Graph Theory 2 Note
Graph Theory 2 Note
tes fol 12 >. Aolteu, (clea on G@ Oncl ha) or Q Here we excruele tel = 4 Now. axuxk=16 — Q) ie Reloling D andl @® = sate =u etomans Store “a can have etter, Hwee elemerts to Zy Men we ean howe total AKUP =AG elements of omden 12. Thtenna) ineet procleeio NNSA ORIRART SSARRS . B ber Gy 4 » Garo iq tree the mache Cheng of gneup written ong a coreg greve tn the Teh pey Manner’ + | = GSM, O. ~-- OGD wohicy cs KNOW OS EOP 1 OM Mebey ' Olrrert Prveluct + Rot Tn Potencet. Qeeect preeerk » Susur Nat DOLL citiernertal torneo RL oRweorty element of Gers San oy a Gy ~~ - Defiatrton'— on 7 Let abe ony oops ane] o be Procluer of 4 and > At 7 aR HK one Normal subgroup of Cy A GE HK= hat hey ek a HONK se} we an write Git XK ylae Hox] (HY Mesmed Subgrnupi- em Verhene4 cline a mp Gy ts gotel to be normal svoqflour of ty dhs Cee SURRMYLEN: Ae qeai > newt ELULV eer Bf gNy: =Lgogt [nent‘ yay soy eet OY SESE Loy ehvayy yy apy VS) UID) OH JY . 4 if CS Peremu-tortton greens Show “that 4 ts an imenmay “eaett prepelvchs ° ot gir wel ME Coun ayeg tna) + cand oah | e mH funy = {usr TF mu HN be Sot Ahot Ge tk, A Anke prow pecomse WHIE%s WIE 2 one uorwsivery PmaAMmE SHOW os eyete qv of onoler @ but Sx 8S not gua Hence GL oS nod Gnterna, efinert produce of H onelk beeepse kK AG Toe vy Ene theorems ol HX Hg HX > 7 > oXHy BAO Ha OHO -- BH reromeny G0 aw gree oy ts spe of Q Sondte number f febgreoub HoH ta = Hos Then % ty So morphic. ~t pp of Hp Has + s- Ho Typ Hy Hy XH Ke ~"RHn yr we § “ok oy up ae oe olineet Prroluct of Subgroup Hit tate THD HaHy “== HO TS Morunas Sub wp of 6 7 Gergen Bn = Lnurbas sn Wi eHet 7 Cavy ss HE)O CHE) S Let fon te ya ee os Fs Lrok Ge MIEMQH ANS OM G-> Oty Lt cloment of Gi.te Maney Wie ten eon? — @. Eye % Eve Bobs wedi rat Hg he WE re ane Hy EHS > tH » Ten bths =h3 ht seer (tommutadive ) *y [eosns tacts el —@ Now we proof ewation OO) Chtsngty nyt e ag by shy 3 becavse CHibs hit) hy ome hi &G Hy eHs nite Gr Aes gtexs HDA G Stemivarciy nitny it ny tye nine =He becaue hy hit hye at Lek US oasume “Prot 7S Lick MEH}, GEHE fon ot te 9-9 At Ce. ---ree & Hitlge = o> Eta NHC = fey niow -to Solve CAS momar baa hh --s nd Sho a as yong na =n hg - i he mPa shane! ahi veces he? hn 2 ee > bn he? my sang shthye = ot has! 7 Cn" _— har--- hag shy hy ---¢hd hot Py Onetng) hang =o heen hh oo he bo? Sone TWDEns madmag DRA SAE AL -coa htt hot het meythsthay= os Chaar eet)Bre HRA Ha Hay a x Ww see Ho & a Qy3 Hay | pet hE FUT © tt ga DMO” fet , \po = gre SAME WEL) peeneb yee TmpPiEs erpe preproerentotten ef 4 aque s che FRYE RH) EL@D HAW = 7 OUP Wharcs che +> Cypha ys sera) ce weal el ettnol- econ of Syrenvp of ocala p io ees petimge. ene eon ae Gi as onelen pe where PE | ; eeomo ree. on Ze a nhac be te od woof} Cade-01 sf G@ Wed On erement of orders OS™ A aire | gayle hore AS a= Cue conttolern) >eN non Tolenrted cement of Cy rod | ortelen Py S veo ov fe H= Gy PW Y= =P YEG Seth that Ye oy eatery Ee oC we » Lup iS ® —o “7 [ez el | 1 to Pap ef erVaton O LG Sy «ous| u REG > Lay 4a FBR asswome gad AG 3 bea > bab! ¢ Lay > Kay anol Coast) are aflstiner Subgroup 2 yo bass = fe} » day = fe aa -- oY 2 Cbayty By ellgtinee ULE cofed of Gbary TMWhus Me ton be conten Ob . Koabty > aLpaly 1 - ca get doors > ble at Keasty for Sere Ve pwsr rH ? b= ae dpa)? Abt = abe bt Sex aud! soa) ec) > belay > bokte Cay Ceontraolter’on)~ O Ths dah must be Nermet Sy OC Now A= dw *Gr= GW) KAD ALL) 9 Lapa fe} Leet a eoseye P —~® - > \G & Lewze teins. s aBOVE, ads Yee of ocala phe women eT a : a ofa tat (Stkcrel gieza mene 8 ‘ yo ojo Vo -heeonen |betan qrmoup: eur nw~ WN o- re we mM? ome SM NS Le ae e yeme Storte at evests| Seaite et i gene prvelvet of cure group ! of paime rower Reet : qoctect ancl he PvE? AAR DUMBER, of tegams %o THER o. a en oF The eyedic nop gece, UreAuedsh ptexermenes| ¢ we geet * ¥ \el=n —> Tn Lqnovp) (Gl=e" > 7 om 1 Ep ras oa oe gis CEE NOt mecesrorayty eUstindt « worn PE ot 8s onoler Lt cyte greek ane UMiave 6 exerurine | oa Ga) . aed mo BEAL one cobles| Mo menpric oss of Ole Ss > fo WEMOMLPREM — cLatsret of obeltan Qpeee of onslen Me arn BA UP ON. OTR f aN tow to Hel nos. of distinct Usomphicm ef a selon + Th GH yy abetan grove of on acnteger) La\=n. ve ton WROTE [Eilon =A Ry Pa US= 5x4 Q = a xs! BN = 97 Leas) S\ cor Cees A Lola eS, | b a <0u : ‘4 e€ abettan are P. fon eaten pantten of. *uctttion pmeans get of ave “integer ewrete Sum UK, Tucketton of KOs Ene ng: --5M4 [ote 2° Nya te =D HW DH DTNB OEoar ae Parxtitos x Vet xe ere wal Sur} SF3 3= 3 U3} “ma (ait, . = tart Lott a uy fut = 3 (351) = RA CRY ” dele) Lasuit ple tetsl Las tas} LE Ke meer ganga- oe “hene ane paretton of kK roup. There Sf one Rp" Op AO ieee “Ope SL EASA SM parctttton of K Sor =— orslen of & Let PHB Boel etme} HR Ssormonphism eros of gpven enter. oly ei) eosstble OCP) don é e i Le == a ZyX S aN Zr Ot s3 a os ta Ts Ors" z Oz s“ Bet z54 Bar Zs ez dara th Ons, ARR tg OxPis 12s 0 xctrs8 aeo Ley 4 re a Seca ei itor wohere ars PR aN erime 4 et not "o ‘ne Meck ole HERR where ge {req{aMee)] ord ccenenini| (one OT Hl=p?, fool we we Rave sto Proof Aout Hone ere tobar eee oa) (gener, Oy. ts abetan, , pe hove HE onel WK one normed Sabgecove of Ge Sco! BECK EK ancl Minn et we have HKe G © ne, P Xm qe Cove) ay 3 Tun reer ent an eregen Boon nak Sm de =a Son any eG we have Azo! = aysmrte? = sm, fe? tm a oS Ww “Con! yen atone ~ tn? ey - oS? a 4 miler ie eK 7 Oe WK x GS AK @) 9 OD ane] (Genk ome tink, LEAL anol ALEK ae anol gay s ee SO 1). ofivtele’ 9” anol m lou a 5 onze Hows fez aut of orleni : 8o Mawes gel " s DD Oy es We Shave LO) & Wal, WAL al wee ead J hme sl ie Resa] RE hy. nen ba droler ps MEK St Loe Dolce * In Je Fy Le 7 ne oS cet 7 FR REN Q — comractietdon aout: 0 “VG, Aheonem WK hel | Chernend 64 . = tcoo wen] Remaruct- are 3 o Leek be wan abettan grove ath Vat: a = POS omere pane dtefne: — Pene + tad: GILPL fret {ela t my lemme 4 f Ge GCP. recess 1 ee" al Leemmo — 02 “a Lot “4 be an obetian agree ef prime — powest oral anel ani “all be Ceci of mantimor orcelen tn 4 Then cr con be corckHen AG he + Lorem Layne + a CORY Pav nue chenote | &| by pn Som ey 9 Wear Okas= 5 Qe Sarr dey Uae Has te swe fon basemen dp tneluciton onineogc ia ere 2 rane ae Ce es en is LWP 5 Aue e] at Pom - Bae SO) Oe ~ are atone . ject vs atsome 4 + Lo . wen PE OY be tue cmauerd orerlern gt bY Riso. Rezo Rata HD Rag Raga = ko UH Rate =V voH 1 DPD! 90 hutemorphism gyceues DetCer) ane] Tan(4r)1— Twhpert to Funcidoo Composition + feof Ty Show Aot(Gt) TS a ove we nCa)= {$1 G2 G Lone~one, onto} bet Wt @ tut Ch) We Kawe to Show thot mee eros) TO) must fe one-one anak | 0 7.0 g MoS+ be Cerotpoepltin —@® Theowem—0l fur Co) ons) Tho Car) SCH) ane groves web OU Bow HOrC GUA,: THOT Cony = Tro) . = WUryLa) *2Us)) = CTatay THERE) ne TrOT2La) wv O72 U6) — @ from @ anol) Tory @ KG) =, tad te norco) To Show tte AutCé) OMe-one » onto a Sa TOG endict One| well olofinee| ancl one-ones Ooty Whe G - i Qssume thet ata) say ane} 7704) = by Y X= Tas b= Th) Jab ~ Toy) rb) = TL) Swab) = aye; YT Cas) = Tea) wey — 4) From @ anol @ Y Rot Cory < ACor) iT] Show Tons) ee a grove Wwe_ wht Sew Aha ran (éi) Since as tay, (a)= LBs 3% moe} toy Be34 meel 10} = PRG SB, 0059 102 ano| ; = Lio 0 . P Bes Q Jeneneaton of 7, Onelo oy Me-one . q ia . SMO GlRo of, My & vpention = atoan io > Since | f Xs Lorin) = SLath) = 3q+43b =Aata)-+h3 Ub)7 ee ' sence Xg & Aut C0) tans Ayrey hot Cu) TREE we have wey= id & retemtisy) Smal BUY een WOK é = 3K CF RU then KDE TK EX ota = Tasty at) =A Ano \ HELM) = fap agreyy Xf q = fe BK THAT : See he Strucurne of Tle 4 we have Caras) a) = aCe 1)) = Ayes) = BD o sy Xa %y = Aq oe Oy NXg) = ye oy lea) 4 Thee Rot (yo) es. CHEE Se emt = oq Ves} 3 #9 Ret Gio) Joy oly oy xg yj. 5 #49 Ps oe 3aiaa 1F x [ots aq oy wy 4 i41 93 Ay [ey ol a oy Vig ta Bt Hq] Xq Ay ay TTreornem-2 tog enercny postive. —Kic +a ULn)+ Proof! Lut fe Aut Gn) sbuy automorp hieey ay! € ugn) by “BGS bat Qf AGE In) Voy gue ok Pcayedu) a Rave He Prof ota SU) ww Anteaan D Aut (tn) sb a on th fom platens oletorm!PEON IY TNE MEL Biot EAS seh nea] ¢ ds one-one ee ro) “4 es well ~ oleHoeol go ™ 9 tet 42 FB 5 Be BUtCZn) HAWKE BOW 5 ay METH Sus = eu) aQ@> ge) ya vs Welt = AER neo] 3 ts bne-one “Lak QP OD= OP) > 45 BE Hot Gen) 3 AUy= BU) SACD SUA - rh) gt Nomomonp tern [0c~ Heme] FMA Map ee = aay Cr trmes] =OLRU) = BSUS 4 2. 4 Ba) Coc- emer = Bete oa 5 Ney M--Hmed = BY yas Boa) 7e= 8] Cas gtce - copeatactton] ae ee one-one So CC onto . Son element Le UM) J xe KU (Zn) Souk thot Peja "EKO thech LU) =n TPR 8 AU)RAUEH HAUS my ee, / / . s we hove to prises He feltowlicy,onto > Homomorprty nm Ree H= G= cre) x (es) aise Snee &= “A () NOW Bore Te onto So Fee z Oy Te q sven Hor Ge TTHAY Sy . Same Sq pe ME | : [qyreur e] ‘ 7 K=Qh fon Some regen i “aetege TLA) S=Tlarqes s+ 5 tes). E Taye Tem) => + 1 py timgk = (rosy? = (ary? a= am) *) oa =e! =) m= 1 x0 Coy uttng: ev): yen st Somay of me Now from we have ThA Sa Om TR) = RIA Now from @ we have TAY 2a om TH = act Mes avs cay: Cay,7} — [freoov eof cas] Where ~rrLay=eat TWH enefone 5 Caen @J=Qo [recnove| coy] Me Know that Paty , q wt @ MComorpree -to Xy qenes youve of onefen ug | ~ Qot COD L Ty — (Peooveo} i) Factort Group / Qyorent GYrours : 1 Se ‘at Denton. eas) be aw grou anol Let A be a moan Sub’ oP AT 4 So Nee aN N WEG Tre wep of GW cometh of N tH Gos cLeno-+eo} bye Gin = UNMET” Anof N4Gt . ‘# Ler Cou) be a group anh nye ct a normal Sbanoue of Gr then Ahe colteation of an te Om Om RE cosets oF N? en Gag Satel +0 be auotent Set of G by ny ons|_senotenl by CB) ancl the Ser SL? Boar A group ORDER eh Ges gg Babee group enol AZ es A ADAM} sen neus of G? theo G.\_ Novof Cement es G °C&)= oe Norof etoment ee ny = SCoy BS Oy. hat no Bbarop of onelerc. ocAy)= ME. x Ay = fEsCu29) C1325 yA... + CAYESySsLuyeray, Ca) s@uy 7 Ue *leel -- Uxax ts Bee XE ae. bret WK Ay gy OUI) =6 3 C23 Cyuie ® SocyEe ———— : = Me G= AY a yy < S$ \Aq) ete ! Xs We IR mot possible Controeaticdon —-ytetel * Hence Ay hes oo yen o& orclen Gs G frcexy Theortery 1 an or 7 BH Lek Ge be a grove anol Lat TOM) * be € Centre of, F Srey & eyete Wen GL ey abetlan Rg Seok r leet NL a Sate a oe ets AC) dec aa a “fo Some ge Gi SE G&S abettan be ob=ba ww abe G Ker bE G be ant mem two chases PY aN: bal -e Se > an co anol pal gq. “ent =¢guym anol br =a)? Bin tome. Fon eny Son = 9h ane} bas gh Al 7 Lary aat (gn) 2 tr San = (a1 gmy x TP LN= Cotge dy > N= far'gmn >) esapre et: . ; “eel 9 [yee] Seend lorty [etgnes] ‘| Leet a8 A= 4 G7 =, 2 MAREN Pasi baal ®= gra: gry ae a” LQ OR = g™ Caradng qm a° NNR = qs nag wee qe HR —_ @ ba = ghaegrns : = Froggy) ay = 9? Grads HP groan = arr na, @ Srom O anol © abzbaq Steg BU EH Wet an anbétary elLemend{ > Ges abetlan| = ‘le ming CProveo!) “Moore ecm) Tan) nN SIN Se Lon ange group. brs fac) es Momonpie 4, tan Cey) Proof yoy @ be aw goer ancl we have -2C6) 4-64 “Nous we Construcy qi = Zl t Ray = TAT geay we know Tan C61) = a 5 fq wr nye “Automorc phism? Deine, = ren 6! tm) “> Santa) Se ) Lg 260) = $y graye oe WwW sto. Show OY db dy well cleli'neel . 4FA RENE . Arce). qazen) : Wage rLe1) HE Of » Catagn = Caetag) PUG Ey ae neal) a) 4 sash = o Cuso) a Senet Cares lefty > ¥¢ aos * os gat from fe ragne] ae spe 78 Carxcay) = = Q(gyzc09) "es well a = sLatiine| SD es one-one Reverse cu, the wert olefine of weftrel 8 one-one Ss onto, Fon ang 9 tne) J gzca) -¢ a 7 4 SS PUyzcen) =» “eo =p + Hoy, = qq bq ste? hes orcto + » es homomorcptise / P Cg rz Gv) q ez) iy =e (8.932260) “ ~ F489 =fq, 8a =P Hew) FQ yee) & Romo moreph'tnn, i pe eSom Khar afee te oCasePe Saoite obert ups Ser OL prime Pevofy— Liat _Cr_t's_e nase sto Show “that “J_O€ Gy eb no __P/o¢ m)_+ Then te Oo Ae onal ofse: _ Wwe Shall prove: this Ue KUIAS. to tre metiosis of | amelucaton over OCG) Cage tf oChd=4 ge Ge fet “Then we howe nesthtng “ko pa ove 7 [Cose-2. 2% Ghost _no proper S$ sgriadp ancl OCG) _- “then _0Cor) ¢s__prtime >) Gr ts _cuyeate C/oté) ees PF ancl oCor) es’ petime e =o CH) Mos Gres Cyeut vp of orclen P+ tiet o be gqenenastot of Gre m : L __ So thee 0 Cay=r Ss alee ~ ake ge 3 “Leet! Cn hot opto per Sob sgecne MH anol Co) St . SS otet) £0 Cor)AMrus | bE ree (Xo) —— —— Hes asi rary Sages OF ‘ 2b STH ts a peep es — “nll _ 4 och) goes) fet) & otts) GA oc) =o Cor) TR emt Xe cay sea AH fatn) > e fo Cot ginal “eC Gif) SOO) — anc| ivi oC fet) a oe ov a8 snelc-tog —Aypertests Ts ented Monte b an element’ tHe © HY Ze_onc| (He)! geapeps ance ———_——— Pi penhil esac Se grip— Otc “T30 morepht | ero Gop —of_penmurtartion + —___ ‘ [gpcts} “_Penmutectton —gnuups t Whe eit_one =one anol vee by 0 CSoJ=N +s t= {T} vot) = oa i Sa= fr U2) $ o(S9)= N=