ELECTRIC CIRCUIT THEORY-ECT1

WEEK 5: CIRCUIT LAWS - 2 (2 Hours / 1 Hour)

Abdulrahman A. Faris
 Part I

Kirchhoff’s voltage law & Mesh Analysis

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Kirchhoff’s voltage law
Kirchhoff’s voltage law - 1

• KVL relates to what happens with circuit loops and meshes.

• It is based on the law of conservation of energy.
• Simply put, moving a charge round a circuit and back to the same point should require no net
expenditure of energy.
• Stated as: The algebraic sum of voltages around each and any loop of a circuit must equal
to zero.
• Otherwise stated: The sum of voltage rises (sources) in any loop in a circuit is equal to the
sum of voltage drops in the loop.
• In equation form, KVL is given by,
N
X
vn = 0
n=1
• A mesh is a special loop.
• A mesh is a loop that does not contain any other loops within it.
• This is easily seen when considering the case of resistors in series as an example.

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Kirchhoff’s voltage law - 2
Consider circuit in Figure,
• By Ohm’s law the voltage drops across,
R1 , R2 , and R3 is given as,
• v1 = iR1 , v2 = iR2 , and v3 = iR3 .
R1 R2
• By KVL, the sum of voltage drops around the + − + v −
i v1 2
circuit equals zero. +
• When current i traverse in the clockwise direc- + v3
Vs R3
−
tion from the − to + terminal of the Vs , and
i −
through the resistors R1 , R2 , and R3 in that
order, and coming back to the − terminal of
the Vs , the sum of voltage drops is zero:
−Vs + v1 + v2 + v3 = 0
−Vs + iR1 + iR2 + iR3 = 0
or sum voltage of rises = sum of voltage drops
Vs = iR1 + iR2 + iR3
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Kirchhoff’s voltage law - 3

Mesh analysis: Steps R1 R3

• Identify all the meshes and assign a current
to each. (i1 and i2 for mesh 1 and 2)
• Write the voltage drops on the circuit. + +
Vx R2 Vy
− −
• Write KVL around every mesh.
i1 i2

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Kirchhoff’s voltage law - 4
Mesh analysis: Steps
• Identify all the meshes and assign a current
to each. (i1 and i2 for mesh 1 and 2)
• Write the voltage drops on the circuit.
(i1 R1 , (i1 − i2 )R2 , and i2 R3 ) R1 R3
• Write KVL around every mesh. + − + −
i1 R1 i2 R3
+

Mesh 1: + +
Vx R2 R2 (i1 − i2 ) Vy
− −
Vx − R1 i1 − R2 (i1 − i2 ) = 0 i1 i2
−

Mesh 2:

R2 (i1 − i2 ) − R3 i2 − Vy = 0

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Kirchhoff’s voltage law - 5

Solve the circuit below using KVL (Mesh analysis).

15V
10V

−
+
5Ω i3 3Ω

+
40V
− −
6Ω + 30V
i1 i2
2Ω

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Kirchhoff’s voltage law - 6

Mesh 1:

40 − 5(i1 − i3 ) − 6(i1 − i2 ) − 2i1 = 0 15V

40 = 13i1 − 6i2 − 5i3 (1) 10V

−
+
Mesh 2: 5Ω i3 3Ω

6(i1 − i2 ) − 3(i2 − i3 ) + 30 = 0 +
40V
10 = −2i1 + 3i2 − i3 (2) − −
6Ω + 30V
i1 i2
Mesh 3:
2Ω
15 − 10i3 + 3(i2 − i3 ) + 5(i1 − i3 ) = 0
15 = −5i1 − 3i2 + 18i3 (3)

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Kirchhoff’s voltage law - 7

Equations (1) to (3) in Matrix form is given as,

    
13 −6 −5 i1 40 13 −6 −5
−2 3 −1 i2  = 10 → D = −2 3 −1 = 312 (4)
    
−5 −3 18 i3 15 −5 −3 18

40 −6 −5 13 40 −5 13 −6 40
D1 = 10 3 −1 = 3585, D2 = −2 10 −1 = 4075, D3 = −2 3 10 = 1935
15 −3 18 −5 15 18 −5 −3 15
D1 3585 D2 4075 1935
i1 = = = 11.49A, i2 = = = 13.06A, i3 = = 6.20A
D 312 D 312 312
i2Ω = i1 = 11.49A
i5Ω = i1 − i3 = 11.49 − 6.20 = 5.29A
i6Ω = i1 − i2 = 11.49 − 13.06 = −1.57A
i3Ω = i2 − i3 = 13.06 − 6.20 = 6.86A
i10Ω = i3 = 6.20A
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Kirchhoff’s voltage law - 8

15V
10Ω 6.20A

−
+
5Ω 5.29A 3Ω 6.86A

+
40V
− −
6Ω + 30V

−1.57A
11.49A 2Ω

The power absorbed by the 6Ω resistor is,

P6Ω = (−1.57)2 × 6 = 14.79W

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Kirchhoff’s voltage law - 9

Determine the power absorbed by the 6Ω resistor and voltage drop across the 4Ω resistor using mesh
analysis for the circuit in Fig.

Mesh 1:

15 − 2i1 − 4(i1 − i2 ) − 5i1 = 0 2Ω 6Ω

15 = 11i1 − 4i2 + vx −

Mesh 2: −
+
15V 4Ω 2vx
− +
4(i1 − i2 ) − 6i2 + 2vx = 0 i1 i2
0 = −4i1 + 13i2 − 2vx 5Ω 3Ω
0 = −4i1 + 13i2 − 2(2i1 )
0 = −8i1 + 13i2

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Kirchhoff’s voltage law - 10

! ! !
11 −4 i1 15 11 −4
= →D= = 11 × 13 − (−8) × (−4) = 111,
−8 13 i2 0 −8 13

15 −4 11 15
D1 = = 15 × 13 − 0 × (−4) = 195, D= = 11 × 0 − (−8) × (15) = 120
0 13 −8 0

D1 195
i1 = = = 1.76A
D 111
D2 120
i2 = = = 1.08A
D 111
Power absorbed by the 6Ω resistor,
P6Ω = i22 × 6 = 1.082 × 6 = 7W
The voltage drop across the 4Ω resistor is,
V4Ω = 4(i1 − i2 ) = 4(1.76 − 1.08) = 4 × 0.68 = 2.72V

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Special Case - KVL (Supermesh) - 1

Find the power absorbed by the 6Ω resistor and voltage drop across the 1Ω resistor using mesh analysis
for the circuit in Fig.

2Ω 4Ω

−
+
12V 4A 16V
−
+
i1 i2
1Ω 6Ω

When a current source exists between two meshes: Consider the circuit in Fig. We create a supermesh
by excluding the current source and any elements connected in series with it.

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Special Case - KVL (Supermesh) - 2
2Ω 4Ω

−
+
12V 16V
−
+
i1 i2

1Ω 6Ω

Applying KVL we get,

12 − 2i1 − 4i2 + 16 − 6i2 − i1 = 0
28 = 3i1 + 10i2

The equation above has two unknowns, we need second equation, for us to be able to find i1 , i2

We can obtain second equation by applying KCL at the current source

i1 − i2 = 4
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Solving the two equations we get, i = 5.23A and i = 1.23A
Special Case - KVL (Supermesh) - 3

The power absorbed by the 6Ω resistor is,

P6Ω = i22 × 6 = 1.232 × 6 = 9.08W

The voltage drop across the 1Ω resistor is,

V1Ω = i1 × 1 = 5.23 × 1 = 5.23V

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 Part II

Lecture 8

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More examples in applying Kirchhoff’s
laws
Example A - [1]

Use KCL to solve the network, given R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V
Node 1:
vs1 − V1 V1 − V3 V1 − V2
= +
R1 R4 R2
20 − V1 V1 − V3 V1 − V2
= +
5 4 1
4 = 1.45V1 − V2 − 0.25V3

Node 2:
V1 − V2 V2 V2 − V3
= +
R2 R3 R5
V1 − V2 V2 V2 − V3
= +
1 4 5
0 = −V1 + 1.45V2 − 0.2V3

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Example A - [2]

Use KCL to solve the network, given R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 10V

Node 3:
V1 − V3 V2 − V3 V3
+ =
R4 R5 R6
V1 − V3 V2 − V3 V3
+ =
4 5 1
0 = −0.25V1 − 0.2V2 + 1.45V3
    
4 1.45 −1 −0.25 V1
0 =  −1 1.45 −0.2  V2  (5)
    
0 −0.25 −0.2 1.45 V3

Solving above we get V1 = 6.111V, V2 = 4.444V and V3 = 1.667V

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Example A - [3]

Complete solution
20 − V1 20 − 6.1111
i R1 = = = 2.7778 A
R1 5
V1 − V2 6.1111 − 4.4444
i R2 = = = 1.6667 A
R2 1
V2 4.4444
i R3 = = = 1.1111 A
R3 4
V1 − V3 6.1111 − 1.6667
i R4 = = = 1.1111 A
R4 4
V2 − V3 4.4444 − 1.6667
i R5 = = = 0.5555 A
R5 5
V3 1.6667
i R6 = = = 1.6667 A
R6 1
Power consumed say by R3 will be

V2 2 4.44442
P R3 = = = 4.9382 W
R3 4
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Example B - [1]

Use KCL to solve the network, given

R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V ;vs2 = 10V

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Example B - [2]

Use KCL to solve the network, given Use KCL to solve the network, given
R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V ;vs2 = 10V
Node 1:
vs1 − V1 V1 − (V3 + vs2 ) V1 − V2
= +
R1 R4 R2
20 − V1 V1 − (V3 + 10) V1 − V2
= +
5 4 1
6.5 = 1.45V1 − V2 − 0.25V3

Node 2:
V1 − V2 V2 V2 − V3
= +
R2 R3 R5
V1 − V2 V2 V2 − V3
= +
1 4 5
0 = −V1 + 1.45V2 − 0.2V3

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Example B - [3]

Use KCL to solve the network, given

R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V ;vs2 = 10V

Node 3:
V1 − (V3 + vs2 ) V2 − V3 V3
+ =
R4 R5 R6
V1 − (V3 + 10) V2 − V3 V3
+ =
4 5 1
−2.5 = −0.25V1 − 0.2V2 + 1.45V3
    
6.5 1.45 −1 −0.25 V1
 0  =  −1 1.45 −0.2  V2 
    
−2.5 −0.25 −0.2 1.45 V3

Solving above we get V1 = 8.8889 V, V2 = 6.2222 V and V3 = 0.6667 V 22/47

Example B - [4]

Complete solution
20 − V1 20 − 8.8889
i R1 = = = 2.2222 A
R1 5
V1 − V2 8.8889 − 6.2222
i R2 = = = 2.6667 A
R2 1
V2 6.2222
i R3 = = = 1.5556 A
R3 4
V1 − (V3 + vs2 ) 8.8889 − 10.6667
i R4 = = = −0.4445 A
R4 4
V2 − V3 6.2222 − 0.6667
i R5 = = = 1.1111 A
R5 5
V3 0.6667
i R6 = = = 0.6667 A
R6 1
Power consumed say by R3 will be

V2 2 6.44442
P R3 = = = 9.6789 W
R3 4
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Example-C [1]

Use KVL to solve the network, given R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V ;

Mesh 1: v4
+ −
vs1 − v1 − v2 − v3 = 0 − + R4
20 − R1 i1 − R2 (i1 − i2 ) − R3 (i1 − i3 ) = 0 R1 v1 i2
R2 v2
20 − 5i1 − (i1 − i2 ) − 4(i1 − i3 ) = 0 +
− v5
20 = 10i1 − i2 − 4i3 + −
i1
Mesh 2: + R5 +
+
v2 − v4 + v5 = 0 vs1 i3
− R3 v3 R6 v6
R2 (i1 − i2 ) − R4 i2 + R5 (i3 − i2 ) = 0
− −
(i1 − i2 ) − 4i2 + 5(i3 − i2 ) = 0
0 = −i1 + 10i2 − 5i3
Figure 1: Caption
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Example-C [2]

Use KVL to solve the network, given R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V ;

Mesh 3: v4
+ −
v3 − v5 − v6 = 0 − + R4
R1 v1 i2
R3 (i1 − i3 ) − R5 (i3 − i2 ) − R6 i3 = 0 R2 v2
4(i1 − i3 ) − 5(i3 − i2 ) − i3 = 0 +
− v5
0 = −4i1 − 5i2 + 10i3 + −
i1
    
+ R5 +
20 10 −1 −4 i1
+
 0  = −1 10 −5 i2  vs1
    
− R3 v3 i3 R6 v6
0 −4 −5 10 i3
− −

Solving above we get i1 = 2.7778 A, i2 = 1.1111 A and i3 = 1.6667 A

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Example C - [3]

Complete solution

V1 = vR2 + vR3 = R2 (i1 − i2 ) + R3 (i1 − i3 )

V1 = 1 × (2.7778 − 1.1111) + 4 × (2.7778 − 1.6667)
V1 = 6.1111 V

V2 = vR3 = R3 (i1 − i3 )
V2 = 4 × (2.7778 − 1.6667) = 4.4444 V

V3 = vR6
V3 = R6 i3 = 1 × 1.6667 = 1.6667 V

iR1 = i1 = 2.7778A, iR2 = i1 − i2 = 1.6667A, iR3 = i1 − i3 = 1.1111A

iR4 = i2 = 1.1111A, iR5 = i3 − i2 = 0.5556A, iR6 = i3 = 1.6667A
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Example-D [1]

Use KVL to solve the network, given

R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V ;vs2 = 10V

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Example-D [2]

Mesh 1:
v4
vs1 − v1 − v2 − v3 = 0 + −
20 − R1 i1 − R2 (i1 − i2 ) − R3 (i1 − i3 ) = 0 − + R4
20 − 5i1 − (i1 − i2 ) − 4(i1 − i3 ) = 0 R1 v1 i2 +
R2 v2 vs2
20 = 10i1 − i2 − 4i3 −
+
− v5
Mesh 2: + −
i1
+ R5 +
v2 − v4 − vs2 + v5 = 0
+
R2 (i1 − i2 ) − R4 i2 − 10 + R5 (i3 − i2 ) = 0 vs1 i3
− R3 v3 R6 v6
(i1 − i2 ) − 4i2 − 10 + 5(i3 − i2 ) = 0
− −
−10 = −i1 + 10i2 − 5i3

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Example-D [3]

Use KVL to solve the network, given

R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V ;vs2 = 10V

Mesh 3: v4
+ −
v3 − v5 − v6 = 0 − + R4
R1 v1 i2 +
R3 (i1 − i3 ) − R5 (i3 − i2 ) − R6 i3 = 0 R2 v2 vs2
−
4(i1 − i3 ) − 5(i3 − i2 ) − i3 = 0 +
− v5
0 = −4i1 − 5i2 + 10i3 + −
i1
    
+ R5 +
20 10 −1 −4 i1
+
−10 = −1 10 −5 i2  vs1
    
− R3 v3 i3 R6 v6
0 −4 −5 10 i3
− −

Solving above we get i1 = 2.2222 A, i2 = −0.4444 A and i3 = 0.6667 A 29/47

Example-D [4]

V1 iR4
V1 = vR2 + vR3 = R2 (i1 − i2 ) + R3 (i1 − i3 )
V1 = 1 × (2.2222 − (−0.4444)) + 4 × (2.2222 − 0.6667) R4
R1 i2 +
V1 = 8.8886 V R2 vs2
−
i R1
iR2
V2 = vR3 = R3 (i1 − i3 ) iR5
i1 V2 V3
V2 = 4 × (2.2222 − 0.6667) = 6.2222 V R5
+
vs1 i3
V3 = vR6 − R3 R6
V3 = R6 i3 = 1 × 0.6667 = 0.6667 V
iR3 iR6

iR1 = i1 = 2.2222A, iR2 = i1 − i2 = 2.66664A, iR3 = i1 − i3 = 1.5555A

iR4 = i2 = 2.2222A, iR5 = i3 − i2 = 1.1111A, iR6 = i3 = 0.6667A
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Example-E [1]

Use KCL to solve the network, given R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V ;σ = 8Ω

1
R4
R1 +
R2 σiR3
−

2 3
R5
+
vs1
− R3 R6

iR3

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Example-E [2]

Use KCL to solve the network, given R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V ;σ = 8Ω

Note: 1 v3 + σiR3
v2 v2 R4
i R3 = =
R3 4
v2
  R1 +
∴ σiR3 =8 = 2v2 R2 σiR3
4 −
vs1
Node 1:
2 3
vs1 − v1 v1 − v2 v1 − (σiR3 + v3 ) R5
= +
R1 R2 R4
+
20 − v1 v1 − v2 v1 − (2v2 + v3 ) vs1
= + − R3 R6
5 1 4
4 = 1.45v1 − 1.5v2 − 0.25v3 i R3

0
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Example-E [3]

Use KCL to solve the network, given R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V ;σ = 8Ω

Node 2:
1 v3 + σiR3
v1 − v2 v2 v2 − v3
= +
R2 R3 R5 R4
v1 − v2 v2 v2 − v3 +
= + R1
1 4 5 R2 σiR3
−
0 = −v1 + 1.45v2 − 0.2v3
vs1
Node 3: 2 3
R5
v1 − (σiR3 + v3 ) v2 − v3 v3
+ = +
R4 R5 R5 vs1
− R3 R6
v1 − (2v2 + v3 ) v2 − v3 v3
+ =
4 5 1
i R3
0 = −0.25v1 + 0.3v2 + 1.45v3
0
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Example-E [4]

Use KCL to solve the network, given R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V ;σ = 8Ω

1 v3 + σiR3

R4
     R1 +
4 1.45 −1.5 −0.25 v1 R2 σiR3
−
0 =  −1 1.45 −0.2  v2 
    
vs1
0 −0.25 0.3 1.45 v3 2 3
R5
Solving above we get v1 = 9.9425 V, v2 =
6.8966 V and v3 = 0.28735 V +
vs1
− R3 R6

i R3

0
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Example-E [5]

Complete Solution

20 − v1 20 − 9.9425
iR1 = = = 2.0115 A
R1 5
v1 − v2 9.9425 − 6.8966
iR2 = = = 3.0459 A
R2 1
v3 6.8966
iR3 = = = 1.7245 A
R3 4
v1 − (σiR3 + v3 ) 9.9425 − 14.0806
iR4 = = = −1.0345 A
R4 4
v2 − v3 6.8966 − 0.2874
iR5 = = = 1.3218 A
R5 5
v6 0.2874
iR6 = = = 0.2874 A
R6 1

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Example-F [1]

Use KVL to solve the network, given R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V ;σ = 8Ω
Mesh 1:
v4
vs1 − v1 − v2 − v3 = 0 + −
20 − R1 i1 − R2 (i1 − i2 ) − R3 (i1 − i3 ) = 0 − + R4
20 − 5i1 − (i1 − i2 ) − 4(i1 − i3 ) = 0 R1 v1 i2 +
R2 v2 σiR3
20 = 10i1 − i2 − 4i3 + −
− v5
Mesh 2: + −
i1
+ R5 +
v2 − v4 − σiR3 + v5 = 0
+
R2 (i1 − i2 ) − R4 i2 − σ(i1 − i3 ) + R5 (i3 − i2 ) = 0 vs1 i3
− R3 v3 R6 v6
(i1 − i2 ) − 4i2 − σ(i1 − i3 ) + 5(i3 − i2 ) = 0
− −
0 = 7i1 + 10i2 − 13i3

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Example-F [2]

Mesh 3: v4
+ −
v3 − v5 − v6 = 0 − + R4
R1 v1 i2 +
R3 (i1 − i3 ) − R5 (i3 − i2 ) − R6 i3 = 0 R2 v2 σiR3
+ −
4(i1 − i3 ) − 5(i3 − i2 ) − i3 = 0
− v5
0 = −4i1 − 5i2 + 10i3 + −
i1
    
+ R5 +
20 10 −1 −4 i1
+
0= 7 10 −13 i2  vs1
    
− R3 v3 i3 R6 v6
0 −4 −5 10 i3
− −

Solving above we get i1 = 2.0114 A, i2 = −1.034 A and i3 = 0.2874 A

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Example-F [3]

Complete solution

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Example-G [1]

Use KCL to solve the network, given R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V ;γ = 2℧
Note:
R4
 
vR4 = (v1 − v3 ) 1 v4
R4 + R6 + −
4
 
∴ γvR4 = 2 × (v1 − v3 ) R4
5
R1
γvR4 = 1.6(v1 − v3 ) R2 R6

Node 1: 2 3
R5
vs1 − v1 v1 − v2 v1 − v3
= + +
R1 R2 R6 vs1
20 − v1 v1 − v2 v1 − v3 − R3 γvR4
= +
5 1 5
4 = 1.4v1 − v2 − 0.2v3
0
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Example-G [2]

Use KCL to solve the network, given R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V ;γ = 2℧
Node 2:
v1 − v2 v2 v2 − v3
= + 1 v4
R2 R3 R5 + −
v1 − v2 v2 v2 − v3
= + R4
1 4 5
R1
0 = −v1 + 1.45v2 − 0.2v3 R2 R6

Node 3: 2 3
R5
v1 − v3 v2 − v3
+ γvR4 + =0 +
R4 + R6 R5 vs1
v1 − v3 v2 − v3 − R3 γvR4
+ 1.6(v1 − v3 ) + =0
5 5
0 = −1.8v1 − 0.2v2 + 2v3
0
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Example-G [3]

Use KCL to solve the network, given R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V ;γ = 2℧

1 v4
+ −
    
4 1.4 −1 −0.2 v1 R4
0 =  1 1.45 −0.2 v2  R1
    
R2 R6
0 −1.8 −0.2 2 v3
Solving above we get
    2 3
v1 10.573 V R5
v2  = 8.7245 V
    +
vs1
− R3 γvR4
v3 10.388 V

0
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Example-G [4]

Complete solution

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Example-H [1]

Use KVL to solve the network, given R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V ;γ = 2℧

Note: 1 v4
+ −

i3 = −γvR4 = −2(i2 R4 ) = −2(4i2 ) − + R4 +

v1 R1 i2
i3 = −8i2 R2 v2 R6 v6
+
Mesh 1: − v5 −
+ −
i1 2 3
vs1 − v1 − v2 − v3 = 0 R5
+
20 − R1 i1 − R2 (i1 − i2 ) − R3 (i1 − i3 ) = 0 +
vs1 i3
20 − 5i1 − (i1 − i2 ) − 4(i1 − i3 ) = 0 − R3 v3 γvR4
20 − 5i1 − (i1 − i2 ) − 4(i1 − (−8i2 )) = 0
−
20 = 10i1 + 31i2
0

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Example-H [2]

Use KVL to solve the network, given R1 = R5 = 5Ω;R2 = R6 = 1Ω;R3 = R4 = 4Ω;vs1 = 20V ;γ = 2℧

1 v4
+ −
Note: i3 = −8i2
− + R4 +
Mesh 2:
v1 R1 i2
R2 v2 R6 v6
v2 − v4 − v6 + v5 = 0
+
R2 (i1 − i2 ) − R4 i2 − R6 i2 + R5 (i3 − i2 ) = 0 − v5 −
+ −
i1 2 3
(i1 − i2 ) − 4i2 − i2 + 5(−8i2 − i2 ) = 0
+ R5
0 = −i1 + 51i2
+
vs1 i3
! ! ! − R3 v3 γvR4
20 10 31 i1
=
0 −1 51 i2 −

0
Solving above we get, i1 = 1.885 A, i2 = 0.03697 A, i3 = −8i2 = −8 × 0.03697 = −0.2957 A
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Example-H [3]

Complete solution

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QUESTIONS?

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THANK YOU

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