PROCESS CALCULATOINS

PREPARATION FOR MODEL EXAMINATION III

Prepare PART A questions from Question Bank.

UNIT 1

1. Natural gas is piped from the well at 300 K and 400 kPa. The gas is found to contain by volume 93%
methane, 4.5% ethane and the rest is nitrogen. Calculate the following:
(i). The partial pressure of nitrogen.
(ii). The pure component volume of ethane in m3 of the gas.
(iii). The density of the gas mixture at standard conditions in Kg/m3
(iv). The average molecular weight of the gas mixture.
(v). The composition of the gas mixture in weight percent.

2. A solution of NaCl in water contains 230 g of NaCl per liter at 20℃. The density of the solution at this
temperature is 1.148 g/cc. Find the composition in (i) Weight % (ii). Volume % (iii) Mole % (iv) Molality
and (v) g of NaCl/ g Water.

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3. A certain gaseous hydrocarbon is known to contain less than 5 carbon atoms. This compound is burnt with
exactly the volume of oxygen required for complete combustion. The volume of reactants (all gases) is 600
ml and the volume of products (all gases) under the same condition is 700 ml. What is the compound?

4. 1000 litres of a mixture of H2, N2, and CO2 at 150℃ was found to have the following ratio for the partial
pressures of the gases: PH2: PN2: PCO2 is 1:4:3. If the total pressure is 2 atm absolute, calculate
(i). Mole fraction of each of these gases.
(ii). Weight percent of each of these gases.
(iii). Average Molecular weight
(iv). Weight of CO2 in Kg.

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5. A gas mixture consists of three components: argon, B, and C. The following analysis of this mixture is
given: 40.0 mol % argon, 18.75 mass % B, 20.0 mol %C The molecular weight of argon is 40 and the
molecular weight of C is 50. Find: (a) The molecular weight of B (b) The average molecular weight of the
mixture.

6. Check the dimensional consistency of the following empirical equation for a heat transfer coefficient:
hi = 0.023G 0.8 k 0.67 c 0p.33 D −0.2  −0.47
Where h is the heat transfer coefficient, G is the mass velocity, k is the thermal conductivity, cp is the specific
heat, D is the diameter and µ is the absolute viscosity.

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7. The solution of ZnBr2 in water contains 130 g salt per 100 ml solution at 293 K. The specific gravity of the
solution is 2.00. Calculate the following. (i). The concentration of ZnBr2 in mole percent. (ii). The
concentration of ZnBr2 in weight percent. (iii). The Molarity (iv) The Molality. Atomic mass of Zn = 65 and
Br = 80.
Basis: 1 liter of ZnBr2 solution.
100 ml of solution contains 130 g of ZnBr2
1000 ml that is 1 liter of solution contains 1300 g of ZnBr2
Specific gravity = 2;
Hence density = Sp. Gr x Density of water = 2 x 1000 = 2000 kg/m3
𝑘𝑔 𝑔 1000 𝑚3 1 𝑔
2000(𝑚3 ) (𝑘𝑔) ( )( ) (1000) = 2000 𝑙
1 𝑙
Mass of liter solution = 2000 g
Mass of ZnBr2 = 1300 g Mass of Water = 2000 – 1300 = 700 g

8. A gas mixture has the following composition by volume: Ethylene: 30.6%, Benzene: 24.5%, Oxygen: 1.3%,
Methane: 15.5%, Ethane: 25.0%, Nitrogen: 3.1%.
Estimate: (i). The average molar mass of the gas mixture
(ii). The composition by mass (iii). The density of the mixture in Kg/m3 at STP

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 𝜋∆𝑃𝑅 4
9. Check the dimensional consistency of the following equation: 𝑄 = 8𝜇𝐿
Where q is the vol. flow rate, ΔP is pressure drop across the conduit,
R is the radius of the conduit, µ is the viscosity of the fluid and L is the length of the conduit.
Units of Q = m3/s
ΔP = Pa = N/m2 = (kg m/s2)/m2 = kg/m s2
R=m µ = kg/m s L=m
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔𝑚3⁄
𝑚3 ( )𝑚4 (
𝑠2
) 𝑘𝑔𝑚3 𝑠 𝑚3
𝑚𝑠2
Substituting: = 𝑘𝑔 = 𝑘𝑔 =( ) (𝑘𝑔) =
𝑠 ( )𝑚 ( ) 𝑠2 𝑠
𝑚𝑠 𝑠
As the units of LHS is same as units of RHS, the given equation is dimensionally consistent.
10. Two persons calculate the average molecular weight of a flue gas sample. First person used the correct
molecular weight of nitrogen and obtained the value as 30.08 while the second person by mistake used the
atomic weight of nitrogen and found the value as 18.74. Calculate the composition of the flue gas sample if
the other gases are carbon dioxide and oxygen.

UNIT II

1. It is required to make 1000 Kg mixed acid containing 60% sulphuric acid, 32% Nitric acid and 8% water
by blending, (i). Spent acid containing 11.3% nitric acid, 44.4% sulphuric acid and 44.3% water. (ii) Aqueous
90% nitric acid and (iii) aqueous 98% sulphuric acid. All percentages are by mass. Calculate the quantities
of each of three acids required for blending

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2. Acrylonitrile is produced in the reaction of propylene, ammonia and oxygen.
C3H6 + NH3 + (3/2) O2 →C3H3N + 3H2O
The feed contains 10 mole% propylene, 12% ammonia and 78% air. A fractional conversion of 30% of the
limiting reactant is achieved. Taking 100 mol of feed as a basis, determine which reactant is limiting, the
percentage by which each of the other reactants is in excess and the molar amounts of all product gas
constituents for a 30% conversion of the limiting reactant.

3. A distillation separates 11500 Kg/hr of feed mixture having 55% benzene and 45% toluene by weight to be
distilled to give overhead product containing 95% benzene and the bottom product containing 97% toluene
by weight. The overhead stream entering the condenser is 8100 Kg/hr. A portion of the top product is returned
to the column as reflux and the rest is withdrawn as product. Calculate the amount refluxed and amount of
bottom product.

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4. 1000 kg of sodium carbonate solution containing 25% Na2CO3 is subjected to evaporative cooling, during
which process 15% of the water present in the solution is evaporated. From the concentrated solution Na2CO3,
10H2O crystallizes out. Calculate how much crystals would be produced if the solubility of Na2CO3, 10H2O
is 21.5 gm per 100gm of water.

5. 4000 kg KCl are present in a saturated solution at a temperature of 80ºC. The solution is cooled to 20ºC in
an open tank. The solubilities of KCl at 80ºC and 20ºC are 55.0 and 35.0 parts per 100 parts of water
respectively.
Calculate(i) Weight of crystals obtained assuming water equal to 3% by weight of solution is lost by
evaporation. (ii). The yield of crystals neglecting loss of evaporation.

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6. The feed to a fractionating system is 45000 Kg/hr of 49% benzene, 30% toluene and remaining xylene.
This system consists of two towers. The overhead and the bottom product from the first tower contain 95%
benzene, 2% xylene with toluene and 4% toluene, 95% xylene with benzene. The bottom product from the
tower –I is sent to the second tower as feed. The composition of the benzene, toluene and xylene in the
overhead and bottom product of the tower II is 3%, 95%, 2% and 15, 4%, 95% respectively. Find the amount
of overhead product of tower I and II and the bottom product of tower II.

7. Catalytic vapor phase chlorination of CS2 gives carbon tetrachloride as per the following reaction:
CS2 +Cl2 → CCl4 +S2Cl2. The products leaving the converter analysed 26% CCl4, 26%S2Cl2, 17.5% CS2 and
30.5% Cl2. Determine the following:
(i). The excess reactant and the percent excess.
(ii). The percent conversion.
(iii). The quantity of CCl4 obtained in kg per 100 kg of chlorine admitted

8. A vapor containing 0.72 mole fraction of benzene and 0.28 mole fraction of toluene is separated in a
distillation column. The distillate contains 0.995 mole fraction of benzene and bottom product with 0.97 mole
fraction toluene. For a feed of 100 Kg mol compute all material balance and find the quantity of top and
bottom product.

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9. 100 kg moles/hr of a solution of ethylene dichloride in toluene containing 40 mol% ethylene dichloride is
fed in to the distillation column. The distillate contains 92 mol% ethylene dichloride and the bottom product
contains 4 mol% ethylene dichloride. There is no accumulation in the column. Calculate the rates of flow of
the top and bottom products in kg/hour and kgmol/hour

10. Fresh air containing 4 mole% water vapor is to be cooled and dehumidified to a water content of 1.7
mole%. A stream of fresh air is combined with a recycle stream of previously dehumidified air and passed
though the cooler. The blended stream entering the unit contains 2.3 mole% H2O. In the air conditioner some
of the water in the feed stream is condensed and removed as liquid. A fraction of the dehumidified air leaving
the cooler is recycled and the remainder is delivered to room. Taking 100 mole of dehumidified air delivered
to the room as a basis of calculation; calculate the moles of fresh feed, moles of water condensed and moles
of dehumidified air recycled.

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UNIT III

1. The dew point of a mixture of benzene vapour and dry air at 303 K and 100 kPa is found to be 288 K. The
vapour pressure of benzene at 288 K is 7.8 kPa and at 303 K is 18.5 kPa. Determine the following. (i). The
mass ratio and mole ration of benzene to air (ii) The composition of the mixture in volume percent and weight
percent and (iii) the relative saturation and the percent saturation.

2. Air at a temperature of 200 C and 750 mm Hg has a relative humidity of 80%. Calculate
(i). The total humidity of the air.
(ii). The molal Humidity of this air if its temperature is reduced to 100 C and Pressure increased to 2000 mm
Hg condensing out some amount of water.
(iii). Weight of water condensed from 1000 liter of the original wet air.
Given Vapor pressure of water at 20℃ = 17.5 mm Hg.
Vapor pressure of water at 10℃ = 9.2 mm Hg.
RH = 0.8 at 20℃- and 750-mm Hg
𝑃 𝑃𝐴 80
Given: RH = 80; ( 𝑃𝐴) x 100 = 80; (17.5 ) 𝑥100 = 80; 𝑃𝐴 = (100) 𝑥17.5 = 14𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
𝑠
𝑨 𝑷 𝟏𝟒
(i) Humidity of the air = 𝑷 −𝑷 = 𝟕𝟓𝟎−𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝑨
(ii) When temperature is decreased to 10 deg C and pressure is increased to 2000 mm Hg air becomes
saturated. PA = 9.2 mmHg
𝑷𝑨 𝟗.𝟐
Humidity at 10 deg C and 2000 mm Hg = = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎−𝟗.𝟐𝟎. =
𝑷 −𝑷 𝑨
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟐 𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒓
(iii) Assuming ideal gas behaviour, 1000 litres = 1 m3
750
𝑃𝑉 ( )1.01325𝑥105 (1)
760
n= 𝑅𝑇 = = 0.041 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
(8.314 𝑥 103 )(293)
1
Kg mol of dry air = 0.041(1+0.019) = 0.0402
Kg mol of water condensed = 0.0402 (0.019 – 0.00462) = 0.000578 kg mol
Mass of water condensed = 0.000578 x 18 = 0.0104 kg = 10.4 g
3. Air supplied to a drier is at 340 K and 101.3 kPa and has a dew point of 278 K. The air leaves the drier at
310 K and 100 kPa with a dew point of 298 K. Estimate volume of air required to remove 100 kg of water is
per hour. The vapour pressure of water at 278 K is 0.87 kPa and at 298 K is 3.17 kPa
0.87 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Inlet humidity = 0.62 (101.3−0.87) =0.00537 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟

3.17 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Outlet humidity = 0.62 (101.3−3.17) =0.0323 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟

100
Dry air required to remove 100 kg water = 0.0323−0.00537 = 3713.33 𝑘𝑔

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Quantity of wet air required = (3713.33)(1.00537) = 3733.27 𝑘𝑔
3733.27
Kg moles of wet air required = = 129.45 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
28.84

𝑛𝑅𝑇 (129.45)(8314)(340)
Assuming ideal gas behaviour: 𝑉 = 𝑃 = = 3612.28𝑚3
101.3𝑥103
4. The dry bulb temperature and dew point of ambient air were found to be 303 K and 298 K respectively.
Calculate: (i). The absolute molar humidity. (ii) The absolute humidity. (iii). The percentage saturation and
(iv) The humid heat. Data: Vapour pressure of water at 289 K = 1.818 kPa Vapour pressure of water at 303 K
= 4.243 kPa Barometric pressure= 101 kPa.
𝑷𝑨 3.132 𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓
(i). Absolute molar humidity =𝑷−𝑷 = 101−3.132 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝑨
𝒌𝒈 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓
(ii). Absolute Humidity = 0.622 Hm = 0.622 x 0.032 = 0.02 𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝑷𝒔 𝟒.𝟐𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓
(iii). Saturation Humidity Hs =𝑷−𝑷 = (𝟏𝟎𝟏−𝟒.𝟐𝟒𝟑) 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒
𝒔 𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝐻 0.032
% saturation =(𝐻 ) 𝑥100 = (0.044) 𝑥100 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟕𝟑
𝑠
𝒌𝑱
(iv). The humid Heat Cs = 1.006 + 1.84 H = 1.006 + 1.84 (0.02) = 1.043 𝒌𝒈 𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒓
5. On a particular day in Chennai a newspaper reported the weather conditions of the previous day as 302 K
and a dew point of 291 K. The barometric pressure of 100 kPa (750 torr) calculate:
(i). The absolute humidity
(ii). % saturation
(iii). The percentage humidity and
(iv). The humid heat.
The vapor pressure of water at the DB temperature is 5.6216 kPa.

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6. Hot air is being used to dry a wet material. The hot air enters the drier at a total pressure of 770 mm Hg
and temperature of 433K. The partial pressure of water vapor in the incoming air is 25 mm Hg. At the exit
of the drier the temperature is 383 K and the pressure is 760 mm Hg. In the outgoing air, the partial pressure
of water vapor is 100 mm Hg. Calculate the absolute humidity of incoming air and outgoing air. Also
calculate the weight of moisture picked up per 1000 m3 of entering air.
𝑃 25 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Absolute Humidity of the incoming air = 0.62 (𝑃−𝑃𝐴 ) = 0.62 (770−25) = 0.021 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝐴

𝑃 100 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Absolute Humidity of the outgoing air = 0.62 (𝑃−𝑃𝐴 ) = 0.62 (770−100) = 0.0942 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝐴

Moisture carried by one kg dry air = Outlet Humidity – Inlet Humidity

= 0.0942 – 0.021 = 0.0732 kg
770
Given: P = 770 mmHg = (760) 𝑥1.01325𝑥105 = 102358.22 𝑃𝑎 T = 433 K V = 1000 m3
𝑃𝑉 (102358.22)(1000)
Kgmol of air entering =𝑅𝑇 = = 28.43 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
(8.314 𝑥 105 )(433)
Mass of air entering = 28.33 x 28.84 = 817.04 kg
Mass of moist air = 1 + 0.021 = 1.021 kg carries 0.0732 kg Humidity.
0.0732
817.04 kg moist air removes = ( 1.021 ) 𝑥817.04 = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝒈 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
7. A material is to be dried from 16% moisture by weight (Wet Basis) to 0.5% by circulation of hot air. The
fresh air contains 0.02 Kg of water/Kg of dry air. Find the volume of fresh air required if 1000 Kg/hr of dried
material is to be produced. The exit humidity of air is 0.09 Kg of water/Kg of dry air. The air enters at 301
K and at atmospheric pressure.

8. A wet material containing 70% moisture is to be dried at a rate of 500 kg/h to 5% moisture in a counter
current drier, both moisture content being on a wet basis. The air enters the drier at 333 K with a partial
pressure of water of 1.0 kPa and leaves at 313 K and 70% saturated. Calculate the air circulation rate kg/h.
The total pressure is 100 kPa and the vapour pressure of water at 313 K = 7.38 kPa.

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9. If the dew point of air at 1.013 bar is 278 K, what will be the dew point at 10 bar. The Antoine constants
of water are A = 16.26205, B = 3799.887, and C = 46.854
By Antoine equation Ps can be found out.
3799.887 3799.887
𝑙𝑛𝑃 𝑠 = 16.26205 − ; 𝑙𝑛𝑃 𝑠 = 16.26205 −
𝑇 − 46.854 278 − 46.854
= −0.1773; 𝑃 𝑠 = 0.8375 𝑘𝑃𝑎;
𝑃𝑆 0.8375 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Humidity of the sample = 𝑃 −𝑃 = 101.3−0.8375 = 0.008336 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑆
0.008375
Mole fraction of water = 1+0.008375 = 0.008305
Partial pressure of water vapour at 10 bar = 0.008305(10) = 0.08305 bar = 8.305 kPa
Using Antoine equation dew point T can be calculated:
3799.887 3799.887
𝑙𝑛𝑃 𝑠 = 16.26205 − ; 𝑙𝑛8.305 = 16.26205 − ;
𝑇 − 46.854 𝑇 − 46.854
3799.887 3799.887
2.117 = 16.26205 − ; 14.14505 = ;
𝑇 − 46.854 𝑇 − 46.854
14.14505𝑇 − 662.75 = 3799.887
3799.887+662.75
𝑇= = 315.5 𝐾 Dew point at 10 bar = 315.5K
14.14505
10. Air at 313 K dry bulb temperature and 295 K wet bulb temperature is admitted to a spry chamber where
water is sprayed in to it adiabatically. If the exit air is at 300 K determine using the psychrometric chart the
quantity of water added per kg of dry air.

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UNIT IV

1. An evaporator is fed with 10000 kg/hr of a solution containing 1% solute by weight. It is to be concentrated
to 1.5% solute by weight. The feed is at a temperature of 37ºC. The water is evaporated by heating with steam
available at a pressure of 1.34 atm absolute, corresponding to a temperature of 108.3ºC. The operating
pressure in the vapor space is 1 atm absolute. Boiling point elevation and other effects can be neglected. The
condensate leaves at the condensing temperature. All the physical properties of the solution may be taken to
be same as that of water.
Estimate the quantity of steam required per hour.
Data: Enthalpy of feed: 38.1 kCal/kg.
Enthalpy of solution inside the evaporator (at 100ºC) = 644 kcal/kg
Enthalpy of vapor at 100ºC = 644 kcal/kg
Latent heat of vaporization of steam = 540 kcal/kg

2. Find out the heat required in joule to produce 350 gms of steam at 373 K from an iceberg at 258 K. The
specific heat of ice and water are 0.5 and 1.0 cal/gm ºC respectively. The latent heat of ice and water are 1440
and 9720 cal/gm mole respectively.
Data: m = 350 g
Initial temp = 258 K Cp of ice = 0.5 cal/gm ºC Melting point = 273 K Cp pf water
= 1.0 cal/gm ºC
Boiling point = 373 K λf = 1440 cal/g mole λf = 1440/18 = 80 cal/g
λV = 9720 cal/gm mole λV = 540 = cal/g

Q = Sensible heat of ice + Latent heat of solid melting + sensible heat of water + latent heat of vaporization

Q = (mCp∆T) Ice + m λf + (mCp∆T) Liquid + m λV

= 350(0.5) (273 – 258) + 350(80) + 350 (1) (373-273) + 350(540)

= 254625 Cal = 254.625 kCal

Cal to joules 1 Cal = 4.184 J

254.625 kCal = 254.625 x 4.184 = 1065.351

Heat required in joule to produce 350 gms of steam at 373 K from an iceberg at 258 K is 1065.351 kJ
3. 1000 m3 of a gas containing 60% H2 and 40% NH3 is cooled from 773 K to 313 K at 1 atm. Calculate the
heat removed. The Cp values in Kcal/Kg mole K and T in K are
Heat capacity of H2: 6.9 - 0.2 x 10-3 T + 0.48 x 10-6 T2
Heat capacity of NH3: 6.08 + 8.81 x 10-3 T – 1.5 x 10-6 T2
22.4 m3 of ideal gas at standard conditions → 1 kg mol

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 1
1000 m3 of gas →(22.4) 𝑥1000 = 44.64 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
Mole fraction of Hydrogen = 0.6 Mole fraction of Ammonia = 0.4 Cp of the mixture=∑ 𝒙𝒊 𝑪𝑷𝒊
Cp of H2=0.6(6.9 − 0.2𝑥10−3 𝑇 + 0.48𝑥10−6 𝑇 2 ) = 4.14 − 0.12𝑥10−3 𝑇 + 0.288𝑥10−6 𝑇 2
Cp of NH3=0.4(6.08 + 8.81𝑥10 𝑇 − 1.5𝑥10 𝑇 = 2.432 + 3.524𝑥10−3 𝑇 − 0.6𝑥10−6 𝑇 2
−3 −6 2 )

Adding:
p of the mixture = 6.572 + 3.404𝑥10−3 𝑇 − 0.312𝑥10−6 𝑇 2
773
Q = = 44.64 ∫313 (6.572 + 3.404𝑥10−3 𝑇 − 0.312𝑥10−6 𝑇 2 )𝑑𝑇

773
3.404𝑥10−3 0.312𝑥10−6
= 44.64 [6.572𝑇 + 𝑇2 − 𝑇 3]
2 3 313

3.404𝑥10−3 0.312𝑥10−6
= 44.64 [6.572(773 − 313) + (7732 − 3132 ) − (7733 − 3133 )]
2 3

= 44.64 [3023.12 + 850.25 – 44.847] =170905.27 kCal

4. One Kg of tin is to be heated from 30℃ to 300℃. Tin remains in the molten condition at 300℃. Determine
the heat required for this process. Given: Molecular weight = 118.7, melting point = 231.8oC, λf = 1720
kcal/kg mole, Cp of solid Tin = 5.05+0.0048T kcal/kg mole K and T is in K.
Cpm of molten tin between melting point and 300oC is 7.64 Kcal/Kg mole K

5. An evaporator is to be fed with 10,000 Kg/hr of a solution having 1% solids. The feed is at 38 oC. It is
concentrated to 2% solids. Steam at 108oC is used. Find the weight of steam used if the enthalpies of feed,
product, steam and vapour are 38.1 Kcal/Kg, 100.8 Kcal/Kg, and 540 Kcal/Kg and 644 Kcal/kg respectively.

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6. Calculate the amount of heat given off when 1 m3 of air at standard condition cools from 600oC to 100oC
at constant pressure. Cp (kcal/kg mole K) = 6.386 + 1.762 x 10-3T – 0.266 x 10-6T2
22.4 m3 of ideal gas at standard conditions → 1 kg mol
1
1 m3 of air →(22.4) = 0.0446 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙

873
Q = 𝑛𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 0.0446 ∫373 (6.386 + 1.762𝑥10−3 𝑇 − 0.2656𝑥10−6 𝑇 2 )𝑑𝑇

873
1.762𝑥10−3 0.2656𝑥10−6
= 0.0446 [6.386𝑇 + 𝑇2 − 𝑇 3]
2 3 373

1.762𝑥10−3 0.2686𝑥10−6
= 0.0449 [6.38(873 − 373) + (8732 − 3732 ) − (8763 − 3733 )]
2 3

= 0.0449[3190 + 548.863 – 54.92] = 165.41 kJ

Heat given off when 1 m3 of air at STP cools from 600 deg C to 400 deg C = 165.41 kJ
7. Calculate the heat of formation of liquid 1-3 butadiene at 298.15 K using the following data:
Standard heat of formation of CO2 = -393.51 kJ/mol
Standard heat of formation of H2O = -285.83 kJ/mol
Heat of combustion of C4H6(l) at 298.15 K = -2520.11 kJ/mol

8. Methanol is synthesized according to the reaction: CO (g) + 2 H2 →CH3OH (g)

The standard heat of formation at 298 K is -110.6 kJ/mol for CO and -238.64 kJ/mol for methanol. The latent
heat of vaporization of methanol at 298 K is 37.98 kJ/mol. Calculate the standard heat of reaction.
The given equation can be split in to two parts as per the given stoichiometry:

C(s) + 0.5O2 (g) + 2 H2 (g) → CH3OH (l) 𝛥𝐻𝑓𝑜 = −238.64 𝑘𝐽 →(1)

CH3OH (l) → CH3OH (g) 𝛥𝐻𝑓𝑜 = +37.98 𝑘𝐽 –(2)
Adding (1) and (2).. CO (g) + 2 H2 →CH3OH (g) 𝛥𝐻𝑓𝑜 == −200.66𝑘𝐽
For the reaction: CO (g) + 2 H2 →CH3OH (g)
Heat of reaction: ∆𝐻 = ∑ 𝑛(𝐻𝑓 )𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − ∑ 𝑚(𝐻𝑓 )𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
∆𝐻 = (−200.66) − (−110.6)
∆𝐻 = −900 𝑘𝐽
Heat of reaction = -900 kJ
9. Calculate the standard heat of reaction at 800 K for the combustion of pentane gas given that the mean heat
capacities in J/mol K are 247 for pentane, 33.62 for oxygen, 52.32 for carbon dioxide and 37.49 for water.
The standard heat of combustion at 298 K is -3271.67 kJ/mol
Reaction: C5H12 + 8O2→ 5CO2 + 6H2O

Heat of reaction at 800 K =

(Cooling of reactants from 800 to 298) + Heat of reaction at 298 + (Heating of products from 298 to 800)
Q1 + Q2 + Q3

16
Q1 = Cooling of C5H12 + Cooling of O2
= 1(247) (298-800) + 8 (33.62) (298-800) = -123994 – 135017.92 = -259011.92 J

Q2 = -3271.64 x 103 J/mol

Q3 = Heating of CO2 + Heating of Water

= 5(52.32) (800-298) + 6 (38.49) (800-289) = 131323.2 + 118013.34 = 249335.54 J

Heat of reaction at 800 K for the combustion of pentane gas

= -259011.92 – 3271640 + 249335.54
= - 3281316.38 = - 3281.3 kJ
10. Ammonia is synthesized according to the following reaction:
0
0.5N2 + 1.5H2 → NH3 ∆𝐻298 = −46.191 𝑘𝐽
The specific hat of compounds are represented by
𝐶𝑃 = 𝛼 + 𝛽𝑇 + 𝛾𝑇 2
Where Cp is in J/mol K and the constants α,β and γ are:
Molecule α β γ
N2 27.30 5.2335 x 10 -4.1868 x 10-9
-3

H2 29.09 -8.374 x 10-4 2.0139 x 10-6

NH3 25.48 36.89 x 10-5 -6.305 x 10-6
Determine the heat of reaction at 700 K
The reaction: N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
1 3
Reactants per kg mole of product are: 2 𝑁2 + 2 𝐻2 → 𝑁𝐻3
∆𝒃𝑻𝟐 ∆𝒄𝑻𝟑
∆𝑯𝑻 = ∆𝑯′ + ∆𝒂𝑻 + +
𝟐 𝟑
1 3
∆𝛼 = 𝛼𝑁𝐻3 − 𝛼𝑁2 − 𝛼𝐻2
2 2
1 3
= 25.48 − (27.30) − (29.09) = 31.81
2 2
1 3
∆𝛽 = 𝛽𝑁𝐻3 − 𝛽𝑁2 − 𝛽𝐻2
2 2
1 3
= 36.89𝑥10 − (5.2335𝑥10 ) − (−8.375𝑥10−4 ) = 35.5294𝑥10−3
−5 −3
2 2
1 3
∆𝛾 = 𝛾𝑁𝐻3 − 𝛾𝑁2 − 𝛾𝐻2
2 2
1 3
= −6.305𝑥10−6 − (−4.1868𝑥10−9 ) − (2.0139𝑥10−6 ) = −9.3238𝑥10−6
2 2
Substituting the values in the above equation:
(𝟑𝟓.𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )𝑻𝟐 (𝟗.𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔 )𝑻𝟑
∆𝑯𝑻 = ∆𝑯′ + 𝟑𝟏. 𝟖𝟏𝑻 + −
𝟐 𝟑
(35.5294𝑥10−3 )𝑇 2 (9.3238𝑥10−6 )𝑇 3
∆𝐻𝑇 = ∆𝐻 ′ + 31.81𝑇 + −
2 3
At T = 298 K ∆𝐻𝑇 = −46191𝐽; Substituting in the above equation, ∆𝐻 ′ can be evaluated.

(35.5294𝑥10−3 )2982 (9.3238𝑥10−6 )29873

−46191 = ∆𝐻 ′ + 31.81(298) + −
2 3

∆𝑯′ = −𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟎𝟕 𝑱

Now heat of reaction at 700 K can be found out using the constant ∆𝐻 ′ = −38707 𝐽

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 (35.5294𝑥10−3 )7002 (9.3238𝑥10−6 )7003
∆𝐻700 = −38707 + 31.81(700) + −
2 3

∆𝑯𝟕𝟎𝟎 = −𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟓 𝑱
UNIT V
1. A fuel gas constitutes of CO2 = 3.4%; C2H4 = 3.7%; C6H6 = 1.5%; O2 = 0.3%; CO=17.4%; H2 = 36.8%;
CH4 = 24.9% and N2 = 12% (On mole basis). It is burnt with air in a furnace. The pyrite analyser indicated
10.0 mole% CO2 on dry basis in the flue gases. Find the percent excess air used and the complete Orsat
Analysis.

3. A synthesis gas analysing 6.0% CO2, 0.5% O2, 40.0% CO, 50% H2 and the rest N2 is burned with 50%
excess air. What is the composition of flue gas?

3. Natural gas containing 90% CH4, 6% C2H6 and 4% C3H8 is burnt with 40% excess air. Assuming that 90%
of hydrocarbons are converted to CO2 and the rest to CO determine:
(i). Flue gas analysis
(ii). Orsat's analysis of the flue gas.

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4. A hydrocarbon is burnt with excess air. The Orsat analysis of the flue gas shows 10.81% CO 2, 3.78% O2
and 85.40 N2. Calculate the atomic ratio of C:H in the hydrocarbon and the % excess air.
Basis: 100 moles of dry flue gas (i.e., excepting H2O)
85.4
N2 is from air; Air fed = 0.79 = 108.10 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 O2 fed = 0.21 x 108.1 =22.7 kgmol

C + O2 → CO2 Carbon in the hydrocarbon = 10.81 kg atom

O2 reacted with carbon = 10.81 kgmol O2 unreacted = 3.78 kgmol
O2 reacted with hydrogen = 22.7 – (10.81 + 3.78) = 8.11
4H + O2 → 2H2O Hydrogen in the carbon atom = 4 x 8.11 = 32.44 kg atom
𝟏𝟎.𝟖𝟏 𝟑𝟐.𝟒𝟒
C:H ratio in the hydrocarbon = 10.81: 32.44; 𝟏𝟎.𝟖𝟏 : 𝟏𝟎.𝟖𝟏 = 𝟏: 𝟑
Theoretical O2 = 10.81 + 8.11 = 18.92 kg mol
𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑶𝟐 𝟑.𝟕𝟖
% Excess air = (𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒊𝒓)x100 = (𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍𝑶 )x100 = (𝟏𝟖.𝟗𝟐)x100 = 20%
𝟐
5. Propane is burnt with excess air to ensure complete combustion. If 55 Kgs of CO2 and 15 kgs of CO are
obtained when propane is completely burned with 500 kgs air, determine the following,
(i). The mass of propane burnt (In Kilograms)
(ii). The percent excess air. (iii). The composition of fuel gas.

19
6. The flue gas from an industrial furnace has the following composition by volume: CO2-11.73%, CO – 0.2%,
O2 – 6.81% and N2 -81.26%. Calculate the percentage excess air employed in the combustion if the loss of
carbon in clinker and ash is 1% of the fuel used and the fuel has the following composition by weight: C-74%,
H2 -5%, O2-5% N2-1% S-1%, H2O-9% and ash -5%
Basis: 100 kg of fuel
Stoichiometry of combustibles in the fuel:
74
C + O2 → CO2 O2 required = 12 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 6.1667 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
5
H2 + 0.5O2 → H2O O2 required = 0.5 (2) = 1.25 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
1
S + O2 → SO2 O2 required = 32 = 0.03125 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
Total O2 required = 6.17 + 1.25 + 0.03125 = 7.448 kgmol;
5 7.292
Theoretical O2 required = 7.448 - (32) = 7.292 kgmol; Air required = 0.21 = 34.723 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
74−1
Carbon lost in the clinker and ash = 1 kg, Carbon burnt = ( 12 ) = 6.08 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
Let the volume of exhaust gases be x, by carbon balance
608 =x (0.1173 + 0.002) x = 50.964 kgmol
N2 from air = N2 in flue gas – N2 in fuel = 50.964(0.8126) – (1/28) = 41.378 kg mol
41.378
Air supplied = 0.79 = 52.377 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝟓𝟐.𝟑𝟕𝟕−𝟑𝟒.𝟕𝟐𝟑
% Excess air used = ( 𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝑭𝒆𝒅 )x100 = ( 𝟑𝟒.𝟕𝟐𝟑 )x100 = 50.84
7. A furnace is fired with a natural gas that consists entirely of hydrocarbons (negligible inert gases and sulphur
compounds). The Orsat analysis of the flue gas gives: 9.5% CO2, 2.0% O2 and 1.8% CO.
(i). What is the molar ratio of net hydrogen to carbon in the fuel?
(ii). What per cent of excess air is being used?
Basis: 100 kgmol of flue gases.
Stoichiometry involved: C + O2 → CO2; C + 0.5O2 → CO H2 + 0.5O2 → H2O
86.7
N2 in the flue gases = 100 – (9.5 + 2 + 1.8) = 86.7 Air fed = 0.79 = 109.75 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
O2 fed = 0.21 x 109.75 = 23.05 kgmol
O2 unaccounted = 23.05 – (9.5 + 2 + 0.9) = 10.65 kgmol → Should have reacted with H2
H2 present in the fuel = 10.65 x 2 = 21.3 kgmol
C present in the fuel = 9.5 + 1.8 = 11.3 kgmol
𝟐𝟏.𝟑
(a) Molar ratio of net hydrogen to carbon = 𝟏𝟏.𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟖
Theoretical O2 requirement = 11.3 + 10.65 = 21.95 kgmol
𝑶𝟐 𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝟐𝟑.𝟎𝟓−𝟐𝟏.𝟗𝟓
(b) % Excess air = % Excess O2 = (𝑶𝟐 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍) 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎 = ( 𝟐𝟏.𝟗𝟓 ) 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓
8. The dry flue gas from an oil-fired furnace has a composition of 11.2% CO2, 5.8% O2 and 83% N2 when
analysed by an Orsat apparatus.
Calculate: (a) Present excess air, and (b) Weight of combustion air used per kg of oil fired. Assume fuel to
have 82% C, 12%H, 3% S and balance impurities. Molecular weight of dry gas is 30.
Basis: 100 kg of oil
82 12 3
Kgmol of C = 12 = 6.83; 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 = 2 = 6; 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑆 = 32 = 0.094
Stoichiometry involved: C+O2 → CO2; H2 + 0.5O2 → H2O; S + 0.5O2 → SO2
CO2 produced = 6.83 kgmol. Let kgmol of flue gas → x
6.83
By carbon balance: 6.83 = x(0.112) x = 0.112 = 60.98 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
60.98(0.83)
Total air fed = 0.79 = 64.07 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙; 𝑂2 𝑓𝑒𝑑 = 0.21(64.07) = 13.45 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
Theoretical O2 required = 6.83 + 3 + 0.094 = 9.924 kgmol
(𝑶𝟐 𝒇𝒆𝒅 −𝑶𝟐 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅) 𝟏𝟑.𝟒𝟓−𝟗.𝟗𝟐𝟒
(a). % Excess air = % Excess O2 = ( ) 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎 = ( ) 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟓𝟑
𝑶𝟐 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝟗.𝟗𝟐𝟒
Weight of combustion air = 64.07 x 29 = 1858.03 kg
𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟖.𝟎𝟑
(b) Weight of combustion air used per kg of oil fired = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟑

20
9. Octane is burnt with 10% excess air. Calculate: (a) Air/fuel ratio by weight.
(b) Air/fuel ratio by volume. (c)Weight of dry exhaust gas formed per unit weight of fuel.
(d) kgmol of oxygen in the exhaust gas per unit weight of fuel. (e) kgmol of water vapour in exhaust gas per
unit weight of fuel (f) Vol. of exhaust gas at 1atmosphere and 260C per unit weight fuel.
The specific gravity of octane may be taken as 0.7
Basis : 1 kg mol of octane burnt.
Reaction: C8H18 + 12.5 O2→8 CO2 +9 H2O
(a) Theoretical oxygen demand =12.5 kg. mol
13.75
Oxygen supplied by 10% excess air = 12.5  1.1 = 13.75 kg mols Air = 0.21 = 65.47 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝟔𝟓.𝟒𝟕 𝒙 𝟐𝟗
Air fuel ratio by weight = 𝟏𝒙[(𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟖)+𝟏𝟖] = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟓
𝑘𝑔
(b). Sp.gravity of Octane = 0.7; Density = 0.7 x 1000 = 700 𝑚3 ;
1
Volume of l kg mol = 114 kg =(700) 𝑥114 = 0.16286 m3
Volume of air at standard conditions = 65.47 x 22.4 = 1466.528 m3
𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟔.𝟓𝟐𝟖
Air to fuel ratio by volume = 𝟎.𝟏𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟔 =9004.83
(c). Weight of dry exhaust gases formed CO2 = 8 x 42 = 336 kg;
O2 = (13.75 – 12.5) x32 = 40 kg N2 =(65.47 x 0.79) x 28 = 1448.19 kg
𝟑𝟑𝟔+𝟒𝟎+𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟖.𝟏𝟗
Weight of dry exhaust gases per kg of fuel = = 𝟏𝟔
𝟏𝟏𝟒
(d) O2 in exhaust = O2 supplied – O2 Utilized = 13.75 - 12.5 = 1.25 kgmol
𝟏.𝟐𝟓
kgmoles of oxygen per unit weight of fuel = 𝟏𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏
(e) Water formed = 9 kgmol
𝟗
kgmol of water formed per unit weight of fuel = 𝟏𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟗
(f) Kgmol of exhaust gases: CO2 = 8 kgmol H2O = 9 kgmol
O2 = 1.25 kgmol N2 = 0.79 x 65.47 = 51.72 kgmol Total = 69.97 kgmol
𝑛𝑅𝑇 (69.97)(8.314 𝑥 103 )(533)
Volume of exhaust gases at 1 atm and 260 +273 = 533 K → V = =
𝑃 1.01325𝑥105
= 3060.1 m3
𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟎.𝟏
Volume of exhaust gases per unit weight of fuel = 𝟏𝟏𝟒 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟖𝟒
10. 200 Kg pure Sulphur is burnt with 25% excess air, to convert it to Sulphur dioxide. In the process 4.5%
of it, gets oxidized to Sulphur trioxide. Calculate the composition of the gas, leaving the burner.
Basis: 200 Kg of Sulphur. Reactions: S + O2 → SO2 S + 1.5 O2 → SO3
200
Kg atom of S burnt = 32 = 6.25𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
SO2 formed = 0.955(6.25) = 5.97 kgmol O2 utilised = 5.97 kgmol
SO3 formed = 0.045(6.25) = 0.28 kgmol O2 utilised = 1.5(0.028) = 0.42 kgmol
Theoretical O2 required = 6.25 kgmol
6.25
Air supplied = 1.25 (0.21) = 37.2𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 0.79𝑥37.2 = 29.388 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
O2 unreacted = 0.21(37.2) – (5.97 + 0.42) = 1.422 kgmol
Composition of the gas leaving the burner:
Component kgmol Mol%
SO2 5.97 16.1
SO3 0.28 0.76
O2 1.422 3.84
N2 29.388 79.3
Total 37.06 100
=============================================================================

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