(eBook PDF) Precalculus: Concepts Through

Functions, A Unit Circle Approach to

Trigonometry 4th Edition pdf download

https://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-precalculus-concepts-
through-functions-a-unit-circle-approach-to-trigonometry-4th-
edition/

Download more ebook from https://ebooksecure.com

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebooksecure.com
to discover even more!

(eBook PDF) Precalculus: Concepts Through Functions, A

Unit Circle Approach to Trigonometry 3rd Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-precalculus-concepts-
through-functions-a-unit-circle-approach-to-trigonometry-3rd-
edition/

Precalculus: Concepts Through Functions, A Unit Circle

Approach to Trigonometry 3rd Edition (eBook PDF)

http://ebooksecure.com/product/precalculus-concepts-through-
functions-a-unit-circle-approach-to-trigonometry-3rd-edition-
ebook-pdf/

(eBook PDF) Precalculus: Concepts Through Functions, A

Right Triangle Approach to Trigonometry 4th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-precalculus-concepts-
through-functions-a-right-triangle-approach-to-trigonometry-4th-
edition/

Trigonometry: A Unit Circle Approach 10th Edition

(eBook PDF)

http://ebooksecure.com/product/trigonometry-a-unit-circle-
approach-10th-edition-ebook-pdf/
(Original PDF) College Algebra: Concepts Through
Functions 4th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-college-algebra-
concepts-through-functions-4th-edition/

(Original PDF) Precalculus: Functions and Graphs 13th

Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-precalculus-
functions-and-graphs-13th-edition/

(eBook PDF) A Graphical Approach to Algebra &

Trigonometry 7th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-a-graphical-approach-to-
algebra-trigonometry-7th-edition/

(Original PDF) A Graphical Approach to Precalculus with

Limits, 7th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-a-graphical-approach-
to-precalculus-with-limits-7th-edition/

(eBook PDF) Precalculus: Functions and Graphs, Enhanced

Edition 12th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-precalculus-functions-
and-graphs-enhanced-edition-12th-edition/
 PRECALCULUS
CONCEPTS THROUGH FUNCTIONS
Fourth Edition A Unit Circle
Approach to
Trigonometry

Sullivan
Sullivan
 This page intentionally left blank

561590_MILL_MICRO_FM_ppi-xxvi.indd 2 24/11/14 5:26 PM

 FOURTH EDITION

Precalculus
CONCEPTS THROUGH FUNCTIONS
A Unit Circle Approach To Trigonometry

Michael Sullivan
Chicago State University

Michael Sullivan, III

Joliet Junior College

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 5 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 Director, Portfolio Management, Collegiate Math: Anne Kelly Product Marketing Director: Erin Kelly
Senior Editor: Dawn Murrin Product Marketer for Precalculus: Stacey Sveum
Editorial Administrator: Joseph Colella Product Marketing Assistant: Shannon McCormack
Manager, Courseware QA: Mary Durnwald Field Marketing Manager: Peggy Lucas
Director, Production & Digital Studio, Mathematics & Statistics: Field Marketing Assistant: Adrianna Valencia
Ruth Berry Senior Author Support/Technology Specialist: Joe Vetere
Producer, Production & Digital Studio, Mathematics & Statistics: Manager, Rights and Permissions: Gina Cheselka
Marielle Guiney Manufacturing Buyer: Carol Melville, LSC Communications
Manager, Content Development: Kristina Evans Cover Design, Text Design, Production Coordination,
Senior Content Developer: Megan M. Burns Composition, and Illustrations: Cenveo® Publisher Services
Managing Producer: Scott Disanno Cover Image: © Shutterstock, Inc.
Content Producer: Peggy McMahon

Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in
the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission
should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in
a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request
forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights &
Permissions department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/.
Attributions of third party content appear on page C-1, which constitutes an extension of this
copyright page.
MICROSOFT® AND WINDOWS® ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF THE MICROSOFT CORPORATION IN
THE U.S.A. AND OTHER COUNTRIES. SCREEN SHOTS AND ICONS REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM THE
MICROSOFT CORPORATION. THIS BOOK IS NOT SPONSORED OR ENDORSED BY OR AFFILIATED WITH THE
MICROSOFT CORPORATION. MICROSOFT AND/OR ITS RESPECTIVE SUPPLIERS MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS
ABOUT THE SUITABILITY OF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE DOCUMENTS AND RELATED GRAPHICS
PUBLISHED AS PART OF THE SERVICES FOR ANY PURPOSE. ALL SUCH DOCUMENTS AND RELATED GRAPHICS
ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. MICROSOFT AND/OR ITS RESPECTIVE SUPPLIERS
HEREBY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS WITH REGARD TO THIS INFORMATION, INCLUDING
ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS OF MERCHANTABILITY, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL MICROSOFT AND/
OR ITS RESPECTIVE SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR
ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
PERFORMANCE OF INFORMATION AVAILABLE FROM THE SERVICES. THE DOCUMENTS AND RELATED GRAPHICS
CONTAINED HEREIN COULD INCLUDE TECHNICAL INACCURACIES OR TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS. CHANGES ARE
PERIODICALLY ADDED TO THE INFORMATION HEREIN. MICROSOFT AND/OR ITS RESPECTIVE SUPPLIERS MAY
MAKE IMPROVEMENTS AND/OR CHANGES IN THE PRODUCT(S) AND/OR THE PROGRAM(S) DESCRIBED HEREIN AT
ANY TIME. PARTIAL SCREEN SHOTS MAY BE VIEWED IN FULL WITHIN THE SOFTWARE VERSION SPECIFIED.

PEARSON, ALWAYS LEARNING, and MYLAB™ MATH are exclusive trademarks owned
by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates in the U.S. and/or other countries.
Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this work
are the property of their respective owners and any references to third-party trademarks, logos
or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are
not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s
products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson
Education, Inc. or its affiliates, authors, licensees or distributors.
The student edition of this book has been cataloged by the Library of Congress as follows:
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Sullivan, Michael, 1942- author. | Sullivan, Michael, III, 1967- author
Title: Precalculus : concepts through functions : a unit circle approach to trigonometry /
Michael Sullivan, Chicago State University, Michael Sullivan, III, Joliet Junior College.
Description: Boston : Pearson, [2019] | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017039770 | ISBN 0134686977
Subjects: LCSH: Functions–Textbooks. | Trigonometry–Textbooks. |
Graphic calculators–Textbooks. | Precalculus–Textbooks.
Classification: LCC QA331.3 .S924 2019 | DDC 516.24–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017039770
1—17

ISBN 10: 0-134-68697-7

ISBN 13: 978-0-134-68697-4

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 6 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 For Michael S., Kevin, and Marissa (Sullivan)
Shannon, Patrick, and Ryan (Murphy)
Maeve, Sean, and Nolan (Sullivan)
Kaleigh, Billy, and Timmy (O’Hara)
The Next Generation

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 7 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 This page intentionally left blank

561590_MILL_MICRO_FM_ppi-xxvi.indd 2 24/11/14 5:26 PM

 Contents
To the Student xix

Three Distinct Series xx

The Concepts through Functions Series xxi

Preface to the Instructor xxii

Resources for Success xxviii

Applications Index xxx

F Foundations: A Prelude to Functions 1

F.1 The Distance and Midpoint Formulas 2
Use the Distance Formula • Use the Midpoint Formula

F.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; Intercepts; Symmetry 9

Graph Equations by Plotting Points • Find Intercepts from a Graph • Find
Intercepts from an Equation • Test an Equation for Symmetry • Know How
to Graph Key Equations

F.3 Lines 19
Calculate and Interpret the Slope of a Line • Graph Lines Given a Point
and the Slope • Find the Equation of a Vertical Line • Use the Point-Slope
Form of a Line; Identify Horizontal Lines • Write the Equation of a Line in
Slope-Intercept Form • Identify the Slope and y-Intercept of a Line from
Its Equation • Find the Equation of a Line Given Two Points • Graph Lines
Written in General Form Using Intercepts • Find Equations of Parallel Lines
• Find Equations of Perpendicular Lines

F.4 Circles 34
Write the Standard Form of the Equation of a Circle • Graph a Circle
• Work with the General Form of the Equation of a Circle

Chapter Project 42

1 Functions and Their Graphs 43

1.1 Functions 44
Determine Whether a Relation Represents a Function • Find the Value of a
Function • Find the Difference Quotient of a Function • Find the Domain of a
Function Defined by an Equation • Form the Sum, Difference, Product, and
Quotient of Two Functions

1.2 The Graph of a Function 59

Identify the Graph of a Function • Obtain Information from or about the
Graph of a Function

1.3 Properties of Functions 68

Determine Even and Odd Functions from a Graph • Determine Even and
Odd Functions from the Equation • Use a Graph to Determine Where a
Function is Increasing, Decreasing, or Constant • Use a Graph to Locate Local
Maxima and Local Minima • Use a Graph to Locate the Absolute Maximum
and the Absolute Minimum • Use a Graphing Utility to Approximate Local
Maxima and Local Minima and to Determine Where a Function is Increasing
or Decreasing • Find the Average Rate of Change of a Function

ix

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 9 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 x CONTENTS

1.4 Library of Functions; Piecewise-defined Functions 82

Graph the Functions Listed in the Library of Functions • Graph
Piecewise-defined Functions

1.5 Graphing Techniques: Transformations 93

Graph Functions Using Vertical and Horizontal Shifts • Graph Functions
Using Compressions and Stretches • Graph Functions Using Reflections
about the x-Axis and the y-Axis

1.6 Mathematical Models: Building Functions 106

Build and Analyze Functions

1.7 Building Mathematical Models Using Variation 111

Construct a Model Using Direct Variation • Construct a Model Using
Inverse Variation • Construct a Model Using Joint or Combined Variation

Chapter Review 117

Chapter Test 121

Chapter Projects 122

2 Linear and Quadratic Functions 124

2.1 Properties of Linear Functions and Linear Models 125
Graph Linear Functions • Use Average Rate of Change to Identify Linear
Functions • Determine Whether a Linear Function Is Increasing, Decreasing,
or Constant • Find the Zero of a Linear Function • Build Linear Models
from Verbal Descriptions

2.2 Building Linear Models from Data 136

Draw and Interpret Scatter Diagrams • Distinguish between Linear and
Nonlinear Relations • Use a Graphing Utility to Find the Line of Best Fit

2.3 Quadratic Functions and Their Zeros 144

Find the Zeros of a Quadratic Function by Factoring • Find the Zeros of a
Quadratic Function Using the Square Root Method • Find the Zeros of a
Quadratic Function by Completing the Square • Find the Zeros of a Quadratic
Function Using the Quadratic Formula • Find the Point of Intersection of Two
Functions • Solve Equations That Are Quadratic in Form

2.4 Properties of Quadratic Functions 155

Graph a Quadratic Function Using Transformations • Identify the Vertex
and Axis of Symmetry of a Quadratic Function • Graph a Quadratic
Function Using Its Vertex, Axis, and Intercepts • Find a Quadratic
Function Given Its Vertex and One Other Point • Find the Maximum or
Minimum Value of a Quadratic Function

2.5 Inequalities Involving Quadratic Functions 167

Solve Inequalities Involving a Quadratic Function

2.6 Building Quadratic Models from Verbal

Descriptions and from Data 171
Build Quadratic Models from Verbal Descriptions • Build Quadratic Models
from Data

2.7 Complex Zeros of a Quadratic Function 181

Find the Complex Zeros of a Quadratic Function

2.8 Equations and Inequalities Involving the Absolute

Value Function 185
Solve Absolute Value Equations • Solve Absolute Value Inequalities

Chapter Review 190

Chapter Test 193

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 10 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 CONTENTS xi

Cumulative Review 194

Chapter Projects 195

3 Polynomial and Rational Functions 197

3.1 Polynomial Functions and Models 198
Identify Polynomial Functions and Their Degree • Graph Polynomial
Functions Using Transformations • Identify the Real Zeros of a Polynomial
Function and Their Multiplicity • Analyze the Graph of a Polynomial
Function • Build Cubic Models from Data

3.2 The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function 219

Use the Remainder and Factor Theorems • Use Descartes’ Rule of Signs to
Determine the Number of Positive and the Number of Negative Real Zeros
of a Polynomial Function • Use the Rational Zeros Theorem to List the
Potential Rational Zeros of a Polynomial Function • Find the Real Zeros of
a Polynomial Function • Solve Polynomial Equations • Use the Theorem for
Bounds on Zeros • Use the Intermediate Value Theorem

3.3 Complex Zeros; Fundamental Theorem of Algebra 234

Use the Conjugate Pairs Theorem • Find a Polynomial Function with
Specified Zeros • Find the Complex Zeros of a Polynomial Function

3.4 Properties of Rational Functions 240

Find the Domain of a Rational Function • Find the Vertical Asymptotes
of a Rational Function • Find the Horizontal or Oblique Asymptote of a
Rational Function

3.5 The Graph of a Rational Function 251

Analyze the Graph of a Rational Function • Solve Applied Problems
Involving Rational Functions

3.6 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities 266

Solve Polynomial Inequalities • Solve Rational Inequalities

Chapter Review 273

Chapter Test 277

Cumulative Review 277

Chapter Projects 278

4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 280

4.1 Composite Functions 281
Form a Composite Function • Find the Domain of a Composite Function

4.2 One-to-One Functions; Inverse Functions 289

Determine Whether a Function Is One-to-One • Determine the Inverse of a
Function Defined by a Map or a Set of Ordered Pairs • Obtain the Graph of
the Inverse Function from the Graph of the Function • Find the Inverse of a
Function Defined by an Equation

4.3 Exponential Functions 302

Evaluate Exponential Functions • Graph Exponential Functions • Define
the Number e • Solve Exponential Equations

4.4 Logarithmic Functions 318

Change Exponential Statements to Logarithmic Statements and Logarithmic
Statements to Exponential Statements • Evaluate Logarithmic Expressions
• Determine the Domain of a Logarithmic Function • Graph Logarithmic
Functions • Solve Logarithmic Equations

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 11 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 xii CONTENTS

4.5 Properties of Logarithms 332

Work with Properties of Logarithms • Write a Logarithmic Expression as
a Sum or Difference of Logarithms • Write a Logarithmic Expression as a
Single Logarithm • Evaluate a Logarithm Whose Base Is Neither 10 Nor e
• Graph a Logarithmic Function Whose Base Is Neither 10 Nor e

4.6 Logarithmic and Exponential Equations 341

Solve Logarithmic Equations • Solve Exponential Equations • Solve
Logarithmic and Exponential Equations Using a Graphing Utility

4.7 Financial Models 349

Determine the Future Value of a Lump Sum of Money • Calculate Effective
Rates of Return • Determine the Present Value of a Lump Sum of Money
• Determine the Rate of Interest or the Time Required to Double a Lump
Sum of Money

4.8 Exponential Growth and Decay Models; Newton’s Law;

Logistic Growth and Decay Models 359
Find Equations of Populations That Obey the Law of Uninhibited Growth
• Find Equations of Populations That Obey the Law of Decay • Use
Newton’s Law of Cooling • Use Logistic Models

4.9 Building Exponential, Logarithmic, and Logistic

Models from Data 369
Build an Exponential Model from Data • Build a Logarithmic Model from
Data • Build a Logistic Model from Data

Chapter Review 378

Chapter Test 383

Cumulative Review 384

Chapter Projects 385

5 Trigonometric Functions 386

5.1 Angles and Their Measure 387
Convert between Decimal and Degree, Minute, Second Measures for Angles
• Find the Length of an Arc of a Circle • Convert from Degrees to Radians
and from Radians to Degrees • Find the Area of a Sector of a Circle • Find
the Linear Speed of an Object Traveling in Circular Motion

5.2 Trigonometric Functions: Unit Circle Approach 401

Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions Using a Point on
the Unit Circle • Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions of
Quadrantal Angles • Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions
of p/4 = 45° • Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions of
p/6 = 30° and p/3 = 60° • Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric
Functions for Integer Multiples of p/6 = 30°, p/4 = 45°, and p/3 = 60°
• Use a Calculator to Approximate the Value of a Trigonometric Function
• Use a Circle of Radius r to Evaluate the Trigonometric Functions

5.3 Properties of the Trigonometric Functions 418

Determine the Domain and the Range of the Trigonometric Functions
• Determine the Period of the Trigonometric Functions • Determine the
Signs of the Trigonometric Functions in a Given Quadrant • Find the Values
of the Trigonometric Functions Using Fundamental Identities • Find the
Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions of an Angle Given One of the
Functions and the Quadrant of the Angle • Use Even-Odd Properties to
Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions

5.4 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions 433

Graph Functions of the Form y = A sin (vx) Using Transformations • Graph
Functions of the Form y = A cos (vx) Using Transformations • Determine the
Amplitude and Period of Sinusoidal Functions • Graph Sinusoidal Functions
Using Key Points • Find an Equation for a Sinusoidal Graph

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 12 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 CONTENTS xiii

5.5 Graphs of the Tangent, Cotangent, Cosecant,

and Secant Functions 448
Graph Functions of the Form y = A tan(vx) + B and y = A cot (vx) + B
• Graph Functions of the Form y = A csc (vx) + B and y = A sec (vx) + B

5.6 Phase Shift; Sinusoidal Curve Fitting 456

Graph Sinusoidal Functions of the Form y = A sin (vx - f) + B
• Build Sinusoidal Models from Data

Chapter Review 468

Chapter Test 473

Cumulative Review 474

Chapter Projects 475

6 Analytic Trigonometry 477

6.1 The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions 478
Find the Exact Value of an Inverse Sine Function • Find an Approximate
Value of an Inverse Sine Function • Use Properties of Inverse Functions
to Find Exact Values of Certain Composite Functions • Find the Inverse
Function of a Trigonometric Function • Solve Equations Involving Inverse
Trigonometric Functions

6.2 The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued) 491

Find the Exact Value of Expressions Involving the Inverse Sine, Cosine, and
Tangent Functions • Define the Inverse Secant, Cosecant, and Cotangent
Functions • Use a Calculator to Evaluate sec-1 x, csc-1 x, and cot-1 x • Write
a Trigonometric Expression as an Algebraic Expression

6.3 Trigonometric Equations 497

Solve Equations Involving a Single Trigonometric Function • Solve
Trigonometric Equations Using a Calculator • Solve Trigonometric Equations
Quadratic in Form • Solve Trigonometric Equations Using Fundamental
Identities • Solve Trigonometric Equations Using a Graphing Utility

6.4 Trigonometric Identities 507

Use Algebra to Simplify Trigonometric Expressions • Establish Identities

6.5 Sum and Difference Formulas 515

Use Sum and Difference Formulas to Find Exact Values • Use Sum and
Difference Formulas to Establish Identities • Use Sum and Difference
Formulas Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions • Solve Trigonometric
Equations Linear in Sine and Cosine

6.6 Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas 528

Use Double-angle Formulas to Find Exact Values • Use Double-angle
Formulas to Establish Identities • Use Half-angle Formulas to Find Exact
Values

6.7 Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Formulas 538

Express Products as Sums • Express Sums as Products

Chapter Review 542

Chapter Test 546

Cumulative Review 546

Chapter Projects 547

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 13 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 xiv CONTENTS

7 Applications of Trigonometric Functions 548

7.1 Right Triangle Trigonometry; Applications 549
Find the Value of Trigonometric Functions of Acute Angles Using Right
Triangles • Use the Complementary Angle Theorem • Solve Right Triangles
• Solve Applied Problems

7.2 The Law of Sines 562

Solve SAA or ASA Triangles • Solve SSA Triangles • Solve Applied
Problems

7.3 The Law of Cosines 572

Solve SAS Triangles • Solve SSS Triangles • Solve Applied Problems

7.4 Area of a Triangle 579

Find the Area of SAS Triangles • Find the Area of SSS Triangles

7.5 Simple Harmonic Motion; Damped Motion; Combining Waves 586

Build a Model for an Object in Simple Harmonic Motion • Analyze Simple
Harmonic Motion • Analyze an Object in Damped Motion • Graph the Sum
of Two Functions

Chapter Review 595

Chapter Test 598

Cumulative Review 599

Chapter Projects 599

8 Polar Coordinates; Vectors 601

8.1 Polar Coordinates 602
Plot Points Using Polar Coordinates • Convert from Polar Coordinates to
Rectangular Coordinates • Convert from Rectangular Coordinates to Polar
Coordinates • Transform Equations between Polar and Rectangular Forms

8.2 Polar Equations and Graphs 611

Identify and Graph Polar Equations by Converting to Rectangular
Equations • Test Polar Equations for Symmetry • Graph Polar Equations by
Plotting Points

8.3 The Complex Plane; De Moivre’s Theorem 626

Plot Points in the Complex Plane • Convert a Complex Number between
Rectangular Form and Polar Form • Find Products and Quotients of
Complex Numbers in Polar Form • Use De Moivre’s Theorem • Find
Complex Roots

8.4 Vectors 634

Graph Vectors • Find a Position Vector • Add and Subtract Vectors
Algebraically • Find a Scalar Multiple and the Magnitude of a Vector • Find
a Unit Vector • Find a Vector from Its Direction and Magnitude • Model
with Vectors

8.5 The Dot Product 648

Find the Dot Product of Two Vectors • Find the Angle between Two Vectors
• Determine Whether Two Vectors Are Parallel • Determine Whether Two
Vectors Are Orthogonal • Decompose a Vector into Two Orthogonal Vectors
• Compute Work

8.6 Vectors in Space 655

Find the Distance between Two Points in Space • Find Position Vectors in
Space • Perform Operations on Vectors • Find the Dot Product • Find the
Angle between Two Vectors • Find the Direction Angles of a Vector

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 14 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 CONTENTS xv

8.7 The Cross Product 665

Find the Cross Product of Two Vectors • Know Algebraic Properties of the
Cross Product • Know Geometric Properties of the Cross Product • Find a
Vector Orthogonal to Two Given Vectors • Find the Area of a Parallelogram

Chapter Review 671

Chapter Test 674

Cumulative Review 675

Chapter Projects 675

9 Analytic Geometry 676

9.1 Conics 677
Know the Names of the Conics

9.2 The Parabola 678

Analyze Parabolas with Vertex at the Origin • Analyze Parabolas with
Vertex at (h, k) • Solve Applied Problems Involving Parabolas

9.3 The Ellipse 687

Analyze Ellipses with Center at the Origin • Analyze Ellipses with Center at
(h, k) • Solve Applied Problems Involving Ellipses

9.4 The Hyperbola 698

Analyze Hyperbolas with Center at the Origin • Find the Asymptotes of
a Hyperbola • Analyze Hyperbolas with Center at (h, k) • Solve Applied
Problems Involving Hyperbolas

9.5 Rotation of Axes; General Form of a Conic 710

Identify a Conic • Use a Rotation of Axes to Transform Equations • Analyze an
Equation Using Rotation of Axes • Identify Conics without a Rotation of Axes

9.6 Polar Equations of Conics 718

Analyze and Graph Polar Equations of Conics • Convert the Polar Equation
of a Conic to a Rectangular Equation

9.7 Plane Curves and Parametric Equations 724

Graph Parametric Equations • Find a Rectangular Equation for a Curve
Defined Parametrically • Use Time as a Parameter in Parametric Equations
• Find Parametric Equations for Curves Defined by Rectangular Equations

Chapter Review 737

Chapter Test 739

Cumulative Review 740

Chapter Projects 741

10 Systems of Equations and Inequalities 742

10.1 Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination 743
Solve Systems of Equations by Substitution • Solve Systems of Equations
by Elimination • Identify Inconsistent Systems of Equations Containing
Two Variables • Express the Solution of a System of Dependent Equations
Containing Two Variables • Solve Systems of Three Equations Containing
Three Variables • Identify Inconsistent Systems of Equations Containing
Three Variables • Express the Solution of a System of Dependent Equations
Containing Three Variables

10.2 Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices 758

Write the Augmented Matrix of a System of Linear Equations • Write the
System of Equations from the Augmented Matrix • Perform Row Operations on
a Matrix • Solve a System of Linear Equations Using Matrices

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 15 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 xvi CONTENTS

10.3 Systems of Linear Equations: Determinants 773

Evaluate 2 by 2 Determinants • Use Cramer’s Rule to Solve a System of Two
Equations Containing Two Variables • Evaluate 3 by 3 Determinants
• Use Cramer’s Rule to Solve a System of Three Equations Containing Three
Variables • Know Properties of Determinants

10.4 Matrix Algebra 783

Find the Sum and Difference of Two Matrices • Find Scalar Multiples of a
Matrix • Find the Product of Two Matrices • Find the Inverse of a Matrix
Solve a System of Linear Equations Using an Inverse Matrix

10.5 Partial Fraction Decomposition 800

Decompose P/Q, Where Q Has Only Nonrepeated Linear Factors
• Decompose P/Q, Where Q Has Repeated Linear Factors • Decompose
P/Q, Where Q Has a Nonrepeated Irreducible Quadratic Factor •
Decompose P/Q, Where Q Has a Repeated Irreducible Quadratic Factor

10.6 Systems of Nonlinear Equations 808

Solve a System of Nonlinear Equations Using Substitution • Solve a System
of Nonlinear Equations Using Elimination

10.7 Systems of Inequalities 817

Graph an Inequality • Graph a System of Inequalities

10.8 Linear Programming 824

Set up a Linear Programming Problem • Solve a Linear Programming
Problem

Chapter Review 831

Chapter Test 835

Cumulative Review 836

Chapter Projects 836

11 Sequences; Induction; the Binomial Theorem 838

11.1 Sequences 839
Write the First Several Terms of a Sequence • Write the Terms of a Sequence
Defined by a Recursive Formula • Use Summation Notation • Find the Sum
of a Sequence

11.2 Arithmetic Sequences 849

Determine Whether a Sequence Is Arithmetic • Find a Formula for an
Arithmetic Sequence • Find the Sum of an Arithmetic Sequence

11.3 Geometric Sequences; Geometric Series 855

Determine Whether a Sequence Is Geometric • Find a Formula for a
Geometric Sequence • Find the Sum of a Geometric Sequence • Determine
Whether a Geometric Series Converges or Diverges • Solve Annuity
Problems

11.4 Mathematical Induction 866

Prove Statements Using Mathematical Induction

11.5 The Binomial Theorem 870

n
Evaluate a b • Use the Binomial Theorem
j

Chapter Review 877

Chapter Test 879

Cumulative Review 879

Chapter Projects 880

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 16 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 CONTENTS xvii

12 Counting and Probability 881

12.1 Counting 882
Find All the Subsets of a Set • Count the Number of Elements in a Set
• Solve Counting Problems Using the Multiplication Principle

12.2 Permutations and Combinations 887

Solve Counting Problems Using Permutations Involving n Distinct Objects
• Solve Counting Problems Using Combinations • Solve Counting Problems
Using Permutations Involving n Nondistinct Objects

12.3 Probability 896

Construct Probability Models • Compute Probabilities of Equally Likely
Outcomes • Find Probabilities of the Union of Two Events • Use the
Complement Rule to Find Probabilities

Chapter Review 906

Chapter Test 908

Cumulative Review 908

Chapter Projects 909

13 A Preview of Calculus: The Limit, Derivative,

and Integral of a Function 910
13.1 Finding Limits Using Tables and Graphs 911
Find a Limit Using a Table • Find a Limit Using a Graph

13.2 Algebra Techniques for Finding Limits 916

Find the Limit of a Sum, a Difference, and a Product • Find the Limit of
a Polynomial • Find the Limit of a Power or a Root • Find the Limit of a
Quotient • Find the Limit of an Average Rate of Change

13.3 One-sided Limits; Continuous Functions 923

Find the One-sided Limits of a Function • Determine Whether
a Function Is Continuous

13.4 The Tangent Problem; The Derivative 930

Find an Equation of the Tangent Line to the Graph of a Function • Find the
Derivative of a Function • Find Instantaneous Rates of Change • Find the
Instantaneous Velocity of a Particle

13.5 The Area Problem; The Integral 938

Approximate the Area Under the Graph of a Function • Approximate
Integrals Using a Graphing Utility

Chapter Review 945

Chapter Test 947

Chapter Projects 948

A Review A1
A.1 Algebra Essentials A1
Work with Sets • Graph Inequalities • Find Distance on the Real Number
Line • Evaluate Algebraic Expressions • Determine the Domain of a
Variable • Use the Laws of Exponents • Evaluate Square Roots • Use a
Calculator to Evaluate Exponents

A.2 Geometry Essentials A14

Use the Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse • Know Geometry
Formulas • Understand Congruent Triangles and Similar Triangles

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 17 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 xviii CONTENTS

A.3 Polynomials A23

Recognize Monomials • Recognize Polynomials • Add and Subtract
Polynomials • Multiply Polynomials • Know Formulas for Special
Products • Divide Polynomials Using Long Division • Work with
Polynomials in Two Variables

A.4 Factoring Polynomials A33

Factor the Difference of Two Squares and the Sum and Difference of Two
Cubes • Factor Perfect Squares • Factor a Second-Degree Polynomial:
x2 + Bx + C • Factor by Grouping • Factor a Second-Degree Polynomial:
Ax2 + Bx + C, A ≠ 1 • Complete the Square

A.5 Synthetic Division A43

Divide Polynomials Using Synthetic Division

A.6 Rational Expressions A47

Reduce a Rational Expression to Lowest Terms • Multiply and Divide
Rational Expressions • Add and Subtract Rational Expressions • Use the
Least Common Multiple Method • Simplify Complex Rational Expressions

A.7 nth Roots; Rational Exponents A57

Work with nth Roots • Simplify Radicals • Rationalize Denominators
• Simplify Expressions with Rational Exponents

A.8 Solving Equations A66

Solve Linear Equations • Solve Rational Equations • Solve Equations by
Factoring • Solve Radical Equations

A.9 Problem Solving: Interest, Mixture, Uniform Motion,

Constant Rate Job Applications A75
Translate Verbal Descriptions into Mathematical Expressions • Solve
Interest Problems • Solve Mixture Problems • Solve Uniform Motion
Problems • Solve Constant Rate Job Problems

A.10 Interval Notation; Solving Inequalities A84

Use Interval Notation • Use Properties of Inequalities • Solve Inequalities
• Solve Combined Inequalities

A.11 Complex Numbers A92

Add, Subtract, Multiply, and Divide Complex Numbers

B Graphing Utilities B1
B.1 The Viewing Rectangle B1

B.2 Using a Graphing Utility to Graph Equations B3

B.3 Using a Graphing Utility to Locate Intercepts and Check

for Symmetry B5

B.4 Using a Graphing Utility to Solve Equations B6

B.5 Square Screens B8

B.6 Using a Graphing Utility to Graph Inequalities B9

B.7 Using a Graphing Utility to Solve Systems of Linear Equations B9

B.8 Using a Graphing Utility to Graph a Polar Equation B11

B.9 Using a Graphing Utility to Graph Parametric Equations B11

Answers AN1

Photo Credits C1

Subject Index I1

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 18 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 To the Student
As you begin, you may feel anxious about the number of theorems, definitions,
procedures, and equations. You may wonder if you can learn it all in time. Don’t worry,
your concerns are normal. This textbook was written with you in mind. If you attend
class, work hard, and read and study this book, you will build the knowledge and skills
you need to be successful. Here’s how you can use the book to your benefit.

Read Carefully
When you get busy, it’s easy to skip reading and go right to the problems. Don’t . . . the
book has a large number of examples and clear explanations to help you break down
the mathematics into easy-to-understand steps. Reading will provide you with a clearer
understanding, beyond simple memorization. Read before class (not after) so you can
ask questions about anything you didn’t understand. You’ll be amazed at how much
more you’ll get out of class if you do this.

Use the Features

We use many different methods in the classroom to communicate. Those methods, when
incorporated into the book, are called “features.” The features serve many purposes,
from providing timely review of material you learned before (just when you need it),
to providing organized review sessions to help you prepare for quizzes and tests. Take
advantage of the features and you will master the material.
To make this easier, we’ve provided a brief guide to getting the most from this
book. Refer to the “Prepare for Class,” “Practice,” and “Review” on pages i–iii.
Spend fifteen minutes reviewing the guide and familiarizing yourself with the
features by flipping to the page numbers provided. Then, as you read, use them. This
is the best way to make the most of your textbook.
Please do not hesitate to contact us, through Pearson Education, with any
questions, suggestions, or comments that would improve this text. We look forward
to hearing from you, and good luck with all of your studies.

Best Wishes!
Michael Sullivan
Michael Sullivan, III

xix

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 19 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 Three Distinct Series
Students have different goals, learning styles, and levels of preparation. Instructors have
different teaching philosophies, styles, and techniques. Rather than write one series to fit
all, the Sullivans have written three distinct series. All share the same goal—to develop a
high level of mathematical understanding and an appreciation for the way mathematics
can describe the world around us. The manner of reaching that goal, however, differs
from series to series.

Concepts through Functions Series, Fourth Edition

This series differs from the others, utilizing a functions approach that serves as the
organizing principle tying concepts together. Functions are introduced early in various
formats. This approach supports the Rule of Four, which states that functions are
represented symbolically, numerically, graphically, and verbally. Each chapter introduces
a new type of function and then develops all concepts pertaining to that particular
function. The solutions of equations and inequalities, instead of being developed as
stand-alone topics, are developed in the context of the underlying functions. Graphing
utility coverage is optional and can be included or excluded at the discretion of the
instructor: College Algebra; Precalculus, with a Unit Circle Approach to Trigonometry;
Precalculus, with a Right Triangle Approach to Trigonometry.

Contemporary Series, Tenth Edition

The Contemporary Series is the most traditional in approach yet modern in its treatment
of precalculus mathematics. Graphing utility coverage is optional and can be included
or excluded at the discretion of the instructor: College Algebra, Algebra & Trigonometry,
Trigonometry, Precalculus.

Enhanced with Graphing Utilities Series,

Seventh Edition
This series provides a thorough integration of graphing utilities into topics, allowing
students to explore mathematical concepts and foreshadow ideas usually studied in later
courses. Using technology, the approach to solving certain problems differs from the
Concepts or Contemporary Series, while the emphasis on understanding concepts and
building strong skills does not: College Algebra, Algebra & Trigonometry, Precalculus.

xx

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 20 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 The Concepts through Functions
Series
College Algebra
This text provides an approach to college algebra that introduces functions early
(Chapter 1). All material is presented through the eyes of a function. So, rather than
have a chapter dedicated to review, the material is presented from a function point of
view. For example, rather than reviewing the various approaches to solving quadratic
equations, students are asked to find the zeros of a quadratic function or the x-intercepts
of a quadratic function. This allows for review of the concepts, but also requires students
to solve equations in the form f1x2 = 0, which foreshadows solving f ′1x2 = 0 in
calculus. Graphing calculator and Desmos usage is provided, but optional. Examples that
utilize graphing technology are clearly marked with an icon. Exercises that require
graphing technology are indicated with an icon and the problem number is green.
After completing the material in this text, a student will be adequately prepared for
trigonometry, finite mathematics, and business calculus.

Precalculus: A Right Triangle Approach to Trigonometry

This text contains all the material in College Algebra, but also develops the trigonometric
functions using a right triangle approach and showing how it relates to the unit circle
approach. Graphing techniques are emphasized, including a thorough discussion of
polar coordinates, parametric equations, and conics using polar coordinates. Graphing
calculator and Desmos usage is provided, but is optional. The final chapter provides an
introduction to calculus, with a discussion of the limit, the derivative, and the integral
of a function. After completing this text, a student will be adequately prepared for
engineering calculus, business calculus, and finite mathematics.

Precalculus: A Unit Circle Approach to Trigonometry

This text contains all the material in College Algebra, but also develops the trigonometric
functions using a unit circle approach and showing how it relates to the right triangle
approach. Graphing techniques are emphasized, including a thorough discussion of
polar coordinates, parametric equations, and conics using polar coordinates. Graphing
calculator and Desmos usage is provided, but is optional. The final chapter provides an
introduction to calculus, with a discussion of the limit, the derivative, and the integral
of a function. After completing this text, a student will be adequately prepared for
engineering calculus, business calculus, and finite mathematics.

xxi

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 21 05/10/17 2:38 PM

Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
the country, while at the same time consolidating the relations
between the Japanese people and foreign nations. The opening of
Hiôgo on the 1st January 1866 was a concession which few people had
been sanguine enough to expect, but something had been secured
which was of more immediate value, namely the solemn reiterated
promise of the council to adhere to the London agreement of 1862. It
was hoped also on good grounds that Sir Rutherford's convention of
the previous October would also be carried out in its entirety. At dinner
the following evening the Admiral made a speech, proposing Sir Harry's
health and giving to him the whole credit of the success achieved. He
replied by disclaiming any merit, and attributing a far greater share of
the achievement to M. Roches; "but after all," he added, "it was you
who did it, Admiral, for without you and your magnificent ship, we
should not have made the slightest impression."

On our return to Yokohama we found that the wildest rumours had

been flying about. The United States Chargé d'Affaires, Portman, was
said to have been killed, and Sir Harry taken prisoner, while Siebold
and myself were also reported to have fallen martyrs to the cause. The
"Japan Times," a newspaper conducted by Charles Rickerby, affected
to pooh-pooh the whole affair, and denied the authenticity of the
Mikado's decree, which, he said, ought to have been covered with
seals. I wrote a letter to his paper, controverting his arguments, but
without convincing him. There was one point about it, however, that
escaped notice at the time, namely that the existing treaties were not
explicitly sanctioned. All that the Mikado had given was a general
authority to conclude treaties with foreign countries, and he had added
a rider enjoining on the Tycoon the cancellation of the undertaking to
open Hiôgo and Ozaka to trade. This, however, was carefully concealed
from the foreign representatives, and we only came to know of it later.
But without seeing it, no one could have guessed that the document
represented to the foreign ministers to be the Mikado's sanction to the
existing treaties had not that meaning, because of the absence of the
definite article in Japanese. In English it makes a great deal of
difference whether you say "the treaties are sanctioned," or simply
"treaties are sanctioned," but in Japanese the same form of expression
does for both, and we had no ground for suspecting the Tycoon's
ministers of taking refuge in an ambiguity in order to play a trick on us
and to gain time.
 CHAPTER XIV

GREAT FIRE AT YOKOHAMA

In pursuance of instructions from the chief, I proceeded to Yedo the

day after my return to find out if possible what had been the popular
feeling about our doings at Hiôgo, but did not succeed in discovering
anything of importance. A general curiosity prevailed, and the result of
the negotiations was yet unknown. A meeting of the daimiôs' agents
had been held on the receipt of the news that two of the council had
been dismissed, and it was rumoured that the Tycoon had asked to be
allowed to retire, but that his petition had been rejected. I stopped at
the monastery of Dai-chiû-ji, which had been temporarily lent to Sir
Harry for a residence. It was in a convenient position, nearer to the
centre of the city than our former location at Tô-zen-ji, but the rooms
were dark and scarcely numerous enough for the accommodation of
the staff in addition to the minister and his family. A new building had
therefore been already commenced in front of Sen-gaku-ji, about half-
way between the two, and, instead of being called the British Legation,
was to be named the setsu-gu-jo or "place for meeting (sc.
foreigners)," in order to avoid the risk of its being burnt down by the
anti-foreign party. Report said that the Prince of Sendai, offended at
not having been consulted on this matter, had retired to his castle in
great dudgeon. Sen-gaku-ji is a well-known monastery containing the
tombs and effigies of the celebrated "Forty-seven faithful retainers."
After a couple of days' stay at the capital, I returned to my duties at
the consulate in Yokohama, where I now held the post of interpreter.

I was beginning to become known among the Japanese as a

foreigner who could speak their language correctly, and my circle of
acquaintance rapidly extended. Men used to come down from Yedo on
purpose to talk to me, moved as much by mere curiosity as by a desire
to find out what foreign policy towards their country was likely to be.
Owing to my name being a common Japanese surname, it was easily
passed on from one to another, and I was talked about by people
whom I had never met. The two-sworded men were always happy to
get a glass of wine or liqueur and a foreign cigar, and they were fond
of discussion. They would sit for hours if the subject interested them.
Politics afforded the principal material of our debates, which sometimes
became rather warm. I used to attack the abuses of the existing
régime, and then explain that I liked them very much, but hated
despotic institutions. Many of the men who visited me were retainers
of daimiôs, from whom I gained every day a firmer conviction that the
Tycoon ought not to be regarded by foreigners as the sovereign of the
country, and that sooner or later we must enter into direct relations
with the Mikado. And the state papers, of which copies came into my
hands through these men, proved that the Tycoon regarded himself as
nothing more than the Mikado's principal vassal. At the same time the
Tycoon's ministers still persevered in their endeavour to keep the
conduct of foreign affairs in their own hands, and had succeeded in
persuading Mr. Winchester that this was an ancient and indefeasible
prerogative of the Tokugawa family. Sir Harry Parkes, however, from
the first, with clearer insight, held that this was untenable, and
resolved to press matters to a definite solution, which should bring the
sovereign face to face with foreign Powers.

Sir Harry had gone over to Shanghai to meet Lady Parkes and his
children, and immediately after his return set to work at the revision of
the tariff on the basis agreed to at Hiôgo. The negotiations, which
began about January 1866, took much less time than is usual in these
days, and the new convention was signed in June. I had little to do
with it beyond assisting in its translation into Japanese. In February he
began to make use of me as a translator, in addition to my work at the
consulate.

My salary as interpreter at the Yokohama consulate, which I had

joined in April 1865, was only £400 a year, and after the Hiôgo
business, where I had demonstrated my knowledge of the Japanese
language, I began to think my services worth quite as much as those
of the Dutch interpreters, who received £500. At an interview with the
Japanese ministers they used to translate into Dutch what the minister
said, and the native Dutch interpreters translated this again into
Japanese. The reply had in the same way to go through two men. But
when Siebold or I interpreted, the work was performed much more
quickly and accurately, because we translated direct into Japanese. It
was the same with the official correspondence, for I was able, with the
assistance of a native writer, and sometimes without, to put an official
note directly into Japanese. Then I was able to read and translate into
English all sorts of confidential political papers, which the Dutch
interpreters could make nothing of. We took a bold resolution, and in
August 1866, Sir Harry having given me a quantity of political
documents to translate, we addressed letters to him asking that he
would recommend us to the Foreign Office for an additional £100 a
year. This brought down his wrath upon our heads, and I became
convinced that my application would be refused. Under these
circumstances I wrote to my father that the service was not worth
remaining in. At that time the telegraph reached only to Ceylon, but in
as short a time as possible I received a telegram from him telling me to
come home at once, and that I should have an allowance sufficient to
enable me to go to the university and afterwards to the bar. Armed
with this, I approached Sir Harry again, and asked him to accept my
resignation. I had received a telegram from home which necessitated
my immediate return to England. After a little humming and hawing,
he finally produced from a drawer a despatch from Lord Clarendon,
which had been lying there for several days, granting the applications
of both Siebold and myself, and I consequently abandoned my
intention of quitting the service.

About March 6, 1866, a review and sham fight were held of the
English garrison in combination with the Japanese drilled troops
commanded by Kubota Sentarô on the dry rice fields between Jiû-ni-
ten and Hommoku. The enemy was entirely imaginary, his place being
taken by a crowd of spectators. The marching of the Japanese was
very good, and received all the greater praise because they had
received no practical instruction. Their officers had got it up from
books, the difficult passages being explained to them by ours. The
English soldiers looked magnificent by the side of the rather dwarfish
Japanese. The bluejackets from the fleet were very amusing; one or
two got drunk and danced a hornpipe in the face of the supposed
enemy, to the great wrath and disgust of their commander, a young
lieutenant. There was the usual amount of firing with blank cartridge,
which, when it comes from one side only, renders every one so plucky
and desirous of charging the foe. It was a wonder that no ramrods
were fired away, nor was any one hit by a wad. The day was
universally voted a great success.

The 2/xx regiment was despatched to Hongkong about March 20,

and replaced by the 2/ix.

The danger to foreigners had so much abated since the execution of

the murderers of Bird and Baldwin, and the ratification of the treaties
by the Mikado that we began freely to make excursions into the
surrounding country.

On one occasion I went away for a few days with Charles Rickerby
of the "Japan Times," and having thus become intimate with him, was
permitted to try my inexperienced pen in the columns of his paper. My
first attempt was an article upon travelling in Japan, but before long an
incident occurred which tempted me to write on politics. It was
doubtless very irregular, very wrong, and altogether contrary to the
rules of the service, but I thought little of that. A Satsuma trading
steamer had come into the bay, and was ordered by the authorities to
anchor far away on the Kanagawa side, so that there might be no
communication between the foreign community and the people on
board. Taking this for my text, I descanted on the insufficiency of the
treaties concluded with the Tycoon, which confined us to commercial
intercourse with the inhabitants of his dominions, and thus cut us off
from relations with a good half of the country. I called therefore for a
revision of the treaties, and for a remodelling of the constitution of the
Japanese government. My proposal was that the Tycoon should
descend to his proper position as a great territorial noble, and that a
confederation of daimiôs under the headship of the Mikado should take
his place as the ruling power. And then I proceeded to make various
suggestions for the improvement and modification of the existing
treaties. With the aid of my teacher, Numata Torasaburô, a retainer of
the Prince of Awa, who knew some English, I put them into Japanese
in the form of a pamphlet for the perusal of his prince, but copies got
into circulation, and in the following year I found myself to be
favourably known through this means to all the daimiôs retainers
whom I met in the course of my journeys. In the end the translation
was printed and sold in all the bookshops at Ozaka and Kiôto under the
title of "Ei-koku Saku-ron," English policy, by the Englishman Satow,
and was assumed by both parties to represent the views of the British
Legation. With this of course I had nothing to do. As far as I know it
never came to the ears of my chief, but it may fairly be supposed to
have been not without its influence upon the relations between the
English Legation and the new government afterwards established in
the beginning of 1868. At the same time, it doubtless rendered us
more or less "suspect" to the Tycoon's government while the latter
lasted.

During Sir Harry's absence in July on a visit to the daimiôs of

Satsuma and Uwajima after the signature of the tariff convention,
some of us at the legation made up a party with three or four officers
of the ix regiment, and went for a trip to Hachiôji and Atsugi. In those
days all the high roads were intersected at certain points by strictly
guarded barriers, where all travellers had to show their passports.
Beyond Hachiôji a few miles to the west was one of these, just at the
foot of a hill known as Takao-zan, about 1600 feet high, with a good
road to the top. Up this we rode on our sure-footed ponies, and after
lunching under the shade of the lofty cryptomerias, descended to the
high road again, but unintentionally reached it beyond the barrier. The
guards, who were inclined to interpret their duties rather too strictly
than otherwise, shut the gates and refused to let us pass. It was in
vain that we explained our mistake; they had orders not to let
foreigners through. One would have thought that as we were on the
side where we had no business to be, and were desirous of getting
back to the right side, the officers in command would have facilitated
our wishes to repair our error. But nothing would move them. At last
Willis, who stood 6 feet 8 inches in his stockings and weighed then
about 20 stone, made as if he would charge the gate on his pony, and
seriously alarmed lest he should batter the whole thing down in a rush,
they prudently flung it open, and we rode through triumphantly.

A similar incident occurred on another occasion when I was out with

Francis Myburgh, Captain W. G. Jones, R.N., of the flagship, and
Charles Wirgman. The limit of excursions from Yokohama in the
direction of the capital was formed by the Tama-gawa, which in the
treaties is called the Logo river (a corruption of Rokugô). We had slept
at Mizoguchi, and ascended the right bank on horseback to Sekido,
where without difficulty we induced the ferryman to put us across, and
rode into the town of Fuchiû to visit a well-known Shintô temple. We
were bound for a monastery on the other side of the river, where we
had planned to spend the night, and to do this it was necessary to
recross further up to the Buddhist monastery of Ren-kô-ji. But on
arriving there, and shouting to the ferryman, we got a blank refusal,
accompanied by the information that we had no business to be where
we were. "We know that we are, and want to get back where we
ought to be." Ferryman: "Can't help that. Our orders are not to ferry
any foreigner over." It was impossible to convince him that though he
would be right in refusing to facilitate a breach of the law, he was
bound to assist the repentant and contrite offenders in repairing such a
breach, and we saw ourselves menaced with separation from our
baggage and perhaps a cold night on the stones. Just above the ferry
was a shallower spot, too deep to cross on ponies without getting
rather wet. Charles Wirgman and I therefore took off our trousers, and
tucking our shirts up as high as possible waded to the other bank,
walked down to the ferry house, jumped into the boat before the
ferrymen had time to recover from their surprise at our audacity, poled
it across to our friends amid cries of Koré wa rambô-rôzeki (about
equivalent to "Robbery and murder") from the guardians of the posts,
and so got the whole party across.

On the 26th of November occurred one of the most destructive fires

with which Yokohama has ever been visited. One fourth of the foreign
settlement and one-third of the native town were laid in ashes. The
fire-bell began to ring about nine o'clock in the morning. Willis and I
ascended to the look-out on the roof of our house and saw the flames
mounting to the sky exactly to windward of us, maybe half a mile
away. I rushed into a pair of boots (unluckily my oldest), and putting
on my hat, hastened forth to find out the location of the fire. My
servants said it was only a few doors off, but when I got that distance
it proved to be further away, and I pursued my course for a quarter of
an hour before arriving on the scene. From the lower end of a narrow
street, usually well crowded but now absolutely crammed with people,
there surged along an agitated multitude carrying such of their goods
as they had been able to snatch from the devouring element that
closely pursued them. I approached as near as I could to the burning
houses, but finding that the conflagration was rapidly advancing, beat
a hasty retreat and made my way to the open space at the back of the
settlement, where a terrible spectacle of confusion presented itself to
my eyes. The portion of the native town where the fire was raging
most violently was on a small island surrounded by a muddy swamp
and connected with the rest of Yokohama by a wooden bridge, already
crowded with fugitives; to wade or swim across to the firm ground was
impossible. There were one or two boats available, but they were
already overcrowded, and their occupants were so paralysed by fear
that they never thought of landing and sending back the boats to take
off others. Most of the inhabitants of the quarter were women. I saw a
few poor wretches plunge into the water in order to escape, but they
failed to reach the nearer bank. It was a fearful sight to see the flames
darting among the roofs of the houses on the causeway, and sending
forth jets here and there where the fire had not yet attained full
mastery, when suddenly one half of the street nearest blazed up with a
tremendous flash, and a volume of black smoke arose which obscured
the sky. This was an oil merchant's shop that had caught fire. I turned
and fled homewards, for there was no time to lose. I knew my own
house was doomed, as it lay directly to leeward, and a violent wind
was blowing from the north-west. As I passed through the little garden
I shouted to Willis to bestir himself, and called my servants to assist in
packing up my movables. My first thought was for my MS. dictionary; if
that went I lost the results of two years' labour. So I put it into a light
chest of drawers, and huddled some clothes in from the wardrobe. To
get our things out we had to break down the high wooden fence round
the garden. At this moment up came some friends, who plunged into
the house and reappeared, some with books, others with half a chest
of drawers, and we worked with a will until the building was cleared of
everything but carpets, curtains, and the heavier furniture. My
harmonium, a massive article, was also got into the street, and some
men from the garrison carried it away to a place of safety.

By the time we had removed the salvage to what we thought was a

respectable distance, the fire had reached the house, which five
minutes later was a heap of glowing embers. It now became evident
that the houses in the rear of the settlement had caught fire, and as
my property was lying on the open space between the foreign and
native towns, it had to be transported further. Here occurred a serious
loss. Most of my books were in boxes which had been carried out
bodily, but the rest, hastily wrapped up in blankets, had to be left.
There were plenty of pilferers about, who, under the pretence of
helping, carried off chests full of clothing that I never saw again. I lost
a good many European volumes and a large number of Japanese
books, besides some notes on Manchu and Chinese which were
irreplaceable.

After we had deposited our property where we thought it would be

in safety, it was threatened by the progress of the flames, and was
therefore removed to a godown belonging to our friends Wilkin and
Robison at No. 3 in the settlement. By this time the area of destruction
had extended to the main street of the native town, and the houses
where A. B. Mitford, A. von Siebold, Walsh and Vidal lived, as well as
our own, had already gone. A Japanese house lightly built of wood,
with paper instead of glass, takes little time to burn. Next the fire
spread to the nearest houses in the foreign settlement. Huge sparks
and pieces of red hot wood flew across the intervening space, set the
American consulate alight, ignited the roof of Jardine, Matheson & Co.,
and began to spread along both streets of the settlement. The
supposed "fireproof" godown where most of our things were deposited
caught fire, and nearly everything we had saved was destroyed. It was
a scene of the wildest confusion. Bluejackets were landed from the
ships, and soldiers came down from the camp to work at the fire
engines. There was no discipline among the men, and no organization
existed for dealing with the disaster. After the final destruction of my
own property I went about helping others to save theirs or to fight the
flames, handing buckets, fetching water, pouring it on whatever
seemed most inflammable. Some of the redcoats behaved
disgracefully. They had managed to get hold of liquor, and stood by
drinking and jeering, while we civilians did the work they had been
brought there to perform. At the close of the day there remained to me
only the clothes I had on my back, and I was hatless. But the
excitement had been so lively that I felt rather pleased at the idea of
beginning the world afresh. I had saved the manuscript of the English-
Japanese dictionary on which Ishibashi and I were then engaged, as
well as that of an annotated edition of Sir R. Alcock's Colloquial
Japanese, which was then in the press, though destined never to see
the light. My loss came to between £300 and £400, a portion of which
was afterwards made good to me by Her Majesty's Government. The
losses of the insurance offices amounted to $2,800,000, or about
£700,000. The value of what was not insured was not great.

The conflagration raged so fiercely among the foreign warehouses

and residences that before four o'clock in the afternoon it had made its
way half down the bund, leaving only the club-house standing, and at
one period it was thought that the whole settlement would be in a
blaze before night. If that had happened the European community
would have had to seek an asylum on board ship, but fortunately our
fears were not realized. The flames seemed invincible by the side of
our puny efforts.

The expedient was resorted to of blowing up houses in the line of

fire, but not with great success, for some of those so destroyed were
never touched by it at all, while in other instances the débris could not
be cleared away, and only helped it to spread to the buildings beyond.
One hundred and seven Europeans and Americans were rendered
homeless, and many of those who had trusted in their so-called
fireproof godowns were left without anything in the world but the
clothes they stood in. Merchants whose goods were uninsured were
devoured by a terrible anxiety, for the most solidly-constructed stone
godowns seemed to offer little more resistance than the wooden
houses of the Japanese.

Although the wind had fallen, much apprehension was entertained

for the safety of what still remained unburnt, for owing to the
damaged condition of the hose, all the fire engines had become
useless, and nothing could be done to extinguish the smouldering
embers. The fire was therefore left to burn itself out, and four days
elapsed before the flames entirely died down. The price of clothing
rose incredibly, as also did house rent. Yokohama was not as well
supplied with hatters, tailors and bootmakers as it is in these days, and
most men were in the habit of supplying themselves from home. For
the next two years, consequently, I was reduced to a very moderate
wardrobe. I had, for example, to pay $4, or 18 shillings, for five pocket
handkerchiefs.

After the fire I took up my abode with my friend Tom Foster, then
the manager of Gilman & Co.'s Yokohama branch, until the 9th or 10th
of December, when I migrated to the Legation at Yedo. The new
buildings in front of Sen-gaku-ji were now completed, and enclosed by
a lofty black wooden fence which imparted to the establishment
somewhat of the aspect of a jail. There were two long wooden
buildings, one of which was the minister's residence, the other being
occupied by the members of the chancery. Eusden had gone to
Hakodaté as acting consul, and the staff consisted of Mitford as second
secretary, Willis as assistant accountant and medical officer, Siebold
and myself as interpreters, and Vidal as student interpreter. The
infantry guard was commanded by Lieutenant Bradshaw. Sidney
Locock, the first secretary, a married man with a family, lived at
Yokohama, as did also H. S. Wilkinson, still a student. They were
"ramshackle" buildings, all windows and doors, terribly cold from want
of proper fireplaces and bad construction, which admitted draughts on
every side. But I did not live there long.

After my transfer from the Yokohama consulate to the Legation in

the autumn of 1866, one of the first matters in which I was able to be
of use to our new chief was connected with the wording of the treaty.
In the English text the Tycoon was spoken of as "His Majesty," and
thus placed on a level with the Queen. In the Japanese version,
however, this epithet was rendered by the equivalent of "Highness,"
and it was thus to be inferred that our sovereign was of lower rank
than the Mikado. Moreover, the word "queen" had been translated by a
title which was borne by great-grand-daughters of a Mikado. I
recommended that a new Japanese version should be made, in which
"Majesty" should be rendered by its proper Japanese equivalent, and
"Queen" by the word Kôtei (Hwang-ti), usually translated by "Emperor"
in all the Chinese-English dictionaries, but really meaning "supreme
sovereign," and applicable to both sexes. The preparation of the new
version was entrusted to my hands, and with the aid of my teacher I
managed in about a month's time to complete an accurate translation,
which was adopted as official. It was the keynote of a new policy
which recognized the Mikado as the sovereign of Japan and the Tycoon
as his lieutenant. We gave up the use of "Tycoon," which my reading
had taught me was properly a synonym for the Mikado, in our
communications with the Japanese government, though retaining it in
correspondence with the Foreign Office, in order not to create
confusion, but the most important result was to set in a clearer light
than before the political theory that the Mikado was the treaty-making
power. As long as his consent had not been obtained to the existing
treaties we had no locus standi, while after he had been induced to
ratify them, the opposition of the daimiôs ceased to have any logical
basis.
 CHAPTER XV

VISIT TO KAGOSHIMA AND UWAJIMA

A few days after I had assumed my new duties, and had settled down,
as I thought, for a period of uninterrupted study, Sir Harry informed
me that he contemplated sending me down to Nagasaki in the
"Princess Royal," which was about to proceed thither through the
inland sea, to collect political information at Hiôgo and elsewhere. I
was to return in the "Argus" by way of Kagoshima and Uwajima. The
Tycoon had recently died, and had been succeeded by his cousin
Shitotsubashi, whose position, however, was not very clearly defined.
Before his elevation to the headship of the Tokugawa family he had
been regarded as a partisan of the "return to the ancient régime," now
so much in men's mouths, and it was desirable to learn as much as
possible of his probable line of policy. In Yedo we were too far away
from the political centre to learn much. I was greatly pleased at the
prospect of visiting Nagasaki, but took care not to seem too desirous of
being sent on the proposed mission, lest over-eagerness should defeat
itself. Next day I got a note from Sir Harry, who resided chiefly at
Yokohama, telling me that he had not yet seen the Admiral, but that he
still thought I should have to go. So I packed up some clothes in a
wicker basket such as the Japanese use when travelling, and went
down to Yokohama in the gunboat which was our principal means of
conveyance between the two places. In the evening I learnt that the
matter had been arranged, and that the "Princess Royal" would sail the
next day but one. I wrote to Willis for his teacher Hayashi, whom I
intended to put ashore at Hiôgo to collect news, and for a tin box
containing some stationery, and a little money, but neither arrived in
time. In despair I borrowed a few hundred ichibus from Foster, bought
a box of cheroots, wrapped a few sheets of foolscap in a newspaper,
and got on board on the 12th December just in time.
 We had fine weather for our start, but encountered a strong
westerly wind outside, which prevented our passing between Vries
Island and the mainland. For four days I lay in my cot, utterly unable
to eat, but consoling myself with reference to previous experiences of
the same kind. At last I was revived by a plateful of greasy beefsteak
pudding that Admiral King sent me, and a glass of champagne. The
gale had not abated, and the huge two decker rolled terribly. At one
time the betting was strong on Hongkong as our first port of
anchorage, and Hiôgo was given up as quite unattainable. Hakodaté,
Yokohama and Nagasaki rose by turns to the position of favourite. We
were blown right out of the chart of Japan, and at last, after many
days of tossing to and fro, tacking and wearing, we sighted the
Linschoten Islands, where we turned to the north, and steaming as
fast as 400 horse power will carry a vessel of 3500 tons, got into
Nagasaki on the evening of the 23rd.

The appearance of the town and foreign settlement, lighted up by

innumerable lamps dotted all over the hillsides, reminded me of
Gibraltar as I had seen it from the deck of the "Indus" a little more
than five years previously.

At Nagasaki I made the acquaintance of some retainers of Uwajima,

the most important of whom was Iséki Sayemon, afterwards prefect of
Yokohama in the first years of the Mikado's rule. He came to call on
me, and said that the proposed assemblage of a council of daimiôs at
Kiôto had been put off for the present. But it was sure to take place
eventually, and one of the first topics of discussion would be the
position of Chôshiû. About half of Shi-koku was in favour of Hiôgo
being opened to foreign trade, but the Kiûshiû people opposed it, on
account of the anticipated decline of Nagasaki. He thought that the
visit of the Admiral and Sir Harry Parkes in the "Princess Royal" to
Uwajima had done immense good, by familiarizing the common people
with the appearance of foreigners, and their ingenuity in the
construction of ships and warlike appliances. The daimiô of Uwajima
and his brother the ex-daimiô (who was the leading spirit of the clan)
had excused themselves on the ground of sickness from attending the
council at Kiôto. Shitotsubashi had not yet been invested with the
office of Shôgun and its attendant court titles, and the probability was
that they would be withheld until he had settled the Chôshiû difficulty,
which would doubtless give him a good deal of trouble. When I met
him again on the following day the conversation turned upon our
relations with Chôshiû. I told him that the British Government had
stationed a man-of-war at Shimonoséki to prevent merchant vessels
frequenting the straits during the continuance of hostilities between
Chôshiû and the Tycoon; we did not wish to interfere in any of the civil
quarrels of the Japanese. We were at peace with Chôshiû, who had
agreed to let foreign vessels pass without molestation, and had
undertaken to let them purchase wood, water, and other necessaries,
while promising to build no more batteries.

The Tycoon's government had undertaken to pay the indemnity

imposed upon the Prince of Chôshiû. The powers, however, did not
care for the money, and would be willing at any time to abandon the
indemnity if their doing so would tend to the improvement of relations
with Japan. The Tycoon's people had asked for delay in making
payment of the remaining instalments, and in consenting to this, the
foreign ministers had obtained in return the concession of permission
for Japanese to travel in foreign countries. It was to be supposed,
however, that the nation was desirous of having the ancient prohibition
removed, and the government would have had, therefore, no excuse
for maintaining it. Hiôgo would certainly be opened on the 1st of
January 1868 in accordance with the undertaking entered into by the
Tycoon; the intention of the Powers was to uphold the treaties in their
entirety and get them carried out. We could not ask for the opening of
Shimonoséki under the present treaties, as the Tycoon's authority did
not extend so far. It would require a separate treaty with Chôshiû. As
long as the present treaties remained unchanged, no ports could be
opened in daimiôs' territories.

At Hiôgo we had discussed matters with the Tycoon's Council, who,

we now learnt, had deceived us by concealing the Mikado's injunction
to them to negotiate for the abandonment of Ozaka and Hiôgo as seats
of foreign commerce. It was a pity we had not thrown them over, and
negotiated direct with the Mikado's court, from which we heard that a
noble had been deputed to visit the foreign representatives.

During my stay at Nagasaki I made the acquaintance of officers

from Tosa and Higo. One of the latter said that there never would be
another Shôgun, but that the Mikado would be restored to the throne.
Here was a clear glimpse into the future. My instructions from Sir Harry
were to proceed from Nagasaki to Kagoshima and Uwajima, and call in
at Hiôgo on my way back. I embarked, therefore, on the 1st January
1867 in the "Argus," Commander Round, with my two servants,
Noguchi Tomizô and Yasu. The former was a young samurai of Aidzu,
who had left his home and attached himself to Vyse, our consul at
Hakodaté, in order to study English. In the autumn of 1865 he came to
live with me, to carry on his studies, and on the present occasion he
had accompanied me to Nagasaki, whence he was to have gone to
England as cabin-servant to Alexander Buller, the Commander of the
flagship. But whether it was the tossing about on the way down, or the
disagreeable servant's position, he now changed his mind, and begged
me to take him back to Yedo. Buller expressed himself as somewhat
annoyed, but I could not help it. Noguchi eventually went with me in
1869 to England, where I paid for his schooling during a couple of
years. After my return to Japan he stayed on awhile in London at the
expense of the Japanese government, and eventually came back to
Tôkiô, where he obtained a minor appointment in a public office. In
spite of his then comparatively elevated position, he never gave
himself airs, or forgot that I had befriended him, and it was with great
regret that I heard of his death about the beginning of 1885. He was
honest and faithful to the end. Yasu was a young monkey belonging to
the lower classes, and I don't remember that he had any virtues.

Round did not treat me very well, and made me sleep in the cockpit,
a sort of common den in the bottom of the ship, where the
midshipmen keep their chests and sling their hammocks. There was no
privacy, and we were crowded together in a most uncomfortable
manner. I got a cot to sleep in, but no mattress or pillow, and was
forced to borrow a cushion off a bunk in the captain's cabin and roll up
my greatcoat for a pillow.
 We reached Kagoshima next day early in the afternoon. As soon as
we dropped our anchor, some officers pulled off from the shore,
bringing a flag for us to hoist while firing the salute in answer to theirs.
Matsuoka Jiûdaiyu came on board to explain that the prince and his
father were in retirement owing to the recent death of the latter's
mother. As neither was able to receive visitors, the duty of receiving
the Admiral's letter, of which we were the bearers, would be performed
by the prince's second brother and two councillors. This was a letter
thanking him for kindness shown to shipwrecked sailors. Sir Harry and
the Admiral on their visit in the previous summer had seen and
conversed with both the prince and his father Shimadzu Saburô, but I
do not suppose that my being unable to meet them made much
difference to the result of my visit, as the conduct of affairs was to a
great extent in the hands of the principal retainers. I went ashore to
stay at the factory with three Englishmen named Sutcliffe, Harrison
and Shillingford. The last of these, an engineer by profession, had
been engaged by the daimiô in connection with some cotton mills
which he was erecting, the other two had come to Kagoshima in
search of employment.

On the 3rd, Round came on shore with a party of officers to deliver

the Admiral's letter, and I accompanied him to interpret. We were met
at the landing-place by some high officials, who conducted us through
the town for half a mile to the house, where we were received by
Shimadzu Dzusho, a handsome youth, the second son of Shimadzu
Saburô, Niiro Giôbu, a councillor who had been in England, and
Shimadzu Isé, also a councillor. It was a house set apart for the
reception of visitors. The prince's brother, 29 years years of age,
seemed a perfect child as far as intelligence went. All the talking was
done by the high officials who sat on his right hand. I interpreted the
contents of the letter, which was then handed to Shimadzu Dzusho, the
whole ceremony not occupying more than five minutes. We then sat
down to an entertainment, which opened with a few courses of
Japanese cookery with saké, but consisted in the main of an
interminable succession of European dishes, moistened with sherry,
champagne and brandy. I took my revenge upon Round by keeping up
a lively conversation in Japanese, and translating none of it, so the
poor man was driven to count the oranges in a dish which stood near,
in order to keep off ennui. After the banquet, the officers dispersed
themselves through the town, while I remained behind to assist in
making a translation of the Admiral's letter. Niiro also stopped. We
talked about the proposed meeting of daimiôs, which had been
postponed sine die. Then I praised the composition of a letter which
had been addressed to the Mikado in the name of the Prince of
Satsuma some months back.

"Did you see it? What a stupid document it was," said Niiro.

"Not at all," I replied. "I thought it excellent, and the style was
worthy of all praise."

"Had it not reference to Hiôgo?"

"No. I mean the memorial objecting to sending Satsuma troops to

co-operate with those of the Tycoon against Chôshiû."

"Oh, yes. Shimadzu Isé, who sat next to me to-day, was the writer
of that letter. He was in Kiôto at the time."

"How is the Chôshiû business getting on," I asked. "I hear the
Tycoon has withdrawn the greater part of his troops."

"Chôshiû is very strong," he replied, "and he has right on his side.

None of the daimiôs will support the Tycoon, and the latter has now no
chance of beating him."

"Well, I think that if he had put his best troops into the field, and
attacked Chôshiû energetically at first, he must have conquered him."

"No, never. He had not right on his side."

"You appear to be very friendly with Chôshiû," I remarked.

"No," said he, "not friendly, but we have a natural fellow-feeling for
one of our own class."
 Niiro's reference to the letter of the Prince of Satsuma, which he
supposed I had seen, revealed the important fact that the Satsuma
clan were opposed to the opening of Hiôgo, and in fact it was the
presentation of this letter or memorial to the Mikado during the visit of
the foreign representatives in November 1865 which had encouraged
the Mikado to make it a condition of giving his sanction to the treaties
that the Tycoon should arrange for that port being given up. It was
necessary, therefore, to impress on Niiro's mind, for the benefit of his
fellow clansmen, that the foreign Powers would not for a moment
entertain the idea of giving up Hiôgo or any other part of the treaties.

At this moment there was lying in the bay a little steamer named
the "Otentosama," belonging to Chôshiû. She had brought down the
leading man of that clan, Katsura Kogorô, afterwards known during the
year of the revolution as Kido Junichirô. I said to Niiro that I should like
to call on him to inquire after some of my Shimonoséki friends. Niiro
replied that Katsura was to have an interview with Shimadzu Saburô at
ten o'clock the same evening, and a meeting afterwards with some of
the Satsuma councillors at three in the morning. If I wished particularly
to see him, I might go and sleep at his lodgings, and wait till he turned
up. I declined the invitation, preferring a European bed, for at that
time I was not so accustomed to Japanese ways as I afterwards
became. It was weak on my part. But what Niiro said rendered it
perfectly clear that an understanding was being negotiated between
the two most powerful of the western clans, and that they would
henceforth be united against the Tycoon. Fortunate for us that they
were on friendly terms with us, and fortunate also for the general
interest of foreign Powers, between whom and the revolutionary
government of 1868 the British Legation acted as mediators. The
French Legation on the other hand supported the Tycoon. M. Roches
was projecting the foundation of the arsenal at Yokosuka, which would
place the military organization of the Tokugawa family on a new and
superior footing, and he had procured a distinguished staff of French
officers to drill the Tycoon's troops. It was even rumoured that he had
made, or was contemplating making, offers of material assistance to
Shitotsubashi. And this policy he pursued until the logic of facts at last
demonstrated its folly, being followed by the North German Chargé d'
Affaires, Herr von Brandt, and the Italian Minister, Count La Tour. The
Netherlands Political Agent, however, adhered to Sir Harry, while the
new American Minister, General van Valkenburg, was neutral.

We had felt the pulse of the Japanese people more carefully and
diagnosed the political condition better than our rivals, so that the
prestige of the British Minister in the years 1868 and 1869 was
completely in the ascendant.

On the 4th January the prince's reply was to have been delivered on
board the "Argus," but at noon Niiro presented himself to say that it
was not yet ready. We therefore landed and inspected the glass
factory, shot and shell foundry, gun foundry and pot and kettle foundry
near the prince's garden at Iso. The letter now arrived in charge of
Matsuoka, and after its formal delivery, we sat down once more to a
banquet in European style. It was shorter than that of the previous
day, and the dishes better cooked, but it was politeness rather than
gastronomic satisfaction that caused us to praise it. For in truth the
dinner was bad and ill-arranged.

About five o'clock I started off with Sutcliffe to call on Niiro, who
had not been seen since the morning. After an hour's walking, we
arrived at his house, darkness having already set in. Niiro received us
very cordially, and entertained us with tea, oranges, beer, cakes and
conversation for an hour and a half. He told me that in passing through
Hiôgo lately he had heard that the French Minister was shortly
expected there with a letter from the Emperor Napoleon III, and that
there was to be a general gathering of foreign representatives.
Shitotsubashi had disappointed his friends by accepting the succession
to the headship of the Tokugawa family, and was suspected of wishing
to establish his power as Tycoon with the aid of foreigners.

He gave me to understand that they regarded the French with

dislike and distrust, and seemed to be all the more friendly with us
because they had learnt to appreciate the value of our enmity. The
Satsuma people seemed to be making great progress in the civilized
arts, and gave me the impression of great courage and
straightforwardness. I thought they would soon be far ahead of the
rest of Japan.

Tycoon, as I have said before, was the title given in the treaties to
the temporal sovereign. The Japanese, however, never used it. Sei-i-tai
Shôgun, or "Generalissimo for the subjugation of barbarians," was his
official designation, which delicacy prevented his ministers from
employing in their official communications with the foreign
representatives, while the common people spoke of him as Kubô sama.
The "opposition" daimiôs, however, had adopted the term Baku-fu,
which most closely might be rendered by "military establishment," and
it was this term that my friends and I used in conversation. In like
manner, for the honorific designation Gorôjiû (noble old men) applied
in the east of Japan to the Tycoon's council of ministers, the expression
Kaku-rô (old ones) was substituted. The opposition refused to
recognize that the government which they wished to upset was entitled
to any mark of respect.

On the 5th January we left Kagoshima and anchored in Uwajima

Bay at eleven o'clock on the following day.

The beautiful bay is completely landlocked, and surrounded by hills

of varying height up to 2000 feet. Close behind the town, on its east
side, rises a high peak known as Oni-ga-jô, the "demon's castle." The
prince's fortress was a conspicuous object to the right of the town; it
stood on a low, wooded hill, close to the seashore, and consisted of a
three-storied keep, surrounded by a double wall of stonework
surmounted by white plastered walls, almost hidden by the trees.
South of this lay the official quarter, the citizens' quarter being to the
east and north, stretching for some distance along the shore, as the
hills behind leave the town no room to expand. Close in shore the
water is very shallow, and advantage had been taken of this to
construct salterns and reclaim rice fields by building a dyke. There was
a small battery on each side of the bay, more for show than for
defensive use.

About an hour and a half after we anchored, a boat was noticed

hovering about the stern, with a person in the stern-sheets busily
engaged in examining the ship through an opera glass. Finding out
that it was the prince, Commander Round sent a gig at once to invite
him on board. He explained his curious behaviour by saying that he
had wished to remain incognito. The Admiral's letter wishing him a
happy new year was produced, and after I had translated its contents,
he took possession of it. He was aged 32, of about middle height, and
had an aristocratic cast of countenance, with a slightly aquiline nose,
on the whole a handsome man. As a matter of course he was shown
over the ship. In the meantime I had some conversation with a
gentleman-like young man of about twenty years of age named
Matsuné Kura, son of the principal karô. He said that Satsuma and
Uwajima were on very friendly terms, which was natural, as the ex-
daimiô and Shimadzu Saburô had been amongst the little band of
princes who were disgraced for their opposition to the elevation of the
lately deceased Tycoon. Shitotsubashi had not been appointed Shôgun,
and perhaps never would be.

When the prince returned on shore I accompanied him in the gig,

and found a number of his women waiting for him on the bank with his
children, the eldest of whom was a little boy of seven years of age.
The others were mostly babies in arms, and each was attended by an
undernurse bearing a small sword wrapped in gold brocade. The
Japanese samurai was accustomed to the companionship of his
weapon from his very infancy. The prince was extremely affable, and
promised to repeat his visit on the following day, and to bring the in-
kio or ex-daimiô with him. I said good-bye, and went into the town,
where I met three officers from the ship engaged in "curio" hunting.
An immense crowd followed us everywhere, examining our clothes and
asking all manner of questions, but behaving with the utmost civility. I
felt my heart warm more and more to the Japanese.

On the 7th January it rained violently and blew hard all day, but the
weather did not prevent the daimiô and the in-kio from coming on
board. The latter was a tall man with strongly marked features and a
big nose, and reputed to be one of the most intelligent of his class,
imperious in manner, and 49 years of age. He was not a born Daté
(that was the surname of the Uwajima daimiôs), but had been adopted
from a hatamoto family in Yedo. After his adoption the present daimiô
was born, and the relationship between them was that of brothers by
adoption. But still the adopted son could not be set aside, and he
eventually succeeded to the title and fief, but by way of compensation
to the younger brother who had lost his birthright, he adopted him as
his son. Consequently, when the prince was disgraced in 1858 the real
heir succeeded. In-kio (living retired) is a common term for the head of
a family, whether noble or commoner, who has given up the active
headship and the management of the estate to his son, a not unusual
thing in "Old Japan" for a father who had reached the sixties. Here the
in-kio was manifestly the ruling spirit, and it was touching to observe
the immense respect paid to him by the titular prince, who always
addressed him as father, while he on his part used the depreciatory
term sengaré (my youngster) in speaking of the daimiô. They stopped
for a couple of hours talking and drinking some Moselle with which I
had provided myself at Nagasaki.

The in-kio began to talk eagerly to me about the very suspicious

intimacy that existed between the Tycoon's government (baku-fu) and
the French Legation, but as soon as old Matsuné, the principal
councillor, perceived that his master was becoming indiscreet, he
hurried him away on the pretext that it would be too late to fire the
salute. So away they went, amid the thunder of seventeen guns, which
was returned from one of the batteries. After he left the wives and
families of the two princes flocked on board. They were not in the least
afraid of us, and conversed with as much ease and readiness as
European ladies. There was a Japanese officer on board, afterwards
Admiral Hayashi Kenzô.

Noguchi, who had been ashore to have a hot bath and get shaved,
had brought me an invitation to dine with Iriyé, the captain of the
battery. So I took a boat and went off in spite of the wind and rain. My
host had not yet returned from his duties, but his wife asked me to
come in, and in about a quarter of an hour he made his appearance.
Soon afterwards another artillery officer named Mori came in, and then
two more juniors. Dinner was at once ordered. It consisted of
innumerable courses of fish and soup, and lasted from six o'clock till
eleven. We talked, drank hot saké, and sang by turns, and I had to
answer a multitude of questions on all possible subjects. This gave me
numerous opportunities of uttering appropriate wise saws and
proverbial sayings, which gave my hearers unbounded delight, and
inspired them with no small amount of respect for the philosophy of
the western peoples. At half-past eleven the last guest retired, and
after we had eaten a little rice, we went to bed in Japanese fashion. I
was surprised to find that one could sleep comfortably without sheets.

On the following morning, after a good breakfast à la Japonaise, I

rejoined the ship, and started in company with Round, and Wright and
Dunn of the ixth regiment, who as I have hitherto neglected to
mention, had come on board at Nagasaki, for the rifle range, in
accordance with an engagement made on the previous day. A guard of
honour of 25 men received us at the landing-place, and we were
escorted by an officer of the Uwajima navy. Half-way we found another
guard, which fell in and led us up a pretty stiff hill to the ranges. Some
of our small-arms men were landed to exhibit their skill. We had to
walk a short distance and climb the hills. There is not sufficient flat
ground in Uwajima for a proper rifle range, so the butts were placed on
the side of another hill separated from us by a valley about 700 yards
wide. Here we found tents set us, and the in-kio, his own son, and the
prince awaiting our arrival. Our men, who were not accustomed to
shooting across a chasm of unknown depth and width, showed
themselves less skilful than the Uwajima marksmen, who had the
advantage of knowing their ground.

We got the shooting over by half-past one, and the whole party
then proceeded to the goten or palace, which was outside the castle. It
was an old building, dating from about 500 years back, but without
pretensions to architectural style. We were not received at the great
entrance, but at some temporary steps erected for the occasion which
led up at once from the garden into the verandah. Here old Matsuné
met us and conducted us into a long room, which was shut off on all
sides by handsome folding screens covered with gold leaf. At one end
of the room was a particularly large screen, which the prince said was
a present to his ancestor from the great Taikô-sama. A table was
placed down the middle of the room, with armchairs on the right side
for the in-kio, the prince, and Matsuné, while on the left were seated
Round and his officers. I sat at the head of the table to facilitate
conversation.

The dinner was beautifully got up, every separate dish prettily
arranged and decorated, but the most tasteful of all was a wild duck
with all its plumage perfect, and the roasted meat cut up small and laid
on the back between the wings, elevated in such a way as to convey
the idea that the bird was swimming and flying at the same time.
Other dishes consisted of huge crayfish, and there was a large baked
tai, as required by etiquette, for each person. Each of us had a large
porcelain cup to drink from, and the warm liquor was handed round in
pewter vessels with long spouts, like flat teapots. The ex-prince
exchanged cups with Round, myself, and the two redcoats in turn, and
the same ceremony was aftwards gone through with the prince and his
minister, old Matsuné.

There was a good deal of eating and saké drinking, and the in-kio
presented me with a large shallow cup of red lacquer which I had first
to empty. My companions left early, while at the in-kio's request I
remained behind for some conversation on politics. He began by
speaking of Hiôgo, as to which he had expressed his opinion to Sir
Harry Parkes in July last. But he was now in favour of opening the
place to foreign trade, and so was Shitotsubashi. He had heard that
negotiations were proceeding with the French for its being opened
next September, but he would prefer that the arrangements should be
made with us rather than with the French, whom he did not like. I
replied that I believed the French policy was based upon the belief that
the country needed a recognized head, and that as they had a treaty
with the Shôgun, who apparently was the most powerful political
personage, they thought it would be better to strengthen him as far as
possible. The English policy was different. We regarded our treaty as
having been made with Japan, and not with the Shôgun in particular. If
with the latter, then as there was no actual Shôgun at the moment, our
treaty would have to be regarded as being in abeyance. We did not
wish to interfere, and were quite content that the Japanese should
settle their internal disputes among themselves.

"But," said In-kio, "if civil war becomes chronic, your trade will
suffer, and you will have to put an end to it for your own sakes."

"No," I replied, "for if we interfered and took a side, matters would

become ten times more difficult, and the foreign trade would come
altogether to an end."

The in-kio then remarked that his idea was for Japan to become a
confederated empire, with the Mikado for its head, and that this idea
was favoured by Satsuma and Chôshiû. I said I thought there was no
other way out of the difficulty, and I had written an article in a
Yokohama newspaper to that effect. "Oh," said the in-kio, "I have read
it," meaning the translation which has been already mentioned. At last
the ex-prince said, "Let us send for the women and have some music.
The captain will be jealous if he hears that I produced them to you
after he had left, so don't tell him, but if he hears of it, you may say I
was drunk."

Here the conversation was interrupted by the entrance of the ladies

of the harem, such a bevy of pretty women, some wives and some not.
All the children came in too. I had to drink saké with all of the ladies,
till I began to fear my head might give way. Musical instruments were
brought in, and a great deal of saké was drunk, greatly to the increase
of friendliness and conviviality, but not to the advantage of the
interchange of political views. In fact the in-kio gave himself up to
enjoyment and would talk no more. He afterwards said in a casual sort
of way: "You must not let it appear in the newspapers that I went on
board the "Argus," for I have declined attending the meeting at Kiôto
on the ground of sickness, and I should not wish the government to
hear of it. I should not like to be at Kiôto just now." After the music
had begun, I looked round and saw one of the officers of the "Argus,"
who had come in after the captain's departure, performing a Japanese
dance. I proposed to him to dance a hornpipe, which he at once did,
and the ex-prince, a man of the sober age of 49, got up, placed
himself opposite, and tried to imitate the steps, holding up his loose
trousers with both hands. The fun infected two of the ministers, who
joined him in a three-handed reel.

After drinking a great deal of saké with the two princes and their
ladies, I was carried off—no, led—to his own house by old Matsuné,
where more saké was produced, and I was made acquainted with the
rest of his family. After about an hour's conversation, I was glad to get
to bed, for the fumes of the hot saké were beginning to have some
effect on my head. Hayashi, young Matsuné, another Japanese and
myself, slept in one room. Next morning I was roused before daylight
by the report of a signal gun fired from the "Argus" to announce that
she was ready to leave. I dressed hastily and went on board with
young Matsuné, to whom I presented my opera glass as a souvenir.
Noguchi and my boy Yasu, who had also been sleeping on shore, had
not yet made their appearance, but Round refused to wait for them. So
I begged Matsuné to send them somehow to Yokohama, and advance
them any money which they might ask for, to be repaid to the Uwajima
agent in Yedo. At half-past six we weighed anchor, and steamed out of
the bay, full of regrets at being obliged to part from our kind,
hospitable friends.

We reached Hiôgo about noon on the 11th of January, after visiting

one or two unimportant places in the inland sea. I went on shore to
inquire whether we could get coals, beef and vegetables. After
arranging with the local officials to send some supplies on board, I
walked about the town, and found the people quite accustomed to the
sight of a foreigner. I met some two-sworded men, who protested that
they were determined to prevent the opening of Hiôgo to foreign
trade, but they were evidently joking. A Hizen man whom I came
across declared that I was an old acquaintance, though I had never set
eyes on him before. Afterwards Hayashi Kenzô and I went on board a
Satsuma steamer that was lying in port, and made the acquaintance of
her captain, Inouyé Shinzayemon. She had brought up from
Kagoshima one of the leading Satsuma men named Komatsu Tatéwaki;
he had gone up to Ozaka to meet Saigô, the greatest of all the
Satsuma leaders. I immediately proposed to go up to Ozaka and see
them, and letters were written by Inouyé and Hayashi to Godai Saisuké
(our captive of 1863 at Kagoshima) to make the necessary
arrangements. Next day, however, I heard that Saigô was himself
probably coming to Hiôgo, and in the meantime Hayashi took me
ashore to have a hot bath and some luncheon à la Japonaise.
Welcome to Our Bookstore - The Ultimate Destination for Book Lovers
Are you passionate about testbank and eager to explore new worlds of
knowledge? At our website, we offer a vast collection of books that
cater to every interest and age group. From classic literature to
specialized publications, self-help books, and children’s stories, we
have it all! Each book is a gateway to new adventures, helping you
expand your knowledge and nourish your soul
Experience Convenient and Enjoyable Book Shopping Our website is more
than just an online bookstore—it’s a bridge connecting readers to the
timeless values of culture and wisdom. With a sleek and user-friendly
interface and a smart search system, you can find your favorite books
quickly and easily. Enjoy special promotions, fast home delivery, and
a seamless shopping experience that saves you time and enhances your
love for reading.
Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and
personal growth!

ebooksecure.com