle JDBC Drivers 336
6.3.3 Features Differences Between Driver Types 340
6.3.4 JDBC Drivers and Database Interoperability 343

7 URL, DataSource, Connection, and Statements 345

7.1 JDBC URL 345
7.2 DataSources 348
7.2.1 The OracleDataSource 349
7.2.2 DataSources and JNDI 351
7.3 Connections and Connection Services 357
7.3.1 JDBC Connections and Oracle Extensions 357
7.3.2 Connection Caching: Implicit Connection Cache 358
7.3.3 The Connection Cache Manager 383
7.3.4 RAC Events and Fast Application Notification 391
7.3.5 High Availability: Fast Connection Failover 400
7.3.6 Scalability: Connection Load Balancing 406
7.3.7 JDBC Support for Transparent Application Fail-over 409
7.3.8 Proxy Authentication 415
7.3.9 Connection Wrapping 422
7.3.10 JDBC Connections in Grid Environment 424
7.4 JDBC Statements and Oracle Extensions 427
7.4.1 JDBC Statement Types 427
7.4.2 Statement 428
7.4.3 PreparedStatement 432
7.4.4 CallableStatement (Calling Stored Procedures) 444

Contents
xii Contents

7.4.5 Retrieval of Auto-Generated Keys and DML

with Returning 454
7.4.6 Statement Caching 457
7.4.7 DML Batching 466

8 SQL Data Access and Manipulation 471

8.1 Key Metadata in JDBC 471
8.1.1 DatabaseMetaData: OracleDatabaseMetaData 471
8.1.2 ResultSetMetaData: OracleResultSetMetaData 473
8.1.3 ParameterMetaData 476
8.1.4 StructMetaData 478
8.2 Manipulating Oracle Data Types with JDBC 479
8.2.1 Manipulating SQL Null Data 488
8.2.2 Manipulating Character Data Types 489
8.2.3 Oracle JDBC Support for Number Data Types 492
8.2.4 JDBC Support for Long and Raw Data Types 496
8.2.5 JDBC Support for SQL Datetime Data Types 500
8.2.6 JDBC Support for LOB Datatypes 505
8.2.7 JDBC Support for ROWID 517
8.2.8 JDBC Support for OPAQUE Type 518
8.2.9 JDBC Support for XMLType 518
8.2.10 JDBC Support for SQL Object Types and
References Types 522
8.2.11 JDBC Support for User-Defined Collections 539
8.2.12 JDBC Support for Spatial Types 553
8.2.13 Unsupported Types 553
8.3 Result Set Support in Oracle JDBC 554
8.3.1 The Result Set API in a Nutshell 554
8.3.2 The Oracle Result Set Interface 558
8.3.3 Oracle JDBC Support for Scrollable Result Sets 559
8.3.4 Oracle JDBC Support for Updatable Result Sets 565
8.3.5 Prefetching and Auto Refresh 573
8.3.6 Changes Detection and Visibility 575
8.4 RowSet 577
8.4.1 Introducing the RowSet API 577
8.4.2 JDBCRowSet and OracleJDBCRowSet 579
8.4.3 CachedRowSet and OracleCachedRowSet 581
8.4.4 WebRowSet and OracleWebRowSet 587
8.4.5 FilteredRowSet and OracleFilteredRowSet 610
8.4.6 JoinRowSet and OracleJoinRowSet 617
8.5 Conclusion 623
Contents xiii

9 JDBC Quality of Services and

Best Practices 625
9.1 Transaction Services 625
9.1.1 Transactions 625
9.1.2 AutoCommit 625
9.1.3 Transaction Isolation Levels 626
9.1.4 Transaction SavePoint Support 627
9.1.5 Global/Distributed Transaction 632
9.1.6 Connection Sharing between Local and
Global Transactions 640
9.2 Security Services 642
9.2.1 Oracle JDBC Support for SSL 642
9.3 Tips and Best Practices 657
9.3.1 End-to-End Tracing 658
9.3.2 Common Errors 662
9.3.3 Optimizing Result Set Retrieval 662
9.3.4 Logging Service 663
9.4 Conclusion 666

Part III: Oracle Database Programming with SQLJ 667

10 Introducing the SQLJ Technology and

Oracle’s Implementation 669
10.1 Overview 669
10.1.1 What Is SQLJ? 669
10.1.2 Why SQLJ? 671
10.1.3 The Oracle SQLJ Translator 676
10.1.4 The Oracle SQLJ Runtime 689
10.1.5 Environment Setup 690
10.1.6 SQLJ Primer 692
10.2 SQLJ in the Database 693

11 The SQLJ Language and Oracle Extensions 701

11.1 Declaration Statements 701
11.1.1 Import Statements 701
11.1.2 Connection Contexts 701
11.1.3 Execution Contexts 712
11.1.4 Iterators 717
11.1.5 IMPLEMENTS Clause in Context Declarations 726

Contents
xiv Contents

11.1.6 WITH Clause in Context Declarations 728

11.2 Executable Statements 730
11.2.1 Statement Clauses 731
11.2.2 Assignment Clauses 737
11.2.3 Dynamic SQL 740
11.3 Expressions in SQLJ 744
11.3.1 Context and Result Expressions 746
11.3.2 Expressions Evaluation 748
11.4 Interoperability: Using SQLJ and JDBC Together 748
11.4.1 JDBC to SQLJ Interoperability 748
11.4.2 SQLJ to JDBC Interoperability 751
11.5 Conclusion 753

12 SQLJ Data Access and Best Practices 755

12.1 Manipulating Oracle SQL and PL/SQL Data Types with SQLJ 755
12.1.1 Oracle SQLJ Type-Mapping Summary 755
12.1.2 Column Definitions 759
12.1.3 Manipulating SQL Null Data with SQLJ 760
12.1.4 Manipulating Character Data Types with SQLJ 762
12.1.5 Oracle SQLJ Support for Number Data Types 764
12.1.6 SQLJ Streams, LONG, and RAW Data Types 765
12.1.7 SQLJ Support for SQL Datetime Data Types 772
12.1.8 SQLJ Support for SQL LOB Data Types 774
12.1.9 SQLJ Support for Oracle SQL ROWID 780
12.1.10 SQLJ Support for OPAQUE Types 782
12.1.11 SQLJ Support for SQL Object Types and SQL
References Types 783
12.1.12 Serialized Java Objects 796
12.1.13 SQLJ Support for User-Defined SQL Collections 807
12.1.14 PL/SQL Associative Array 809
12.1.15 Unsupported Types 809
12.2 SQLJ Best Practices 811
12.2.1 Row Prefetch 811
12.2.2 Statement Caching 811
12.2.3 Update Batching 812
12.3 Conclusion 813
Contents xv

Part IV: Oracle Database Programming with JPublisher 815

13 Abridged Oracle JPublisher 817

13.1 Why JPublisher? 817
13.2 Overview 819
13.2.1 Environment Requirements 821
13.2.2 JPublisher Options 829
13.3 JPublisher In Action 849
13.3.1 User-Defined SQL Object Types 850
13.3.2 SQL Object Reference Types (REF types) 854
13.3.3 REF Cursor Types and Subclassing 855
13.3.4 User-Defined SQL Collection Types 858
13.3.5 User-Defined OPAQUE Types 862
13.3.6 XMLType 863
13.3.7 PL/SQL Conversion Functions 865
13.3.8 PL/SQL RECORD Types 866
13.3.9 PL/SQL Table or Scalar Index-by-Table 866
13.3.10 Oracle Streams AQ 872
13.3.11 Java in the Database 873
13.4 Conclusion 873

Part V: Programming the Oracle Database with Web Services 875

14 Web Services and SOA for DBA, Data Architects,

and Others 879
14.1 Web Services 101 879
14.1.1 Core Web Services Technologies 880
14.2 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA):
The Bigger Picture 890
14.3 Conclusion 897

15 Database as Web Services Provider Service 899

15.1 Rationales for Database as Web Services Provider 899
15.2 How Does Database as Web Services
Provider Work? 899
15.2.1 Implementation and Packaging 900
15.2.2 How Does Oracle Database as Web Services
Provider Work? 901

Contents
xvi Contents

15.2.3 Web Services and SOA Features in Oracle Application

Server 10.1.3 902
15.3 Turning Oracle Database Functionality into Web Services 905
15.3.1 Type Conversions and Result Set Representation 905
15.3.2 Setting up the Oracle AS OC4J for Database as Web
Services Provider 907
15.3.3 Assembling PL/SQL Web Services Using
JDeveloper Wizard 908
15.4 Assembling Database Web Services Using the
Command-Line Tool 925
15.4.1 Assembling PL/SQL Web Services Using Web
Services Assembler 928
15.4.2 Assembling Java in the Database as a Web Service 937
15.4.3 Assembling SQL Queries or SQL DML Statements as
Web Services 939
15.4.4 Assembling Oracle Streams AQ as Web Services 940
15.5 Data Type Restrictions 942
15.6 Conclusion 943

16 Database as Web Services Consumer 945

16.1 Rationales for Database as Web Services Consumer 945
16.2 How Database as Web Services Consumer Works 946
16.2.1 The Software Pieces 946
16.2.2 The Required Steps 947
16.3 Turning Your Oracle Database into a Web Service Consumer 954
16.3.1 Ensure That Java Is Installed in the Database 954
16.3.2 Installing JPublisher on the Client Machine 955
16.3.3 Installing the Web Services Call-Out Utility in
Your Database 956
16.4 Database Web Services Call-Out Samples 959
16.4.1 Calling Out Google Search Web Service 959
16.4.2 Calling Out the Phone Verifier Web Service 962
16.5 Conclusion 964

Part VI: Putting Everything Together 965

17 360-Degree Programming the

Oracle Database 967
17.1 TECSIS Systems: Custom Enterprise Integration Framework 968
17.1.1 About the Company 968
Contents xvii

17.1.2 About the Application 968

17.1.3 Our Business and Technical Requirements 969
17.1.4 The Architecture of the Integration Framework 970
17.1.5 The Complete Picture 972
17.1.6 Conclusion 974
17.2 Oracle interMedia 974
17.2.1 What Is Oracle interMedia? 974
17.2.2 How Does It Work? 975
17.2.3 Rationales for Storing Media Data in the Database 976
17.2.4 interMedia Powered by the Oracle Database
Extensibility Framework 978
17.2.5 interMedia Powered by Java in the Database 978
17.2.6 Developing Feature-Rich Multimedia Applications
Using interMedia 981
17.3 British Columbia: Online Corporate Registration 993
17.3.1 Corporate Online: Background 994
17.3.2 How It Works 994
17.3.3 Architecture: Requirements and Design 994
17.3.4 Messaging across Tiers 1004
17.3.5 Future Work 1009
17.3.6 Conclusion 1009
17.4 Information Retrieval Using Oracle Text 1009
17.4.1 What Is Oracle Text? 1010
17.4.2 Why Java in the Database? 1011
17.4.3 Technical Features 1012
17.4.4 Benefits of an Integrated Search Capability 1016
17.4.5 Yapa 1017
17.4.6 Conclusion 1028
17.5 Database-Driven Content Management System
(DBPrism CMS) 1028
17.5.1 DBPRISM CMS: Key Features and Benefits 1029
17.5.2 The Architecture of DBPrism CMS 1030
17.5.3 DBPrism CMS Internals 1033
17.5.4 Extended Capabilities 1046
17.5.5 Text Searching 1049
17.5.6 Installing DBPRism CMS 1051
17.5.7 Future Work 1057
17.6 Conclusion 1058

Index 1059

Contents
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Foreword

I spend the bulk of my time working with Oracle database software and,
more to the point, with people who use this software. Over the last 18
years, I’ve worked on many projects—successful ones as well as complete
failures—and if I were to encapsulate my experiences into a few broad state-
ments, they would be

 An application built around the database—dependent on the data-

base—will succeed or fail based on how it uses the database. Addi-
tionally, in my experience, all applications are built around databases.
I cannot think of a single useful application that does not store data
persistently somewhere.
 Applications come, applications go. The data, however, lives forever.
In the long term, the goal is not about building applications; it really
is about using the data underneath these applications.
 A development team needs at its heart a core of database-savvy devel-
opers who are responsible for ensuring the database logic is sound
and the system is built to perform from day one. Tuning after the fact
(tuning after deployment) typically means you did not give serious
thought to these concerns during development.

These may seem like surprisingly obvious statements, but I have found
that too many people approach the database as if it were a black box—some-
thing that they don’t need to know about. Maybe they have a SQL genera-
tor that they figure will save them from the hardship of having to learn the
SQL language. Maybe they figure they will just use the database like a flat
file and do keyed reads. Whatever they figure, I can tell you that thinking

xix
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It was not until sometime during the afternoon that we undeceived
him in regard to the true nature of things; it was sometime before
he could comprehend the sudden change, or be made to believe
that he was really in my hands. But as he gradually became
convinced of the fact he began a series of lies that would have
shamed “Baron Munchausen” himself. We stopped him short,
however, and told him that if he would not report us for one month
we would let him go, at which he sprang at me, seizing my hand
with both of his, he pledged himself and swore by all that was holy
and righteous that he never would report us while he lived. He
shook hands with us all and started, looking back every ten feet until
he was out of sight, then he seemed to double his speed until he
was out of hearing.

While the sun was yet an hour high we started on our way, keeping
in the woods until dark, then passing west of Potosi, by traveling all
night, we reached a point near the town of Centreville, in Reynolds
county, where we obtained feed for ourselves and horses.

In traveling down Black river late one evening we ran into a squad of
Federals, six in number, whom we charged in a furious manner, firing
on them with our revolvers. They did not return our fire, but ran
most gloriously. We killed one and captured two more; those we
captured stated that they belonged to Leeper‘s command; this being
the case of course we shot them.

We took their horses and arms, made another night‘s journey, and
arrived safely in Green county, Arkansas. There I found a dispatch
for me from Gen. Sterling Price, requesting me to take charge of the
advance guard of his army, as he was “going up to possess
Missouri,” to which I most gladly consented on conditions that I
would be released as soon as we should reach the vicinity of my old
home on Big river.
 CHAPTER XXX.
Commanded the advance guard in Price‘s raid.—The Federals
burn Doniphan.—Routed them completely.—Captured some at
Patterson.—Killed Abright at Farmington.—Left Price‘s army.—
Killed four Federals.—Maj. Montgomery storms Big River Mills.—
Narrow escape from capture.

It is not my purpose to give a history of Price‘s raid into Missouri

further than to narrate a few facts connected with my own
operations.

In September, 1864, by request, I took charge of the advance guard

after all arrangements were made for the grand campaign. The
dispatch that came to me, having stated that General Price designed
taking Missouri and holding it, I felt that a great honor was
conferred upon me, and was pleased beyond measure with the
prospect of being once more enabled to triumph over my enemies
and to peaceably establish myself at the home of my childhood,
among the blissful scenes of my earlier years.

While these day-dreams were passing through my excited

imagination, I repaired to the designated point and found that my
command consisted of a party of ragged Missourians, about forty in
number, some of whom I knew. Keeping pace with the main body of
the army, we traveled not more than fifteen miles each day. Nothing
of importance occurred until we reached the town of Doniphan in
Ripley county, Missouri; when, on approaching the place, we
discovered large volumes of smoke arising from the town. We put
spurs to our horses and hastened into the place as soon as possible;
finding that the Federals in evacuating the place, had set fire to
every house but one, and that belonged to a Federal officer, we
concluded that it had better burn also. We arrived in time to save
the mill which seemed to have burned very slowly. It appears that
McNeal‘s and Leeper‘s men were on their way to burn up our Green
County Confederacy, but ascertaining that Price was on his march for
Missouri they set fire to the town and decamped. We pursued and
overtook them before they got to Greenville, had a little skirmish,
lost two men killed and four wounded, captured sixteen Federals and
shot them, rushed on to the town of Patterson, captured eleven
negroes and seven white men in Federal uniform and shot them.
While the main army advanced slowly I scouted in front of it with my
command; but Federals and Union men were very scarce; I still held
the advance however, passing through Greenville, Bloomfield,
Fredericktown and Farmington; all of which were evacuated before
our arrival, and through which I passed with my force without
molesting anyone with one exception. On reaching Farmington no
resistance was offered; the people were somewhat alarmed, but all
surrendered quietly except a German, named Abright, who ran when
we approached, refused to halt, and was shot of course.

Finally, reaching the Iron Mountain Railroad at Mineral Point, we tore

up the road, burned several bridges, and tore down the telegraph;
but finding no one to kill, I left the command, according to previous
agreement, and hastened to the neighborhood of my personal
enemies. Finding none of them there to kill I employed myself in
recruiting for the Southern army, and succeeded in the short space
of six days in getting a full company, who were sworn in, and under
Capt. Holmes went into the Southern service. While laboring for the
cause of the South I was at the residence of Maj. Dick Berryman at
the stone house in Bogy‘s Lead Mines, near Big river, with a portion
of Capt. Holmes‘ men, when four Federals who had escaped from
the fort at Ironton during the siege, came along the road; with but
little difficulty we effected their capture, shot them and threw their
bodies into a mineral hole.
The main army did not remain long in our section of country; Gen.
Price indeed was a great military chieftain, but his present campaign
through Missouri seemed to lack design; from the time he entered
the State until he left it, he garrisoned no posts in the rear. Pilot
Knob, the terminus of the railroad from St. Louis and the depot for
supplies for all Southeast Missouri was taken, and then abandoned
on the next day; he made his way to Missouri river and then up that
stream in the direction of Kansas for several hundred miles without
molestation leaving St. Louis, the great commercial key of the West,
almost “spoiling to be taken.” The great Missouri chieftain left St.
Louis to his right, while the heavy force at that place were quietly
taking possession of the abandoned posts in his rear. If he had
joined the “Independent Bushwhacking Department of the
Confederate States of America” with all his men, in less than thirty
days there would not have been a Federal soldier west of the
Mississippi. While Maj. Berryman and a few other officers stayed in
St. Francois county recruiting, the main army gained the Missouri
river and was quietly making a blind march in the direction of Idaho.

The Federal forces took possession of the Iron Mountain railroad,

and on one pleasant afternoon in October, our new recruits armed
with their shot guns and squirrel rifles were run into by Maj.
Montgomery of the Sixth Missouri Cavalry and completely routed, in
which their loss was seven killed and all the balance missing.
Montgomery also killed several citizens, whose names were Fite,
Vandover, and Judge Haile, the father of Irvine M. Haile, who was
previously murdered by Milks‘ men.

On the day before Maj. Montgomery routed the new recruits at Big
River Mills, I went with some men to Cadet on the railroad and took
from the store of Mr. Kellerman a wagon load of goods which I
delivered up to Maj. Berryman, who distributed them among his
men. Maj. Montgomery, with two companies of the Sixth Missouri
Cavalry, struck our trail and followed us nearly into camp; but when
he ran into the pickets they obeyed the orders I had previously
given, and ran in a different direction from the camp, thereby
leading the Federals away from our squad of raw recruits, and giving
them time to escape. I was not at Big River Mills when Montgomery
stormed the place, but was at St. Joseph Lead Mines, when he
passed. I was sitting on my horse talking to a lady, when the first
thing that I saw of them they were within a few yards of me; I
assumed an air of unconcern and continued the conversation; on
discovering that they were eyeing me very closely, I turned my horse
and rode within a few feet of the column in the direction they were
going, talking back to the lady until I was too far off to continue the
conversation. I then found myself near a lieutenant whom I
addressed as captain, asking him in a very awkward manner if he
was going to Big River Mills to drive the Rebels off, which he
answered in the affirmative. I told him that I would like to help if I
had a gun, but he told me very curtly that he wanted no men who
were not drilled. My horse seemed to be a little lame and I gradually
fell back, talking all the time to the man opposite me until the last
one had passed. I kicked and “cussed” my horse to try to keep up
but I could not do it. On getting about one hundred yards behind I
availed myself of an opportunity at a turn in the road and took to the
woods; the lameness of my horse was very much improved, but I
could not beat them into the town; however, I knew that the pickets
would lead them off some other way. They did so, but were
overtaken and killed at the ford above the mill pond.

The new recruits were within hearing of the guns and “broke for tall
timber.” The short sojourn of the Confederate forces in Missouri was
indeed a severe blow to the course I had marked out for myself. In
my excited imagination I had raised the veil and looked down the
vista of time, beheld the Southern arms triumphant, our country
again restored to peace and prosperity, and my little family and my
aged mother leaning upon my arm for support at the old homestead,
surrounded by all the endearments of our once happy days. But I
was awakened from my dream by the unhappy termination of Price‘s
raid; it impressed my mind very forcibly with the fact that the people
of Missouri were tired of the war and would sacrifice but little more
at the shrine of their political convictions. In fact a large majority of
them were compelled by circumstances beyond their control to
remain at home and take their chances. The atrocities committed in
their midst by men professing Union sentiments finally failed to elicit
from them a casual remark.

When the war began, the American people were untutored in regard
to the cruelties of war; in fact, I am inclined to the opinion that there
was not a nation upon earth which had formed the most remote
conception of the cruelties of the American people, with all their
boasted moral and religious training. Even the words of political bias
expressed in times of peace, many years before the war
commenced, while yet almost the whole nation was of the same
opinion, were treasured up and resurrected against certain citizens,
for which their lives were taken.

From a contemplation of this unwelcome subject I turned my mind,

and through my native woods I traveled alone to my home in
Arkansas, with my fond hopes crushed, and my spirits below zero.
 CHAPTER XXXI.
Selected three men and went to Missouri to avenge the death of
Rev. William Polk.—Got ammunition in Fredericktown.—Killed
the German who informed on Polk.—Returned to Arkansas.

After recruiting our horses and making all necessary arrangements

for the comfort and convenience of my family in my absence, I
selected three men and started to Madison county, Missouri, for the
express purpose of killing the German who reported on preacher
Polk, and by whose instigation his murder, by the Union soldiers, had
been brought about.

That venerable Baptist minister, William Polk, was about seventy

years of age, and had been preaching for about forty years. As a
christian of unquestionable piety no man ever stood higher; as a
citizen his conduct was irreproachable, and as to his loyalty and
patriotism it never before was brought into question. From his lips
no word had ever dropped that could be construed into an
expression of sympathy for the Southern rebellion.

In the latter part of October, 1864, three Federal soldiers rode up to

his house to rob him first and then kill him.

They demanded his money which he gave up, amounting to twenty

dollars, he told them that he had no more, at which they replied that
twenty dollars was not enough to save his life.

They took him out of the yard, when a Federal soldier by the name
of Robert Manning shot him through the head.
Believing that the German informer was the most guilty one in this
transaction, I was willing to attempt his capture even at this
inclement season of the year.

Camping out in the woods was disagreeable; stopping at the houses

of our friends at night was extremely dangerous; and if a snow
should happen to fall, thereby exposing our trail to the Federals we
would be under the necessity of running a horse race for nearly two
hundred miles.

On reaching the St. Francis we found it considerably swollen from

recent rains higher up the river. I proceeded at once to swim it, and
arrived safely at the opposite bank, but my three men having
entered the river too near together their horses crowded each other,
which caused them to beat down with the current until one of my
men named Swan washed into a drift and came near being drowned
before I could pull off my coat and boots and swim to his rescue. I
got to him in time to pull him out on to a drift, but his horse washed
under it and we saw him no more.

After we had all got over we built a fire, dried our clothes and
camped for the night.

Swan did not feel well the next morning, so he concluded to make
an effort to get back to headquarters, while we proceeded on with
our journey, traveling only twenty or twenty-five miles per day,
stopping with our friends on the way.

On reaching Madison county we began to look out for Federal

squads, as there were two or three hundred troops quartered in
Fredericktown. My ammunition was getting very scarce and I felt as
though I would be compelled to stop and see my old friends in town.
We secreted ourselves and horses about a mile from the place, and
as daylight was near at hand we had to lay over for the day; on the
following night I made my way cautiously, and crawled into an alley
near the residence of my friend, when a dog espied me and tried to
make me retreat; I tried to negotiate with him, offering him as I
thought everything that was fair, but all to no purpose. About ten
o‘clock, all things being favorable, I went around to the opposite side
of town and started in through an open street, walking leisurely, but
keeping near the buildings. When I had got fairly into town I came
suddenly on a Federal picket at the corner of a block, who accosted
me by inquiring: “Where are you going, Bill?” I answered in a
whisper “after some whisky;” “all right” said he, “bring a fellow a
snort.” By this time I was out of whispering distance, and soon came
to a large saloon on the corner, passed around to the other side
which was closed up, and amused myself several minutes in looking
in at the window. I saw quite a number of the Federals, some
playing cards, some amusing themselves in various ways, and all of
them seemed to be enjoying themselves very well. I made my way
to the house of my friend, climbed over the plank fence, and gave a
peculiar wrap at the back door which was well understood. I got a
lunch, some good brandy, plenty of ammunition, rations to last two
days, and some very important information. I went out through the
alleys as a matter of choice, the smaller dogs being posted in the
alleys and the larger ones in the streets. As the night was half spent
we went into the neighborhood of Mr. O‘Banyon and camped in the
woods until the next evening, when we made our way over to the
German‘s who was accused of laying the plot for the murder of Elder
Polk.

Dressed in Federal uniform, we rode up to his house as the sun was

going down, were taken for Federal soldiers and received with a
great deal of cordiality. We had talked to him but a short time when
the subject of “Preacher Polk” was introduced. The German in a
boastful manner gave us the history of his transactions in the matter,
fully confirming his complicity in the murder. We marched him off
into the woods near the farm of Mr. North, where I talked all the
Dutch language to him that I knew, and after giving him distinctly to
understand that “hog killing time” had come, I shot him.
As soon as it was dark we rode back to the suburbs of Fredericktown
for the purpose of silencing a Union citizen of that place who had
made himself rather officious in reporting citizens for disloyalty, and
for accusing certain ones of having fed “Sam Hildebrand.”

I left one of my men with the horses, and taking the other, I went
into town and knocked at the door, our call was answered by a lady
who innocently told us that the man for whom we inquired had gone
to St. Louis, at which we politely bid her good night and left the
town. We hurried on to Castor creek to the house of a friend whose
hospitalities we enjoyed for several days, while we were endeavoring
by every means in our power to take in a certain man who lived in
that neighborhood; but the excitement we had raised by squelching
the German rendered our intended victim very shy. Finally we went
to his house just after dark one night and called for him, but his wife
declared that he was not at home. We made a diligent search
through every room, but not finding him we started for Cape
Girardeau county for the purpose of obtaining some supplies for the
winter. We succeeded in getting all that we could conveniently pack,
and started for Arkansas. We saw but one squad of Federals on our
homeward trip; we were passing through Stoddard county, east of
Bloomfield, when a party of about ten came up behind us, but they
fired upon us before they got near enough to do any harm, and by
taking to the woods we made our escape. They might easily have
compelled us to throw away our goods to facilitate our flight, if they
had felt disposed to continue the pursuit. As it was they never got in
sight of us any more, and although our horses were much jaded we
made very good time until dark and then proceeded on more slowly.
We swam the St. Francis without much trouble and landed home
safely.

I found my wife and children well, but Mr. Swan, whom I had
rescued from the turbid waters of the St. Francis had sickened and
died during our absence, and had been buried a few hours before
our arrival.
 CHAPTER XXXII.
Started with eight men on a trip to Arkansas river.—Hung a
“Scallawag” on White river—Went into Conway county.—
Treachery of a negro on Point Remove.—“Foot burning”
atrocities.—Started back and hung a renegade.

During the early part of the winter of 1864, several persons from the
vicinity of Lewisburg, Arkansas, came to our Headquarters and
reported trouble with the negroes and scallawags in that part of the
State.

Lewisburg is a small town on the north side of the Arkansas river,

about fifty miles above Little Rock; the country around this place is
very fertile, and before the war, was inhabited by a wealthy class of
farmers of the highest cast of honor and intelligence, the most of
whom owned a large number of slaves. It seems that as soon as the
ordinance emancipating the slaves was enforced in that part of the
country, several scallawags from the free States, slipped in among
the negroes, whose especial duty seemed to be to incite the negroes
to deeds of villainy.

About Lewisburg they seemed to have been very successful in their

mission as insurrectionists, and the continued reports from that
quarter convinced us that a short campaign among them during the
winter might be beneficial. In January, 1865, I started with eight
men, we passed through Lawrence and Independence counties, and
on reaching the beautiful country bordering on White river, which
had been in a high state of cultivation before the war, but now sadly
neglected, we approached near the town of Batesville, when we
learned that two or three of the very animals we were hunting for
were in that “neck of the woods.” I left six of my men with our
horses in a dense thicket, and three of us started out separately to
visit the negro cabins.

I had not proceeded far before I entered a dirty cabin of “colored

people,” whom I greeted very warmly. The household consisted of
an old man and woman, each about sixty years of age, and about
six others who were grown. The old man treated me with great
politeness, and would persist in calling me “Massa,” notwithstanding
my repeated objections. I talked to them some time on the subject
of their freedom; the old man gave me distinctly to understand that
he considered their condition much worsted by the change; but the
youngsters seemed to be in a high glee over their future prospects. I
succeeded in gaining their confidence by professing intense loyalty
to their cause, and ascertained beyond all doubt that a “Bosting
man” had been through the neighborhood to obtain their names and
their pledges to support him for Congress as soon as the war should
close, with the solemn promise from him that he would have all the
land and the property of the whites confiscated and given to them.

One of the boys showed me a paper which he said was a certificate

that he was to be the owner of the Anthony House in Little Rock. On
inquiring where I could find my “Bosting brother,” they told me that
he was “down about Lewisburg raising money from the Rebels to
build school houses for the colored people.”

After intimating that I was an officer of the Freedman‘s Bureau, I

was about to depart, when a tall, lank specimen of a genuine
Eastern philanthropist made his appearance at the door. After being
assured that I was “all right,” he remarked that he had been in the
neighborhood several days, and had made out a report of all the
property which would be confiscated as soon as he returned to
Washington. He proceeded to draw it out from the lining of his hat
and handed it to me to read, I fumbled about in my pockets for
some time, and then remarked that I had lost my spectacles; he
then took the paper and read it with a great deal of pomposity,
commenting occasionally on the names as he read them off.

I sanctioned the report heartily, and told him that it was bound to
win. He then remarked to the negroes that any assistance they could
render him in the way of money matters, would be thankfully
received, as he was working for their good alone. They contributed
all the money they had, which I think amounted to about six dollars.
I arose to depart, stating that I had promised to take dinner with
some colored friends about a mile from there, and insisted that my
“brother missionary” accompany me, to which he readily consented.

During our walk he laid before me many of his plots and plans,
which fully convinced me that he designated to excite the minds of
the negroes with the hope of ultimately expelling all the white
people from the State, except their immediate friends from the
North.

We finally arrived at the place, but it proved to be a Rebel camp

instead of a negro cabin. On coming up to the boys my missionary
seemed to be badly alarmed, but made no show of resistance. We
hung the scallawag to a limb, where he remained until we got our
dinner, then we took him down and threw him into a hole of water,
with a large stone tied to his feet. We crossed White river at a ferry
several miles below Batesville, immediately after which we came
suddenly upon a company of twenty armed men dressed in citizen‘s
clothes. As we were not posted in regard to the state of affairs in
that part of the State, we were utterly at a loss to know to which
side they belonged in this war.

We were first seen by a tall, awkward looking specimen of humanity,

who stepped out in front of us and questioned us about who we
were and where we were going.

He held in his hand a double-barreled gun large enough to have

killed all eight of us at one fire. Without answering his questions, as
we wished to take items before committing ourselves, I asked
“where is your Captain?” He replied that he was going to serve as
captain himself, and immediately made a remark that led us to
understand that they were merely a party starting out on a “bear
hunt.”

At night we stopped at the Round Pond, and ascertained that there

was but little Union sentiment in that part of the State, and that we
would meet with no trouble from the Federals until we got into the
counties bordering on Arkansas river. We avoided a military camp at
Clinton, not knowing to a certainty whether they were Rebels or not.

We had no source of information upon which we could explicitly rely.

On arriving in Conway county we stayed all night with an old
gentleman on Point Remove; but being fearful that our horses might
be stolen, we concluded to sleep under a shed between the stable
and the smokehouse.

About one o‘clock in the night we saw two negroes approaching the
smoke house very cautiously; after some little time they succeeded
in removing a log, when one of them crawled in. We made an
attempt to arrest the one on the outside, but he got away, followed
by two shots, which, however, missed him. A great consternation
was produced in the house, and out the old man came with a light.
On taking our prisoner out he made a clean breast of it; he
confessed that he belonged to a band of eight negroes, who were
camped on the bank of Arkansas river, between Point Remove and
Gilmore‘s Landing; that they were led by a white man, and were in
the habit of robbing white people, and making them tell where their
money was concealed by burning their feet.

On the next morning he consented to pilot us to the place where

they were camped; but instead of taking us directly to the place, he
took us a mile around through the cane, and finally brought us back
to within two hundred yards of where we had been before, and then
pointed to their camp. Here it was, sure enough, but the birds had
flown.

For this trick the body of a dead negro was soon discovered floating
down the muddy river.

I was much mortified in thus failing to squelch the foot-burning

scallawag who was leading the negroes on to such acts of cruelty;
but he succeeded in getting away and is no doubt by this time in
Congress.

After remaining in the woods a few miles from Lewisburg for several
days without being able to do any good toward ferreting out the
“foot-burners,” we started back through Van Buren and Izard
counties without molesting any one until we got near a little town
called Mount Olive, where we captured a man whom we accidentally
met in the road. Several of my men knew him, and stated that he
had been run off from Bloomfield, Missouri, for professing loyalty
during the second year of the war, and thus betraying the confidence
his neighbors had hitherto placed in him. He was also accused of
having had a man shot near Bloomfield, by reporting on him; this
accusation he virtually acknowledged after we had captured him.

We took him a few hundred yards from the road, hung him to a
limb, and proceeded on through Lawrence county to our old
headquarters.
 CHAPTER XXXIII.
Gloomy prospects for the South. Takes a trip to Missouri with
four men. Saved from capture by a woman. Visits his mother on
Big river. Robs the store of J. V. Tyler at Big River Mills.—Escapes
to Arkansas.

I had a long conversation with Capt. Bolin, who had just returned
from an expedition on the head waters of Current river, concerning
the probable termination of the war.

He was a man of considerable intelligence, and I always noticed on

his return from a raid his pockets were stuffed full of Yankee
newspapers.

I found him sitting on a log deeply absorbed in examining his

miscellaneous pile of news.

“Well, Captain! what‘s the news from the North? Are they ready to
give it up yet?”

“Give it up, indeed! Sam, the war is very near to a close.”

“I thought so! I knew they could not hold out much longer; I
suppose we have killed nearly half of them; I hope they will grin and
bear it until we get another swipe at them!”

“I rather think they will! but Sam, it is the South which is going
under; her fate is already sealed.”

“What makes you think so?”

“I think so because the great armies of the Confederacy are crippled
and almost annihilated; their whole country is overrun and
impoverished by immense Northern armies; I fear that our great
chieftains, will be compelled to yield, and when they go under, our
little fighting here must also stop.”

“Ah, Captain, you get that from your Yankee papers; I can‘t believe
anything that they contain.”

I must acknowledge however, that I was somewhat staggered by

Capt. Bolin‘s candid remarks. I immediately selected four men, being
determined to make another trip to see whether the Federals had
literally swallowed up the whole country or not.

We made our way up Black river, thinking that we would be very

likely to make the trip on that route without ever seeing a Federal.

One evening, on the first day of March, 1865, after remaining in a

thicket nearly all day, we concluded to approach the house of a
friend with whom we had stopped on a previous trip. A terrible rain
storm was coming up, and we thought we could leave our horses
where they were and repair to the house for shelter until the rain
should cease.

Our friend was from home; he had gone toward Springfield to look
after his son whom he feared had been murdered by some of the
roving bands of Federals. We learned from the good woman that
none of the enemy had passed that road for a long time; so feeling
perfectly safe we repaired to the barn intending to get a little sleep,
but took the precaution to crawl up into the loft and over the hay
into a low place near the wall.

Directly after dark we were awakened by the noise of a large empty

wagon that was driven up to the barn, just under our window; on
peeping out the truth flashed across our minds in an instant that not
less than fifty Federal soldiers were in the barn yard all around us;
but on watching their maneuvers a few minutes, we became
satisfied that they knew nothing of our presence.

The barn floor below us was soon full of them, and in a few minutes
eight or ten of them crawled up through the window on to the hay
and rolled up in their blankets, between us and the window. Our
escape seemed impossible; we could not slip out at the window
without stepping on the soldiers; we might indeed lay still and
escape detection for a while, but we knew full well that as soon as it
was light enough they would load their wagon with the hay and be
sure to discover us. For once I was at my wit‘s end.

In this predicament we lay for two long hours, when all at once we
heard the alarm of fire; our good woman was calling lustily for help.
In the corner of the yard about fifty feet from the house there stood
a little cabin that had once been her dwelling house but which was
now used as a kind of receptacle for old boxes and barrels.

This house was in flames, and we learned afterwards that she set it
on fire herself to draw the soldiers from the barn so that we might
effect our escape. In this she succeeded admirably; every one broke
for the fire and prevented it from catching the main building, while
we made our escape without any trouble whatever. We took a long
breath of relief, mounted our horses and made one good night‘s
travel. Passing near the town of Buford then west of Fredericktown,
we arrived in the vicinity of Flat Woods and remained concealed in a
thick forest during the day. In the evening, two of my men who were
dressed in Federal uniform, wandered off from the camp and were
discovered by a citizen named John Myers, who mistook them for
Union soldiers and immediately commenced telling them how, thus
far, he had succeeded in deceiving the Rebels. He handed them a
sheet of paper on which he had written out a full report of his
success in ferreting out the friends of Sam Hildebrand in that
neighborhood. He stated that he was in the habit of reporting to the
Rebels also, and to prove the matter he drew from his pocket a half
worn paper purporting to be an account of the Federal movements
in that section of country. He manifested a great desire for my
capture, and when they told him that I had actually been captured
and was a prisoner at their camp near by, he waved his hat and
shouted like an Indian. They brought him into camp to satisfy his
curiosity; but on discovering that I was not tied he started to retreat,
but was stopped by my men. As soon as night began to approach
we shot him and proceeded on toward Big river, but stopped in the
pinery northwest from Farmington, where we remained two days.
On leaving there we took supper with a friend near Big River Mills
and proceeded down the river to the old Hildebrand homestead.

During Price‘s raid into that section of country I left word for my
enemies that they should build my mother another house at the old
homestead in lieu of the one they had burned, otherwise, I would
burn the last one of them out. Some of my friends however, seeing
that they were slow about commencing it, and wishing perhaps to
screen them, met together and in a very short time built her a cabin,
which answered her purpose very well for a temporary abode. Into
this cabin she removed, and there I found her on the night of March
6th, 1865. I left my men and horses in a secure place near by, and
quietly approached the premises where once had been the happy
home of my childhood. It was late in the night when I called at the
door, but my mother had not yet retired; knowing my voice she laid
her spectacles upon her open bible where she had been reading,
and softly opened the door. Her motherly arms entwined around my
neck, the same arms that had so often lulled me to sleep in my
innocent childhood, that had so often clasped me to her bosom and
made me feel secure from all the dangers and storms of life. My
heart beat strangely as all those dear scenes and all the events of
my life in one short minute crowded through my memory. I could
not help contrasting her own condition at that happy period with the
cheerless present. As she took her seat I could not help noticing the
calm serenity of her countenance; a quiet resignation seemed to
pervade her nature. Considering the terrible loss that her kind heart
had sustained in the cruel death of her three boys, and in the utter
uprooting of all her cherished hopes in this world, I was at a loss to
account for it, and was about to express my wonder when she
seemed to divine my thoughts before my question was formed, and
with a slight motion of her hand toward the bible, she said in a
faltering tone: “My dear boy! you are more unhappy than I am!” The
remark was so true, that I wished I had the power to obliterate the
past, and to commence life again as a little frolicsome boy around
my mother‘s chair.

I remained with her most of the time during the next day. It was her
impression that the war was near its close; that the triumph of the
Union cause was almost complete, and she insisted strongly that
when the Southern soldiers should lay down their arms, that I with
the rest would yield obedience to the government and claim its
protection.

I was so softened by this interview with my mother, that I almost

forgot my enemies; and I made up my mind to return to Arkansas
without killing any one if I could do so with safety to myself.

But it was necessary that I and my men should take some goods
with us, for our families, at this time, were rather needy; and
believing that friends as well as foes should bear a part of the
burden of our suffering families, inasmuch as all our energies had
been directed to the accomplishment of an object which they so
strenuously contended was right, we concluded to make a small raid
into the town of Big River Mills that my friends might still know we
were on the war path. We started late in the evening and kept along
the main road, arriving in town between sundown and dark. We
went to the store of J. Y. Tyler, and helped ourselves to such articles
as we actually needed. After mounting our horses we did not remain
long to see the balance of our friends, but hurried on all that night
to get as far beyond the gravel road at night as possible.

We lay up to rest ourselves during the day; but about two o‘clock in
the evening, we discovered a considerable force of Federals on our
track; they came to the place where our trail commenced winding
around the hill, and there they began to move very cautiously.

I plainly saw from their movements that they had learned my trick of
making a circuit before camping; this being the case I determined to
escape by the same knowledge. We started very cautiously down
the hill in an opposite direction, rode about three miles, made
another circuit and went on in a great hurry. Every few miles we
made a similar curve, but continued on, and by the time they had
crept cautiously up to the last place we were far beyond their reach.

We had no further trouble with the Federals, and reached Arkansas

with all our goods.
 CHAPTER XXXIV.
Started to Missouri with three men. Surrounded at night near
Fredericktown. Narrow escape by a cunning device. Retired to
Simms‘ Mountain. Swapped horses with Robert Hill and captured
some more. Killed Free Jim and kidnapped a negro boy.

About the first of April, 1865, I started to Missouri with four men,
one of whom was Tom Haile. We passed west of Bloomfield, and
made an attempt to take in a German living in the edge of Wayne
county, whose name I never could pronounce. He had rendered
himself rather obnoxious to us by his officiousness in carrying news
to the Federal authorities.

On going up to his house about sunrise, thinking to find him asleep,

we made no attempt at concealment, but marched directly up
toward the front of his house; when we got within a hundred and
fifty yards of the house he ran out and struck across a little field; we
fired our guns at him, shooting one at a time; every time we fired he
squalled like a panther, which tickled Tom Haile so well he could not
shoot, but laughed about as loud as the Dutchman yelled. We made
no attempt to pursue him, as we cared very little about him any way.
We marched on toward Fredericktown, reaching that place one
morning about daybreak, and secreted ourselves for the day, during
which time Haile went into Fredericktown.

After tying up an old coat in a dirty cotton handkerchief, and

swinging it on a stick which he carried on his shoulder, he walked
into town, passing himself off for a lame Irishman who wanted a job
for a few days; he found some soldiers there, but did not learn their
number.
While in town he met several acquaintances who kindly passed him
without recognition.

It appears, however, that in the morning as we were passing Mr.

Blake‘s farm we were discovered by some one and reported to the
soldiers.

A company was ordered out to guard a gap where we were in the

habit of passing, and we distinctly heard their horses‘ feet on the
gravel road as they passed our retreat where we lay concealed in
the thick forest awaiting the approach of night.

Immediately after dark we started, but on crossing the gravel road

two shots were fired at us from a short distance; we dashed through
the thick brush, but my horse soon got tangled in a grapevine, and
the boys all left me, vainly endeavoring to get him along.

The firing became very rapid. In riding through the thick tangled
brush I made too much noise, and the first thing I knew I was
completely surrounded, though their lines as yet were at some
distance.

Having no time to lose I quickly dismounted, dropped the bridle rein

over a snag, and ran back about one hundred yards; I stepped
behind a bush and remained very quiet, knowing if I fired they
would see the flash of my pistol.

They were closing up in regular order toward the point where my

horse stood. I waited until they were within ten steps of me, then
facing toward the horse which now gave a snort, I gave a few steps,
then in a low but commanding tone, I cried out: “Advance with more
caution! they can hear you a mile!” By this time I was in their line,
and under the pretense of correcting some irregularity in their
movements, I stepped behind them and got away without creating
the least suspicion.
Being next discovered by the guard who were holding the horses, I
told them that we had the bushwhackers all surrounded, and that to
make a sure thing we must have more men.

Mounting the best looking horse I could find by the dim light of the
moon, I started toward Fredericktown in a great hurry; but when out
of danger I changed my course for Simms‘ mountain in St. Francois
county, the place designated for our meeting in case of trouble.

The Federals probably captured my horse, but that was no loss to

me, for I had obtained a much better one.

I rode all night and a part of the next day by myself before I
reached our place of rendezvous. My men were not there, and as
the day wore away I began to fear that some misfortune had
befallen them; but they made their appearance after dark, and
reported that the Federals had given them a severe chase;
immediately after which they met a squad of Federals who chased
them the other way.

Simms‘ Mountain is a very high elevation of land scarcely ever visited

except by hunters at certain seasons of the year. It looms up above
the other hills, affording a fine view of the whole surrounding
country. While we lay here Tom Haile took a trip to Iron Mountain to
learn the news at the military camp, and to get some provisions.
After getting near the place he left his horse and his arms in the
woods, stopped at an old coal pit to smut his face and his hands,
and then went into town disguised as a collier, of whom there were
many in the neighborhood. While purchasing some provisions at a
store he learned that “five hundred soldiers had Sam Hildebrand
surrounded in a thicket from which it was impossible for him to
escape.”

This was good news, for it would enable us to make a raid on Big
river in broad daylight with perfect impunity. We passed down Flat
river during the latter part of the night, crossed Big river at the Haile
Ford and rode into town just as the sun was rising. Finding no goods
there that suited us we continued along the main road until we got
to the residence of our good Union friend, Robert Hill. We wished to
make him a friendly visit and swap off some of our horses, for Tom
Haile dissuaded me from doing him any personal injury.

I took two of his best horses and left two in their place; we charged
him some boot, but had to take it in clothing and such articles from
the house as we could make use of.

On leaving there we turned south and passed along the most public
road four or five miles until we came to Nesbit Orton‘s. We took a
fancy to a couple of mares that some neighbors had there, one
belonging to Tom Highley and the other to Tom Crunkleton. The
mare, however, which we took from the latter did not like Rebels, for
on getting a few miles I concluded that she would make a splendid
war horse; but she threw all my men, one at a time, and when I was
about to try my luck she gave a snort, broke away from us and
made her escape.

Tom Haile had remained behind to visit some of his friends on Big
river, and did not overtake us until we got to Cook settlement.

I and my other men continued to travel along the road until we

reached the shanty belonging to an old free negro by the name of
Jim. He had made himself the dread of Southern sympathizers in his
neighborhood by frequently visiting the different military posts with
various charges against them, such as feeding bushwhackers, etc.

To satisfy myself in regard to his complicity in the matter, we rode up

to his cabin, each one being dressed in Federal uniform.

On calling him out I gave him a hearty shake of the hand, and
inquired if he had learned anything more about that man Madkins he
was telling me about at the Knob; at this the old negro imagined
that he recognized me as Col. ——, and asked me what I had done
with my shoulder-straps; to which I replied that I wanted to find out
a few things for myself, and enjoined secrecy on him in regard to my
disguised appearance.

He made charges against several of the best men in the

neighborhood, which was calculated to consign them to summary
punishment according to Federal usage.

After making his statements, he asked me if I was still willing to take

his son for a waiting boy; I told him that I was, and that I designed
taking him along with me this time, having brought a horse for that
purpose. He called the boy out and told him to mount the horse,
which he at first refused to do; but after I had got the old negro to
mount another horse for the purpose of going with us a few miles,
the boy consented and seemed very well reconciled.

After going about two miles I shot old Jim, but took the boy on with
us.

We stopped near the residence of Francis Clark, in Cook settlement,

to get our dinners; and while there some Federals came along, but
seeing us they turned off the road and went around without
molesting us. We proceeded on without any further trouble, but
traveled altogether in the night.

On reaching the St. Francis we found it still out of its banks; we,
however, succeeded in swimming it by resting our horses on an
island about half way. From there we arrived safely at home, and for
the first time in my life I owned a negro. I was to all intents and
purposes a genuine slaveholder.

Immediately after I left Big river on my last raid, Robert Hill became
satisfied that, as I took his horses, he could no longer pass himself
off for a Rebel and a Union man at the same time. He was a
member both of the “Knights of the Golden Circle” and the “Union
League.” A few days after I “swapped horses” with him, he went
before the provost marshal, at Potosi, and represented that in
consequence of his Union sentiments he could not live at home on
Big river without a band of soldiers for his protection.

Failing, however, in his purpose, he went to Ironton and made a

similar statement to the provost marshal at that place. Certain Union
men, however, who knew all the facts in the case, represented the
whole matter as arising from personal enmity against Dr. A. W. Keith
and others.

Thwarted again in his designs, he was left a few days to muse over
his misfortunes; but a bright idea finally came to his relief: He would
expose the “Knights of the Golden Circle,” and consign his brother
members to an indiscriminate butchery!

The war was nearly at an end; the Union cause was about to
triumph; and one string was enough to play on during the balance of
the struggle. He would startle the world by his disclosures; the earth
should be dumbfounded, and mankind should stand aghast at the
magnitude of his revelations! He sought and obtained a private
interview with the provost marshal. At this time the sun was
serenely smiling upon the earth; spring had just made her advent,
and was strewing garlands of flowers along the meadows and sunny
hillsides, as if nothing was about to happen; and men throughout
the world, unmindful of what was about to take place, were plodding
on in their daily pursuits.

All things being now ready, he told the marshal that he was a
member of the Union League. This announcement was a satisfactory
proof of his loyalty, for this Northern KuKlux League was instituted to
save the National Union secretly.

He then stated that, for the good of his country, he had also joined
the Knights of the Golden Circle; that the Circle met at the house of
Joseph Herrod, on Big river, and that many of the leading men in
that neighborhood were members.
The patriotic motives of Robert Hill will be very apparent to the
reader, when I state that at the outbreak of the rebellion, when he
joined the Golden Circle, he was a slaveholder, and utterly pro-
slavery in sentiment.

How pure, then, must have been his motives when, for the good of
his country, even at that early day, he bound himself with oaths like
adamant for the purpose of finally exposing the Circle, as soon as it
should have run its race and become defunct!

If the Southern Confederacy had won, his patriotism would have

prompted him to expose the Union League; and when the last
expiring beacon of Federal hope was about to be extinguished, he
probably would have called for troops to crush the members of the
Union League to which he belonged!

The representations he made to the provost marshal had the desired

effect; a telegram was sent to Col. Beverage, at Cape Girardeau,
who sent Lieutenant Brown, with forty men, to Big River Mills.

The statement made by Hill, however, needed confirmation. It was

desirable to prove the charges by some one whose word, on account
of the color of his skin, could never for a moment be doubted.

A negro man by the name of Buck Poston lived in the neighborhood;

his skin was black enough for him to be considered perpetually
under oath, so they repaired immediately to his domicil, for the
purpose of implicating certain persons as belonging to the Golden
Circle.

Brown and his men put a rope around his neck, and tried to frighten
him into a belief that he would be hung unless he confirmed Hill‘s
statements. But Buck was a brave man, and answered “no” to each
one of Hill‘s accusations against his neighbors.

Finally they told him that he was now about to be hung, and
appealed to him to know if he did not love his wife and children, and
urged him just to say “yes,” and live; but the old man replied: “Well,
Massa, I does know some little things; but I‘s gwine to take it all to
t‘other world with me!” Neither persuasions, threats, the glittering of
bayonets, nor the prospect of death, could make him divulge
anything.

The color of his skin, however, saved his life, and his tormentors had
nothing to do but to return to camp. During the night following he
gave warning to those whom he knew to be in danger.

On the next day, May 14, 1865, Lieut. Brown took four men, rode up
to the house of Mr. Joseph Herrod, and found him at home. They
ordered him to get his horse and go with them to Farmington. He
did so, but on getting half a mile from the house, they took him
twenty or thirty steps from the road and shot him through the back
of the head. There they left him, where he was found the next day.

Thus perished a young man who, for kindness of heart, strict

integrity, and moral honesty had no superiors, and but few equals.

Before proceeding any further with the slaughter, Lieut. Brown went
and consulted with Franklin Murphy, who told him that the whole
matter was the result of a neighborhood difficulty, which did not
warrant Federal interference in any manner whatever.

Brown and his men, during their stay on Big river, were engaged in a
wholesale robbery and plunder of the citizens, taking their property
without even a promise to pay. Their depredations were even more
intolerable than the same number of hostile Indians would have
been; but after Brown had been better informed as to the true
nature of affairs he became half civilized, and on taking property he
gave government vouchers. These debts against the government,
however, were finally rejected, the people having been reported as
disloyal. Even the widow Baker lost over one hundred dollars by
some one reporting her as a Southern sympathizer.
After feasting off of the neighborhood for about two months, Brown
and his infamous band of vandals took their departure. The
conspiracy, founded on the marvelous revelation of a broken oath,
and emanating from the fertile brain of base malignity, suddenly
collapsed.
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