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UEE

CHAPTER 1

1) Lux: It is unit of illumination and it is defined as luminous flux falling per unit area. Lux = 1 Lumens/ m2
2) Lumen: One lumen is defined as the luminous flux emitted in a unit solid angle by a source of one candle
power. i.e., Lumens = Candle power x solid angle, It is unit of luminous flux.
3) Luminous flux: The luminous flux is the total energy radiated by the light source in all direction.
4) Illumination: The illumination is defined as the luminous flux falling on per unit area of the given surface on
the working plane. The unit of illumination is lumens/m2 OR
1 Lumens/m2 =1 Lux
5) Maintenance factor: It is defined as the ratio of illumination under normal working conditions to the
illumination when everything is clean.

6) Absorption factor: It is defined as it is the ratio of net lumen available after absorption to the total lumens
emitted by the source of light.

7) Utilization factor: It is defined as the ratio of total lumens reaching the working plane to the total lumens
given out by the lamp
8) M.H.C.P (Mean horizontal candle power): It is defined as average of candle powers in all direction in the
horizontal plane containing the source of light.
9) MSCP (Mean Spherical Candle power): It is the average of all candle powers in all direction in all planes.

10) M.H.S.C.P. (Mean Hemi-Spherical Candle power): It is defined as the mean of the candle power of source
in all directions above and below the horizontal plane
11) Coefficient of utilization: It is defined as the ratio of total number of lumens reaching the working plane to
total number of lumens emitting from the source.
12) Depreciation factor: It is the ratio of illumination when everything is clean to the illumination under normal
operating condition.
13) Space-Height ratio: It is the ratio of space between the lamps to the height of lamps above working plane

14) Reflection factor: It is the ratio of luminous flux leaving the surface to the luminous flux incident on it.
15)Lamp η (lamp efficiency): It is defined as the ratio of the total luminous flux emitting from the source to Its
electrical power input in watts.
16) Luminous Intensity: Luminous flux emitted by a light source per unit solid angle called as the luminous
intensity

17)Candle power: The candle power is the radiation capacity of the light source in the given direction. The
candle power is always given in lumens output per unit solid angle of the given light source.

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Factors to be considered while designing a lighting scheme

 Design of illumination scheme should be very simple.

 Area of the working plane.
 Find out application of working plane
 Decided lux level on working plane as per application. (Illumination level)
 Find out total lumens required on working plane.
 Decide the type and wattage of lamp which is to be used for that particular application
 Quality of light 8. Assume waste light Factor
 Assume utilization Factor
 Assume deprecation Factor
 The illumination scheme is designed in such a way that there should be fewer glares.
 The illumination scheme is designed in such a way that there should be minimum shadows.
 The control of light intensity is possible.
 Assume the illumination efficiency of those specific lamps which are to be used.
 Provide safety and prevent accident.
 Take care to achieve desired energy saving.
 Choose lamp with higher luminous efficiency, better color, and longer life
 For any type of illumination scheme the maintenance & repairing should be less.
 The cost of the designed illumination scheme should be low

Laws of illumination.

Inverse square law:

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This law state that “the illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the square of distance between
source of light & surface area and it is also directly proportional to the luminous intensity (I) or candle power of the
lamp in that direction. Illumination at A point = I / r2

Lambert’s cosine law

This law states that “the illumination E at any point on a surface is directly proportional to the cosine of the
angle between the normal at that point and the line of flux.
Illumination at B point = I/d2 x cos θ
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Metal Halide lamp

 Metal (mercury) atoms move from electric arc towards the tube wall where the halides present.
 Near the wall, the temperature & vapors pressure allows the metals & halides to form a stable molecule which
is known as metal halide molecules.
 When metal halide approaches the arc, molecules break apart.
 The halide move towards the wall and metals are excited and give out energy in the form of light.
 When enough metal atoms or loss during the operation the lamp fails.
 The outer glass may or may not be phosphor coated from inside.
 Electronic or auto transformer type ballast is used initiate the arc and to control the current,
 The capacitor is used to improve the power factor.
 The power ratings of lamp are from 175 watts to 1000 watts.
 The life is 2000 working hours.
 Some metal halides are used in indoor applications and the compact metal halide lamps are used for display
and flood light etc.
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Operation:

 When the lamp is turned on, a high voltage at starting is applied across two electrodes, to initiate an arc which
discharges and vaporizes argon gas (starting gas), mercury vapor and chemical components called “metal
halides”
 The energized metal atoms emit light.

Advantages

 More pure white light is obtained

 More energy efficient than Mercury lamp, Halogen lamp
 Good for high ceiling indoor Lighting

Disadvantages

 Cost is more
 Produces more light pollution

Uses:

 Use for high bay interior and high mast exterior installations
 Sports stadium where colored T.V transmission is expected
 Flood lighting Projectors.

Sodium vapor lamp

Construction: -
Above figure shows constructional details of sodium vapor lamp. It consists of ‘U’ shaped tube and at the ends
of the tube two electrodes are sealed. This tube is filled with sodium and small quantity of neon gas. Since there is
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great effect of the change of surrounding temperature on the light output given by the lamp, hence the inner tube is
enclosed in an outer double walled glass tube. Before sealing the lamp, vacuum is created between the two-glass tube
(inner & outer).

Working:
Before the lamp starts working, the sodium is usually in the solid form deposited on the sides of the inner tube
wall. When the voltage is applied to the lamp it warms up and starts vaporizing slowly and radiates out yellow color
light and after about 20 minutes, the lamp starts giving its full output.

Advantages

 Yellow Light
 Suitable for street Light
 More light output for same energy than other sources
 Can be disposed easily
 Effective in rainy and foggy season
 Low operating temperature
 Good for tunnel Lighting and avoid stroboscopic effect

Disadvantages

 Starting is more
 It requires additional transformer
 Poor power factor
 Cost is more
 Size is bulky

Precaution: Care should be taken in handling these lamps, for if inner tube is broken and sodium comes in contact
with moisture, fire will result

Life: Normal average life of sodium vapor lamp is 2500 Hrs

Applications: Due to yellow light its use is limited to street lighting, flood lighting of docks, quarries etc

Rating: 40W, 60W, 85W, 140W.

Prof. Sudarshan G. Hadkar (for online classes Diploma, BE, ME Electrical Engineering contact 8459362092)
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High Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamp

Construction:
 It consists of an inner bulb generally of silicon, to withstand high temperatures.
 The bulb contains a small quantity of mercury and argon.
 It is protected by outer glass; this may be cylindrical or elliptical.
 The space between the two bulbs is filled with nitrogen at a pressure of half atmosphere.
 The discharge tube has three electrodes, namely two main electrodes A and B and one starting electrode.
 The starting electrodes are connected through a resistance of about 10-30 k ohm to the main electrode, located
at the far end.
 The electrodes are of tungsten wire helices filled with electron emissive materials, usually barium and
strontium carbonates mixed with thorium.
Working:
 When supply is switched on an initial discharge lamp is established in the Argon gas between main electrode
A and aux. electrode C
 The heat is produced due to the discharge through gas which causes warming up of inner lamp
 Thus, mercury gets vaporized and increasing its pressure and thus the light output.
 It takes about 5-7 min. for the mercury arc to buildup &gives full light output.
 After 3-4 min. mercury vapors is greenish blue light.
 If the supply interrupted, the lamp must cool down and the vapor pressure be reduced before it will start. It
takes approximately 3-4 min.
 The efficiency of this type of l
 amp is 30-40 lumens/W. Mercury lamps are available in 125W; 250W & 400W rating for use 250V AC
Supply.
Advantages
 Good luminous efficiency.
 Multi color light can be possible
 Compact size
 Long life
 Suitable for indoor & outdoor applications
Disadvantages
 Starting time is more.
 Initial cost is more
 Stroboscopic effect is more
Prof. Sudarshan G. Hadkar (for online classes Diploma, BE, ME Electrical Engineering contact 8459362092)
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Applications
 In the field of flood lighting
 Industrial Lighting
 Public Lighting

Fluorescent Light

Construction:
Fluorescent tube consists of tube, choke, starter & power factor improvement capacitor.

Working operation: -
When switch is ON current flows through the choke-filament no1- starter-filament no. 2- to neutral, At that
time choke induces high voltage which is applied to two filaments and ionized gas, Due to this there will be high
voltage ionization so that light will be emitted through the tube. Choke is acting as ballast starter is used for make and
break the circuit. To operate the fluorescent lamp, need a ballast (choke) to limit the current & provide the necessary
starting voltage and starter for starting the tube.
Prof. Sudarshan G. Hadkar (for online classes Diploma, BE, ME Electrical Engineering contact 8459362092)
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Advantages
 If condenser is connected across surplus, efficiency is about 90.5%
 Its life is three times more than filament lamp
 It has low surface brightness so less glare and soft shadows

Disadvantages
 High initial cost due to choke and starter
 Available in small wattage rating than incandescent lamp

Rating
20W, 40W, 65W, 80W

Function of following components:

i) Electrode:

 It is made by high resistive element. to initiate an arc

ii) Choke: For providing high voltage at the time of starting and limit the current.

iii) Capacitor in glow type starter: To make and break the circuit to start the tube.

iv) Capacitor connected across input terminals: To improve the power factor, to minimize the radio interference

Various indoor lighting

 Direct Lighting Scheme

 Indirect lighting scheme
 Semi direct Lighting Scheme
 Semi indirect lighting Scheme
 General Lighting Scheme

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I) Direct lighting:

Explanation:
In this method, the reflector is used on the lighting source. The 100% light is reflected by this reflector on the
working plane. So, efficiency of direct lighting scheme is very high and it is economical also. But limitation of direct
lighting scheme is that glare & shadows are more. The direct lighting scheme is widely used in drawing room,
workshop etc.

Drawbacks of direct lighting system

 This scheme is more efficient but it suffers from hard shadows and glare.
 This light creates tunneling effect i.e ceiling remains dark.

Application:

The direct lighting scheme is widely used in drawing room, workshop and flood lighting etc.

II) Indirect lighting scheme

In this method the 100% light is reflected on ceiling and walls by the reflector and this reflected light will be
available on working plane. It is less efficient and uneconomical scheme but glare and shadows are very less. i.e. why
surrounding may be pleasant and widely used in hotels, guest room etc.
Prof. Sudarshan G. Hadkar (for online classes Diploma, BE, ME Electrical Engineering contact 8459362092)
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Application: Widely used in hotels, guest room, Show room etc.

III) Semi direct lighting scheme

In this method, the 70 to 80% light will be directly reflected on the working plane and 20 to 30 % light will be
reflected on the ceiling and walls. The efficiency and economy is slightly less than direct lighting scheme. But the
glare and shadows are less as compare to direct lighting scheme.

IV) Semi indirect lighting scheme

In this lighting scheme, 70 to 80% light is reflected on ceiling & walls and 20 to 30% light will be available on
the working plane directly. It is economical and efficiency as compared to indirect lighting scheme.

v) General lighting scheme:

In this lighting scheme, the reflector is not used on the light source, so the lumens emitted by the light source
will be reflected on ceiling wall and can be available directly on working plane also.
This method is commonly used in various residential, commercial and industrial installations.

Prof. Sudarshan G. Hadkar (for online classes Diploma, BE, ME Electrical Engineering contact 8459362092)
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Comparison between Direct lighting and Indirect lighting

Prof. Sudarshan G. Hadkar (for online classes Diploma, BE, ME Electrical Engineering contact 8459362092)