S11BLH21- Programming in python

inpython python

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

UNIT-I S11BLH21 - Programming in python

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INTRODUCTION
History of Python- Introduction to the IDLE interpreter (shell) – Data Types - Built-in function
- Conditional statements - Iterative statements- Input/output Functions- Python database
communication – Data analysis visualization using python

1. Program

A program performs a task in the computer. But, in order to be executed,

a program must be written in the machine language of the processor of a
computer. Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult for humans to read or write a
machine language program. This is because a machine language is entirely
made up of sequences of bits. However, high level languages are close to
natural languages like English and only use familiar mathematical characters,
operators and expressions. Hence, people prefer to write programs in high level
languages like C, C++, Java, or Python. A high level program is translated into
machine language by translators like compiler or interpreter.

a. About Python

Python is a high level programming language that is translated by the

python interpreter. As is known,an interpreter works by translating line-by-
line and executing. It was developed by Guido-van-rossum in 1990, at the
National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in
Netherlands. Python doesn’t refer to the snake but was named after the famous
British comedy troupe, Monty Python’s Flying Circus.

The following are some of the features of Python:

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➢ Python is an Open Source: It is freely downloadable, from the link http://

python.org/”
➢ Python is portable: It runs on different operating systems / platforms3
➢ Python has automatic memory management
➢ Python is flexible with both procedural oriented and object oriented
programming
➢ Python is easy to learn, read and maintain

It is very flexible with the console program, Graphical User Interface (GUI)
applications, Web related programs etc.

POINTS TO REMEMBERWHILE WRITING A PYTHON PROGRAM

➢ Case sensitive : Example - In case of print statement use only

lower case and not upper case, (See the snippet below)

Fig1. Print Statement

➢ Punctuation is not required at end of the statement

➢ In case ofstring use single or double quotes i.e. ‘ ’ or “ ”
➢ Must use proper indentation:The screen shotsgiven below show, how
the value of “i” behaves with indentation and without indentation.

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Fig 2 indentation

➢ Special characters like (,),# etc.are used

➢ () ->Used in opening and closing parameters of functions

➢ #-> The Pound sign is used to comment a line

1.2 TWO MODES OF PYTHON PROGRAM

Python Program can be executed in two different modes:

➢ Interactive mode programming
➢ Script mode programming
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Interactive Mode Programming

It is a command line shell which gives immediate output for each statement,
while keeping previously fed statements in active memory. This mode is used
when a user wishes to run one single line or small block of code. It runs very
quickly and gives instant output. A sample code is executed using interactive
mode as below.

Fig 4 sample code is executed using interactive mode

Interactive mode can also be opened using the following ways:

i) From command prompt c :> users\\...>py

thon

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Fig 5 interactive mode

The symbol “>>>” in the above screen indicates that the Python environment
is in interactive mode.

ii) From the start menu select Python (As shown below)

Fig 6 steps in opening

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Script Mode Programming

When the programmer wishes to use more than one line of code or a block of
code, script mode is preferred. The Script mode works the following way:

i) Open the Script mode

ii) Type the complete program. Comment, edit if required.
iii) Save the program with a valid name.
iv) Run
v) Correct errors, if any,Save and Run until proper output

The above steps are described in detail below:

i) To open script mode, select the menu “IDLE (Python

3.7 32-bit)” from start menu

Fig 7 IDLE (Python 3.7 32-bit)

ii) After clicking on the menu “IDLE (Python 3.7 32- bit)”
, a new window with the text Python 3.7.2 Shell will be opened
as shown below:

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Fig 8 Python 3.7.2 Shell

iii) Select File → New, to open editor. Type the complete program.
iv) Select File again; Choose Save.

This will automatically save the file with an extension “.py”.

v) Select Run → Run Module or Short Cut Key F5 ( As shown in

the screen below)

Fig 9. Run Module or Short Cut Key F5

The output of the program will be displayed as below:

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>> Sum of a and b is: 30

VARIABLES:

Variable is the name given to a reserved memory locations to store

values. It is also known as Identifier in python.

Need for variable:

Sometimes certain parameters will take different values at different

time.Hence, in order to know the current value of such parameter we need to
have a temporary memory which is identified by a name that name is called as
variable. For example, our surrounding temperature changesfrequently.In order
to know the temperature at a particular time, we need to have a variable.

Naming and Initialization of a variable

1. A variable name is made up of alphabets (Both upper and

lower cases) and digits
2. No reserved words
3. Initialize before calling
4. Multiple variables initialized
5. Dynamic variable initialization

i. Consist of upper and lower case alphabets,Numbers (0-9).E.g. X2

In the above example, a memory space is assignedto variable

X2. The value of X2 is stored in this space.

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ii. Reserved words should not be used as variables names.

Fig 10. “and” is a reserved word

In the above example “and” is a reserved word, which leads to Syntax

error

iii. Variables must be initialized before it called , else it reports “is

not defined ” error message as below E.g.: a=5 print(a)

Fig 11 “a” is called before it initialized

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In the above example “a” is called before it initialized. Hence, the

python interpreter generates the error message:NameError: ‘a’ is not
defined.

iv. Multiple variables can be initialized with a common value.

E.g.: x=y=z=25

Fig 12 Multiple variables

In the above three variables x,y,z is assigned with same value 25.

v.Python also supports dynamic variable initialization. E.g.: x,y,z=1,2,3

Fig 13 dynamic variable initialization

Proper spacing should be given

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• print (10+20+30)→ bad style

• print (20 + 30 + 10) → good style

Expression:

An expression is a combination ofvariables, operators, values and calls

to functions. Expressions need to be evaluated.

Need for Expression:

Suppose if you wish to calculate area.Area depends on various

parameters in different situations. E.g. Circle, Rectangle and so on…

In order to findarea of circle,the expression π * r * r must be evaluated

and for the rectangle the expression is w * l in case of rectangle. Hence, in this
case a variable / value / operator are not enough to handle such situation. So
expressions are used. Expression is the combination of variables, values and
operations.

A simple example of an expression is 10 + 15. An expression can be

broken down into operators and operands. Few valid examples are given below.

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Fig 14 expression

Fig 15 expression

Invalid Expression:

Always values should be assigned in the right hand side of the variable, but in
the below example ,the value is given in the left hand side of the variable, which
is an invalid syntax for expression.

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Fig 16 invalid Expression

Data Types:

A Data type indicates which type of value a variable has in a program. However
a python variables can store data of any data type but it is necessary to identify
the different types of data they contain to avoid errors during execution of
program. The most common data types used in python are str(string),
int(integer) and float (floating-point).

Strings: Sequence of characters inside single quotes or double quotes.

E.g. myuniv = “Sathyabama !..”

Integers: Whole number values such as 50, 100,-3

Float: Values that use decimal point and therefore may have fractional point
E.g.: 3.415, -5.15

By default when a user gives input it will be stored as string. But strings cannot
be used for performing arithmetic operations. For example while attempting to
perform arithmetic operation add on string values it just
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concatenates (joins together) the values together rather performing addition.

For example : ‘25’ + ‘20’ = ‘45’ (As in the below Example)

Fig 17 arithmetic operation add on string values

Fortunately python have an option of converting one date type into another data
type (Called as “Casting”) using build in functions in python. The build function
int() converts the string into integer before performing operation to give the
right answer. (As in the below Program)

Fig 18 type casting

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Compound Data Types in Python:

i) List

The List is an ordered sequence of data items. It is one of the flexible and very
frequently used data type in Python. All the items in a list are not necessary to
be of the same data type.

Declaring a list is straight forward methods. Items in the list are just separated
by commas and enclosed within brackets [ ].

>>> list1 =[3.141, 100, ‘CSE’, ‘ECE’, ‘IT’, ‘EEE’]

Table 1 Methods used in list

list1.append(x) To add item x to the end of the list “list1”

list1.reverse() Reverse the order of the element in the list “list1”

list1.sort() To sort elements in the list

list1.reverse() To reverse the order of the elements in list1.

ii) Tuple

Tuple is also an ordered sequence of items of different data types like list. But,
in a list data can be modified even after creation of the list whereas Tuples are
immutable and cannot be modified after creation.

The advantages of tuples is to write-protect data and are usually very fast when
compared to lists as a tuple cannot be changed dynamically.

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The elements of the tuples are separated by commas and are enclosed inside
open and closed brackets.

>>> t = (50,'python', 2+3j)

Table 2 Tuple

List Tuple
>>> list1[12,45,27] >>> t1 = (12,45,27)
>>> list1[1] = 55 >>> t1[1] = 55
>>> print(list1) >>> Generates Error Message#
Because Tuples are immutable
>>> [12,55,27]

i) Set

The Set is an unordered collection of unique data items.Items in a set are not
ordered, separated by comma and enclosed inside { } braces. Sets are helpful
inperforming operations like union and intersection. However, indexing is not
done because sets are unordered.

Table 3 Set

List Set
>>> L1 = [1,20,25] >>> S1= {1,20,25,25}
>>> print(L1[1]) >>> print(S1)
>>> 20 >>> {1,20,25}
>>> print(S1[1])
>>>Error , Set object does not supportindexing.

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List Vs Set

ii) Dictionary

The Python Dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value

pairs.Dictionaries are optimized for retrieving data when there is huge volume
of data. They provide the key to retrieve the value.

In Python, dictionaries are defined within braces {} with each item being apair
in the form key:value. Key and value can be of any type.

>>> d1={1:'value','key':2}

>>> type(d)

Table 4 Python’s built-in data type conversion functions

Function Description Out Put

int(x) Converts x into integer
whole number >>>a = int(input("Enter a"))
>>>b = int(input("Enter b"))
>>>c = a + b
>>>print("Sum is ",c)

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Function Description Out Put

float(x) Converts x into floating- >>> x = 5
point number >>> print(float(5))
>>> 5.0

str(x) Converts x into a string >>> x = 30

representation >>> y = 70
>>> z = str(x) + str(y)
>>> print(z)
>>> 3070

chr(x) Converts integer x into a >>> x = 65

character >>> print(chr(x))
>>> A
>>>

hex(x) Converts integer x into a >>> x = 14

hexadecimal string >>> print(hex(x))
>>> 0xe

oct(x) Converts integer x into an >>> x = 9

octal string >>> print(oct(x))
>>> 0o11

However to identify the data type of a variable, an in-built python

function “type ()” is used. (Example Below)
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Fig 19 in-built python function “type ()”

Table5 Python Built-in Functions

Simple Functions
Function Description Output
abs() Return the absolute value of a >>> a = -10
number. The argument may be >>> print(abs(a))
an floating point number or a >>> 10
integer.
max() Returns the largest number from >>> max(12,20,30)
the list of numbers >>> 30
min() Returns the smallest number >>> min(12,20,30)
from the list of numbers >>> 12
pow() Returns the power of the given >>> pow(5,2)
number >>>25
round() It rounds off the number to the # E.g. 1:
nearest integer. >> round(4.5)

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>> 5
# Eg 2
>> round(4.567,2)
>> 4.57
Mathematical Functions (Using math module)
ceil(x) It rounds x up to its nearest >>math.ceil(2.3)
integer and returns that integer >> 3
>>math.ceil(-3.3)
>> -3
floor(x) It rounds x down to its nearest >>math.floor(3.2)
integer and returns that integer >> 3
>>math.floor(-3.4)
>> -4
Function Description Example
cos(x) Returns the cosine of x , where >> math.cos(3.14159/2)
x represents angle in radians >> 0
>> math.cos(3.14159)
>> -1
sin(x) Returns the sine of x, where x >> math.sin(3.14159/2)
represents angle in radians >> 1
>> math.sin(3.14159)
>> 0
exp(x) Returns the exponential of x to >> math.exp(1)
the base ‘e’. i.e. ex >> 2.71828
log(x) Returns the logarithm of x for >>> math.log(2.71828)
the base e (2.71828) >>> 1

log(x,b) Returns the logarithm of x for >>> math.log(100,10)

the specified base b. >>> 2
sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x >>> math.sqrt(16)
>>> 4
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Note:To include the math module, use the following command:

import math
Conditional Statements

When there is no condition placed before any set of statements , the

program will be executed in sequential manure. But when some condition is
placed before a block of statements the flow of execution might change depends
on the result evaluated by the condition. This type of statement is alsocalled
decision making statements or control statements. This type of statement may
skip some set of statements based on the condition.

Logical Conditions Supported by Python

➢ Equal to (==) Eg: a == b

➢ Not Equal (!=)Eg : a != b
➢ Greater than (>) Eg: a > b
➢ Greater than or equal to (>=) Eg: a >= b
➢ Less than (<) Eg: a < b
➢ Less than or equal to (<=) Eg: a <= b

Table 6 Indentation (Structure of C- Program Vs Python)

C Program Python

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x = 500 x = 500
y = 200 y = 200
if (x > y) if x > y:
{ print("x is greater than y")
printf("x is greater than y") elif x == y:
} print("x and y are equal")
else if(x == y) else:
{ print("x is less than y")
printf("x and y are equal")
}
else
{ Indentation (At least one White Space
printf("x is less than y") instead of curly bracket)
}

Structure of C- Program Vs Python

To represent a block of statements other programming languages like C,

C++ uses “{ …}” curly – brackets , instead of this curly braces python uses
indentation using white space which defines scope in the code. The example
given below shows the difference between usage of Curly bracket and white
space to represent a block of statement.

Without proper Indentation:

x = 500
y = 200
if x > y:
print("x is greater than y")

In the above example there is no proper indentation after if statement which

will lead to Indentation error.

If statement :
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The ‘if’ statement is written using “if” keyword, followed by a condition.If the
condition is true the block will be executed. Otherwise, the control will be
transferred to the firststatement after the block.

Syntax:

if<Boolean>:

<block>
In this statement, the order of execution is purely based on the evaluation of
boolean expression.

Example:

x = 200
y = 100
if x > y:
print("X is greater than Y")

print(“End”)

Output :

X is greater than Y

End

In the above the value of x is greater than y , hence it executed the print
statement whereas in the below example x is not greater than y hence it is not
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executed the first print statement

x = 100
y = 200
if x > y:
print("X is greater than Y")

print(“End”)

Output :

End
Elif

The elif keyword is useful for checking another condition when one condition
is false.

Example

mark = 55

if (mark >=75):

print("FIRST CLASS")

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elif mark >= 50:

print("PASS")

Output :

Fig20 elif keyword

In the above the example, the first condition (mark >=75) is false then the
control is transferred to the next condition (mark >=50), Thus, the keyword elif
will be helpful for having more than one condition.

Else

The else keyword will be used as a default condition. i.e. When there are many
conditions, whentheif-condition is not trueand all elif-conditionsare also not
true, then else part will be executed..

Example

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mark = 10

if mark >= 75:

print("FIRST CLASS")
elif mark >= 50:
print("PASS")
else:
print("FAIL")

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 Fig 21 else keyword

In the example above, condition 1 and condition 2 fail.Noneof the preceding

condition is true. Hence,the else part is executed.

Iterative Statements

Sometimes certain section of the code (block) may need tobe repeated again
and again as long as certain condition remains true. In order to achieve this, the
iterativestatements are used.The number of times the block needs to be repeated
is controlled by the test condition used in that statement. This type of
statement is also called as the “Looping Statement”. Looping statements add a
surprising amount of new power to the program.

Need for Looping / Iterative Statement

Suppose the programmer wishes to display the string “Sathyabama !...” 150
times. For this,one can use the print command 150 times.

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150 times
 print(“Sathyabama
!...”)
print(“Sathyabama
!...”)
…..
…..

The above method is somewhat difficult and laborious. The same result can
be achieved by a loop using just two lines of code.(As below)

for count in
range(1,150) :
print (“Sathyabama
Types of looping statements
1) for loop
2) while loop

The ‘for’ Loop

The forloop is one of the powerful and efficient statements in python

which is used very often. It specifies how many times the body of the loops
needs to be executed. For this reason it uses control variables which keep
tracks,the count of execution. The general syntax of a ‘for’ loop looks as below:

for<variable>in range (A,B):

<body of the loop >

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Flow Chart:

Fig 22 for Flow Chart

Example 1: To compute the sum of first n numbers (i.e. 1 + 2 + 3 + …….

+ n)

# Sum.py
total = 0
n = int (input ("Enter a Positive Number"))
for i in range(1,n+1):
total = total + i
print ("The Sum is ", total)
Note:Why (n+1)? Check in table given below.

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Output:

Fig 23statement total = total + i

In the above program, the statement total = total + i is repeated again and again
‘n’ times. The number of execution count is controlled by the variable ‘i’. The
range value is specified earlier before it starts executing the body of loop. The
initial value for the variable i is 1 and final value depends on ‘n’. You may also
specify any constant value.

The range( ) Function:

The range() function can be called in three different ways based on the number
of parameters. All parameter values must be integers.

Table 7 range()
Type Example Explanation
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range(end) for i in range(5): This is begins at 0.Increments
print(i) by 1. End just before the
value of end parameter.
Output :
0,1,2,3,4
range(begin,end) for i in range(2,5): Starts at begin, End before
print(i) end value, Increment by 1
Output :
2,3,4
range(begin,end,step) for i in range(2,7,2) Starts at begin, End before
print(i) end value, increment by
step value
Output :
2,4,6

Example:To compute Harmonic Sum (ie: 1 + ½ + 1/3 + ¼ + …..1/n)

# harmonic.py

total = 0

n= int(input("Enter a Positive Integer:"))

for i in range(1,n+1):

total+= 1/i

print("The Sum of range 1 to ",n, "is", total)

Output:
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 Fig 24compute Harmonic Sum

Example:

# Factorial of a number "n"

n= int(input("Enter a Number :"))

factorial = 1

# Initialize factorial value by 1

# Toverify whether the given number is negative / positive / zero

if n < 0:

print("Negative Number , Enter valid Number !...")

elif n == 0:

print("The factorial of 0 is 1")

else:
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for i in range(1,n + 1):
factorial = factorial*i
print("The factorial of" ,n, "is", factorial)
Output:

Fig 25factorial

The while Loop

The while loop allows the program to repeat the body of a loop, any number
of times, when some condition is true.The drawback of while loopis that, if
the condition not proper it may lead to infinite looping. So the user has to
carefully choose the condition in such a way that it will terminate at a
particular stage.

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Flow Chart:

Fig 26 Flow chart while Loop

Syntax:

while (condition):

<body of the loop>

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In this type of loop, The executionof the loopbody is purely based on the output
of the given condition.As long as the condition is TRUE or in other words until
the condition becomes FALSE the program will repeat the bodyof loop.

Table 8 Example

Valid Example Invalid Example

i = 10 i = 10
while i<15 : while i<15 :
print(i) print(i)
i=i+1
Output :
Output : 10,10,10,10……..
10,11,12,13,14 Indeterminate number of times

Example:Program to display Fibonacci Sequence

# Program to Display Fibonacci Sequence based on number of terms

n
n = int(input("Enter number ofterms in the sequence you want to
display"))
# n1 represents -- > first term and n2 represents --> Second term
n1 = 0

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 n2 = 1
count = 0
# count -- To check number of terms
if n <= 0: # To check whether valid number of terms
print ("Enter a positive integer")
elif n == 1:
print("Fibonacci sequence up to",n,":")
print(n2)
else:
print("Fibonacci sequence of ",n, “ terms :” )
while count < n:
print(n1,end=' , ')
nth = n1 + n2
n1 = n2
n2 = nth
count = count + 1

Input / Output Statement:

Programmer often has a need to interact with users, either to get data or to
provide some sort of result.

For Example: In a program to add two numbers, first the program needs to have
an input of two numbers ( The numbers which they prefer to add) and after
processing, the output should be displayed. So to get the input of two

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numbers, the program need to have an Input Statement and in order to display
the result i.e. the sum of two numbers, it needs to have an Output Statement.

Input Statement: Helpful to take input from the user through input
devices like keyboard.In Python, the standard input function is ‘input()’

The syntax for input function is as follows:

input()

However, to get an input by prompting the user, the following form is

used: input(‘prompt’)

where prompt is the string, which programmer wish to display on the

screen to give more clarity about the input data. It is optional.

Example:

>>>num = input('Enter a number: ')

The above statement will wait till the user, enters the input value.

Output:

Enter a number:

>>>num

'10' # Input data entered by the user

Output Statement:

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The output statement is used to display the output in the standard output
devices like monitor (screen).The standard output function “print()” is
used.

Syntax:

print(‘prompt’)

where prompt is the string, which programmer wish to display on the

screen

Example 1:

print('Welcome to the Python World !')

Output:

Welcome to the Python World !

Example 2:

X=5

print ('The value of a is', X)

Output:

The value of X is 5

Example 3:

print(1,2,3,4)

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 Output: 1 2 3 4

Example 4:

print(100,200,300,4000,sep='*')

Output:

100*200*300*4000

Example 5:

print(1,2,3,4,sep='#',end='&')

Output:

1#2#3#4&

Output formatting

Sometimes we would like to format our output to make

it look attractive. This can be done by using the
str.format() method. This method is visible to any string
object.

>>>x = 5; y = 10
>>>print('The value of x is {} and y is {}'.format(x,y))
The value of x is5and y is10

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Here, the curly braces {} are used as placeholders. We can

specify the orderin which they are printed by using numbers
(tuple index).

print('I love {0} and {1}'.format('bread','butter'))

print('I love {1} and {0}'.format('bread','butter'))

Output

I love
 bread

and

butterI

love

butter

and

bread

We can even use keyword arguments to format the string.

>>> print('Hello {name}, {greeting}'.format(greeting =

'Goodmorning', name = 'John'))

Hello John, Goodmorning

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