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CBSE Notes Class 9 Science Chapter 1

The document provides an overview of matter, defining it as anything that occupies space and has mass. It discusses the classification of matter, its physical nature, characteristics of particles, states of matter, and how matter can change its state through temperature and pressure. Additionally, it covers the effects of evaporation and the factors influencing it.

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69 views7 pages

CBSE Notes Class 9 Science Chapter 1

The document provides an overview of matter, defining it as anything that occupies space and has mass. It discusses the classification of matter, its physical nature, characteristics of particles, states of matter, and how matter can change its state through temperature and pressure. Additionally, it covers the effects of evaporation and the factors influencing it.

Uploaded by

saksham.sbv
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CBSE Notes Class 9 Science

Chapter 1 - Matter In Our


Surroundings Class 9 Notes
Everything around us is made of matter: a pencil, a pen, a table,
the food we eat, the clothes we wear, and the walls of our homes.
Matter is anything that occupies space, has mass, and can be
sensed by us. In other words, matter refers to all the substances
and materials that make up the universe.

Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Revision Notes: Download PDF

1.0Classification of Matter
Since ancient times, people have tried to understand the world
around them. Early Indian philosophers believed that all matter,
living and nonliving, comprises five basic elements known as the
Panchtatva: Air, Water, Earth, Sky, and Fire. Similarly, ancient
Greek philosophers developed a comparable classification of
matter. Today, scientists classify matter based on its physical
properties and chemical nature.

2.0Physical Nature of Matter


Two views existed about matter: continuous (like a solid block)
and particulate (like sand).

Activity: Dissolve 2–3 potassium permanganate crystals in 100


mL water.

Observation: The colour remains visible even after dilution,


showing that each crystal contains millions of particles that
disperse further.
3.0Characteristics of Particles of Matter
 Particles of matter have space between them. For example,
when you dissolve sugar in water, you can stir in more sugar
because the space between the water molecules allows the
sugar particles to fit in.

 Particles of Matter Are Continuously Moving. For instance,


perfume spreads throughout a room as the particles move
through the air.

 Particles of Matter Attract Each Other: An example is water


droplets forming on a cold glass; the water molecules are
attracted and stick together to form droplets.

4.0States Of Matter
Look around and observe that matter exists in three distinct
states: solid, liquid, and gas. These states result from variations in
the characteristics of the particles of matter.
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Fixed shape and No fixed shape but No definite shape or
Shape and Volume
volume has volume volume
Energy Low Medium High
Compressibility Hard to compress Slightly compressible Easily compressible
Molecule Tightly packed, Loosely packed, Very loosely packed,
Arrangement regular random random
Flows from high to
Fluidity Cannot flow Flows in all directions
low
Movement Very little Moderate Free, fast, random
Space Between
Very small More space Large space
Particles
Attraction Between
Strong Moderate Weak
Particles
Density High Medium Low
Rate of Diffusion Very slow Moderate Fast

5.0Can Matter Change its State?


Matter can change its physical state by altering temperature,
pressure, or both. For example, heating can turn a solid into a
liquid (melting) or a liquid into a gas (evaporation), while cooling
can reverse these processes. Increasing pressure can also turn
gases into liquids or solids.
Effect of Temperature on Matter

Melting (Fusion): As a solid's temperature rises, its particles gain


energy, vibrate faster, and eventually break free, turning the solid
into a liquid. The temperature remains constant at the melting
point as heat is used to overcome particle attraction. This
absorbed heat is called the latent heat of fusion.

Boiling (Vaporization): When heat is added to a liquid, particles


move faster until they gain enough energy to become a gas. The
temperature at which this occurs is the boiling point. Latent heat
of vaporization is the energy needed to convert 1 kg of liquid into
gas at the boiling point.

When Temperature Decreases

 Gases: Lower temperatures reduce the kinetic energy of gas


particles, causing them to condense into a liquid (e.g.,
clouds forming).

 Liquids: Lowering the temperature causes liquids to solidify


(e.g., water freezing into ice).

Special Cases:

 Sublimation: A solid changes directly into a gas without


becoming a liquid.

 Deposition: A gas changes directly into a solid without


becoming a liquid.

Thus, temperature changes can shift matter between different


states.

Effect of Change of Pressure

Applying pressure can compress particles of matter, bringing


them closer together and changing their state. For example, CO₂
gas can be solidified by increasing pressure and lowering
temperature.

Evaporation occurs at the surface of a liquid when it turns into


vapour at temperatures below its boiling point.

Factors Affecting Evaporation:


 Surface Area: A larger surface area increases evaporation.

 Temperature: Higher temperatures speed up evaporation.

 Humidity: Lower humidity levels enhance evaporation.

 Wind Speed: Increased wind speed accelerates evaporation.

6.0Evaporation Cause Cooling


As a liquid evaporates, its particles absorb energy from the
surroundings to replace the energy lost during evaporation. This
absorption of energy from the surrounding environment results in
a cooling effect.

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