Functional Requirements Answers:

1. What are functional requirements in system development?

Functional requirements define what the system should do. They represent the
core functionalities that users demand and must be incorporated into the system.
2. How are functional requirements represented in a system?
They are described as inputs given to the system, the operations performed, and
the expected outputs. They are explicitly visible in the final product.
3. Why are functional requirements essential for a system's operation?
They define the basic functionalities that the system must offer to meet user and
business needs. Without them, the system would not fulfill its intended purpose.
4. Can you provide examples of common functional requirements?
Examples include user authentication, data input/output processing, and
transaction handling.
5. How do functional requirements impact software development?
They drive the system's core design and define the essential features that
developers need to implement.

Non-Functional Requirements Answers:

6. What are non-functional requirements, and how do they differ from

functional requirements?
Non-functional requirements define quality attributes of a system, such as
performance and security. Unlike functional requirements, they describe how the
system should behave rather than what it should do.
7. Why are non-functional requirements also called non-behavioral
requirements?
Because they focus on system attributes like performance, usability, and security
rather than user-facing functionalities.
8. What are some examples of non-functional requirements in a system?
Examples include system scalability, security, response time, reliability, and
maintainability.
9. How can non-functional requirements be measured or evaluated?
They are often assessed using benchmarks, Service Level Agreements (SLAs),
and performance testing.
10. Why are non-functional requirements critical for system performance?
They ensure the system is efficient, secure, scalable, and user-friendly, preventing
failures and bottlenecks.
11. How do functional and non-functional requirements differ in purpose?
Functional requirements define system behavior, while non-functional
requirements define system quality and performance.
12. In what way do functional and non-functional requirements affect system
scope?
Functional requirements specify system actions, while non-functional
requirements define constraints under which the system must operate.
13. What are the differences in how functional and non-functional requirements
are documented?
Functional requirements are documented in use cases and functional
specifications, whereas non-functional requirements are in technical
specifications and performance criteria.
14. How does the impact of functional requirements on development differ from
that of non-functional requirements?
Functional requirements determine system functionality, while non-functional
requirements affect system architecture and overall performance.
15. Why is it more difficult to measure non-functional requirements compared
to functional ones?
Functional requirements are easy to measure based on outputs, whereas non-
functional requirements often require benchmarking and performance testing.

Importance and Challenges Answers:

16. Why is balancing functional and non-functional requirements important in

system development?
A system that meets only functional requirements may work but can be slow,
insecure, or difficult to use. Balancing both ensures efficiency and user
satisfaction.
17. How do non-functional requirements contribute to system usability and
performance?
 They improve factors such as responsiveness, scalability, and security, enhancing
user experience.
18. What are some risks of focusing solely on functional requirements?
It may lead to an inefficient, insecure, or non-scalable system, affecting user
experience and performance.
19. How do non-functional requirements help in reducing long-term costs?
Addressing them early prevents expensive redesigns, re-architecting, and
performance fixes later.
20. What are some common challenges in defining functional and non-functional
requirements?
Ambiguity, changing requirements, and difficulty in prioritization are major
challenges.
21. How does ambiguity in requirements impact system development?
It leads to misunderstandings, resulting in incorrect or incomplete system
implementation.
22. Why do functional and non-functional requirements often change during
project development?
Changes in business goals, user needs, and market trends frequently impact
requirements.
23. What are the consequences of failing to prioritize non-functional
requirements properly?
Critical aspects like security, scalability, and reliability may be overlooked,
leading to performance issues or system failures.
24. Why are functional requirements crucial for software development?
They define the core functionalities that the system must perform to meet user
and business needs.
25. How do functional and non-functional requirements contribute to system
quality?
Functional requirements ensure the system performs required tasks, while non-
functional requirements improve performance, security, and user experience.
26. Can a system function correctly without fulfilling non-functional
requirements? Why or why not?
Yes, but it may suffer from poor performance, security vulnerabilities, and
usability issues, leading to user dissatisfaction.
27. What happens if functional requirements are poorly defined?
It leads to miscommunication, development delays, increased costs, and a system
that does not meet user needs.
28. How do business stakeholders and developers collaborate in defining
requirements?
Through requirement gathering sessions, use case analysis, and continuous
feedback during development.
29. What role do functional requirements play in system design?
They define the core actions of the system, guiding developers in structuring the
system's architecture.
30. How do functional requirements impact user experience?
They determine whether users can perform necessary actions efficiently and
correctly.
31. What tools or methodologies can be used to define functional requirements?
Tools like UML diagrams, flowcharts, use cases, and methodologies like Agile
and Waterfall.
32. How do functional requirements affect system testing and validation?
They provide the basis for functional testing, including unit, integration, and
system testing.
33. What is the relationship between functional requirements and user stories in
Agile development?
User stories describe desired functionalities from a user perspective, aligning
closely with functional requirements.
34. How are functional requirements represented in UML diagrams?
Through use case diagrams, activity diagrams, and sequence diagrams.
35. What is the impact of incomplete functional requirements on software
projects?
It can lead to misalignment with user needs, costly rework, and project failure.
36. How do edge cases influence the definition of functional requirements?
They help in identifying rare but critical scenarios that the system must handle.
37. How do developers prioritize functional requirements during software
development?
Based on business value, user needs, dependencies, and development effort.
38. How can functional requirements be modified after a system is deployed?
Through software updates, version releases, and user feedback integration.
39. Why are non-functional requirements often overlooked in system
development?
They are harder to measure and are sometimes seen as less urgent than functional
needs.
40. How can non-functional requirements improve system security?
By defining security protocols, authentication measures, and data encryption
standards.
41. What are the best practices for defining non-functional requirements?
Use measurable benchmarks, set realistic goals, and ensure early integration in
development.
42. How do non-functional requirements influence cloud computing solutions?
They determine scalability, availability, and security considerations for cloud-
based systems.
43. Why is system scalability considered a non-functional requirement?
It defines the ability of a system to handle increasing workloads without failure.
44. How can response time be optimized to meet non-functional requirements?
By optimizing database queries, using caching, and implementing load balancing.
45. How do non-functional requirements impact software architecture?
They influence architectural choices like microservices, monolithic structures,
and distributed computing.
46. What is the role of Service Level Agreements (SLAs) in defining non-
functional requirements?
SLAs set performance, availability, and response time expectations between
service providers and users.
47. How do regulatory and compliance standards affect non-functional
requirements?
They require adherence to data protection laws, cybersecurity measures, and
industry-specific regulations.
48. Why is system availability a key non-functional requirement for mission-
critical applications?
Downtime in such applications can lead to significant financial or operational
losses.
49. In what ways do functional and non-functional requirements complement
each other?
Functional requirements define system tasks, while non-functional requirements
ensure those tasks are performed efficiently and securely.
50. How do functional and non-functional requirements differ in terms of
implementation?
Functional requirements guide feature development, whereas non-functional
requirements shape infrastructure and performance optimization.
51. What are the trade-offs between focusing on functional vs. non-functional
requirements?
Prioritizing functional requirements may lead to a working system with poor
usability; focusing on non-functional requirements may result in over-engineering.
52. How does the prioritization of functional and non-functional requirements
vary in different industries?
Industries like healthcare and finance prioritize security (non-functional), while e-
commerce focuses more on functionalities like payment processing.
53. Why do non-functional requirements tend to be more subjective than
functional ones?
They depend on performance expectations, user perception, and industry
benchmarks rather than clear-cut task completion.
54. What are some strategies for resolving ambiguity in requirements?
Use clear documentation, stakeholder meetings, and prototypes to clarify
expectations.
55. How can requirement changes be managed effectively during software
development?
Through change management processes, Agile methodologies, and version
control.
56. What are some tools used to track functional and non-functional
requirements?
JIRA, Trello, Confluence, and requirement management software like IBM
DOORS.
57. What are common mistakes made when gathering system requirements?
Lack of stakeholder involvement, vague descriptions, and failure to consider edge
cases.
58. How can stakeholders ensure that non-functional requirements are not
ignored?
By integrating them into development goals, testing criteria, and SLAs.
59. What techniques can be used to verify if non-functional requirements are
met?
Performance testing, security testing, and stress testing.
60. How can system performance testing validate non-functional requirements?
By measuring speed, scalability, and responsiveness under various loads.
61. How do functional and non-functional requirements impact system
maintenance?
Functional requirements drive feature updates, while non-functional requirements
ensure system reliability and efficiency.
62. What methods can be used to prioritize non-functional requirements
effectively?
Risk analysis, user feedback, and cost-benefit analysis.
63. How do requirement definitions differ between Waterfall and Agile
methodologies?

 Waterfall: Requirements are defined upfront and rarely change.

 Agile: Requirements evolve iteratively based on user feedback and changing
needs.

64. Online Banking System Functional Requirements:

1. Secure login via username/password and two-factor authentication

(2FA)
2. View account balance and transaction history
3. Transfer money between accounts
4. Pay bills and schedule automatic payments
5. Generate and download bank statements

65. Food Delivery Application Functional Requirements:

1. User registration and profile management

2. Browse and search for restaurants
 3. Place and track food orders in real time
4. Payment processing (credit/debit cards, digital wallets)
5. Customer feedback and ratings for restaurants

66. E-commerce Checkout Functional Requirements:

1. Add/remove items from the shopping cart

2. Apply discount codes or coupons
3. Select delivery method and address
4. Payment gateway integration
5. Order confirmation and receipt generation

67. Gathering Functional Requirements for a Hospital Management System:

1. Interview doctors, nurses, and administrative staff for key needs

2. Analyze existing workflows for patient management
3. Identify required modules (appointment scheduling, patient records,
billing)
4. Define user roles (doctor, nurse, receptionist, administrator)
5. Create use case diagrams for different scenarios

68. Questions for an Employee Attendance Tracking System:

1. Should attendance be recorded via biometric, RFID, or mobile app?

2. Will the system support remote employees and flexible shifts?
3. Should it generate automated reports for payroll processing?
4. How should late arrivals and early departures be handled?
5. Should the system integrate with existing HR software?

69. Improving Load Times for a Social Media Platform:

1. Optimize database queries and caching mechanisms

2. Use Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) for faster image/video loading
3. Implement server load balancing to distribute user requests
4. Reduce JavaScript execution time and improve front-end performance
70. Ensuring Cross-Platform Compatibility for a Mobile App:

1. Use a cross-platform framework (React Native, Flutter)

2. Ensure UI consistency across different screen sizes
3. Test for OS-specific limitations (iOS vs. Android APIs)
4. Optimize battery usage and app performance on both platforms

71. Handling 1 Million Users on Black Friday:

1. Implement auto-scaling cloud services for handling peak traffic

2. Optimize database read/write operations
3. Enable load balancing across multiple servers
4. Use caching and preloaded content to reduce server load

72. Security Non-Functional Requirements for a Government Document

Storage System:

1. Data encryption for storage and transmission

2. Role-based access control with multi-factor authentication
3. Secure audit logs for all system activities
4. Compliance with legal standards like GDPR and ISO 27001

73. Measuring & Enforcing System Availability in a Cloud-Based Service:

 Set Service Level Agreements (SLAs) defining uptime guarantees (e.g.,

99.99%)
 Use failover mechanisms to switch to backup servers during outages
 Implement real-time monitoring and alerting for server failures
 Conduct regular load and stress testing

74. Prioritizing Functional vs. Non-Functional Requirements in Budget

Constraints:

 Prioritize essential functional requirements to ensure a working product

 Balance non-functional needs like security and performance within constraints
 Plan incremental improvements for non-functional aspects in future updates
75. Security vs. Performance – Which to Prioritize?

 If handling sensitive data (e.g., banking, healthcare), security takes priority

 If users require real-time responses (e.g., gaming, trading), performance is
key
 Ideally, security should be integrated without compromising performance

76. Convincing a Product Manager to Balance Both Requirements:

 Show potential risks (e.g., slow response time leads to customer churn)
 Demonstrate performance benchmarks and security test results
 Explain long-term cost savings by addressing scalability early

77. Documenting Functional and Non-Functional Requirements:

 Functional: Use cases, user stories, flowcharts, and system requirements

document
 Non-Functional: Performance criteria, security standards, scalability
benchmarks

78. Ensuring Healthcare Software Meets HIPAA Compliance:

 Implement end-to-end encryption for patient records

 Restrict access based on user roles (doctor, admin, patient)
 Conduct security audits and compliance checks before deployment

79. Fixing an App That’s Functional But Slow & Unreliable:

 Conduct performance profiling to identify bottlenecks

 Optimize database queries, backend services, and network usage
 Implement caching and asynchronous processing for slow tasks

80. Handling Conflicting Functional Requirements from Stakeholders:

 Identify key decision-makers and their priorities

 Use a MoSCoW (Must Have, Should Have, Could Have, Won’t Have)
prioritization method
  Propose a phased approach to accommodate multiple requirements over time

81. Improving Poor Usability Despite Meeting Functional Requirements:

 Conduct user experience (UX) research and usability testing

 Simplify navigation and minimize the number of steps to complete tasks
 Improve UI design with intuitive layouts and clear instructions

82. Defining Functional & Non-Functional Requirements for Real-Time

Logistics Tracking:

 Functional: GPS-based location tracking, estimated delivery times, route

optimization
 Non-Functional: Low latency (real-time updates), 24/7 system availability,
scalable architecture

83. Ensuring 99.99% Website Availability:

 Use distributed server infrastructure with failover redundancy

 Deploy automated monitoring and alerting for downtime detection
 Conduct regular disaster recovery testing

Scenario-Based Functional Requirement Answers:

1. Ride-Hailing App (Uber-like) Functional Requirements:

1. User registration and profile management

2. Ride booking and fare estimation
3. Real-time driver tracking on a map
4. Payment processing (card, digital wallets, cash)
5. Driver rating and feedback system
2. Chat Application Functional Requirements:

1. One-on-one and group messaging

2. Media sharing (images, videos, documents)
3. End-to-end encryption for security
4. Online/offline status indicator
 5. Voice and video calling

3. University Student Portal Functional Requirements:

1. Student login with role-based access

2. Course registration and enrollment
3. Grade tracking and report generation
4. Assignment submission and feedback system
5. Exam schedule and results

4. Self-Checkout System Functional Requirements:

1. Barcode scanning or RFID tag reading

2. Shopping cart management
3. Automatic price calculation with discounts and taxes
4. Payment processing (credit card, mobile payments)
5. Digital or printed receipt generation

5. Hospital Appointment Scheduling Functional Requirements:

1. Patient registration and profile creation

2. Doctor availability and appointment booking
3. Automated appointment reminders via SMS/email
4. Integration with electronic medical records (EMR)
5. Cancellation and rescheduling options

6. Movie Streaming Recommendation System Functional Requirements:

1. User watch history tracking

2. Personalized recommendations based on preferences
3. Trending and popular movie suggestions
4. Search and filter options by genre, year, ratings
5. Watchlist feature to save movies for later

7. Inventory Management System Functional Requirements:

1. Real-time stock tracking and updates

 2. Low-stock alerts and reorder automation
3. Barcode scanning for inventory logging
4. Supplier and purchase order management
5. Sales and usage reporting

8. Hotel Booking Website Functional Requirements:

1. Search available rooms based on check-in and check-out dates

2. Room details with images and pricing
3. Online reservation with secure payment options
4. Cancellation and refund processing
5. Customer reviews and rating system

9. Online Examination System Functional Requirements:

1. Student authentication and access control

2. Question paper generation and randomization
3. Timed examination session with auto-submit feature
4. Instant grading for multiple-choice questions
5. Result generation and feedback system

10. Biometric Attendance System Functional Requirements:

 Fingerprint/face recognition for employee check-in/out

 Real-time attendance tracking
 Integration with payroll system
 Auto-generated reports for HR
 Role-based access for admin and employees

Scenario-Based Non-Functional Requirement (NFR) Answers:

1. Food Delivery App (Performance Optimization NFRs):

 Response Time: Ensure order placement completes in under 2 seconds

 Scalability: Auto-scale servers to handle peak demand (e.g., lunch/dinner rush)
 Caching: Use CDN for faster menu and image loading
 API Optimization: Reduce unnecessary API calls for better speed

2. Banking Website Security NFRs:

 Encryption: Use SSL/TLS for secure transactions

 Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): Require OTP or biometric verification
 Role-Based Access Control: Restrict access based on user type (customer,
admin)
 Audit Logs: Track all transactions for security monitoring

3. Global E-Commerce Localization NFRs:

 Multi-Language Support: Automatic translation for product descriptions

 Currency Conversion: Display product prices based on location
 Tax Compliance: Adjust tax calculation per country regulations
 Time Zone Adjustments: Display local delivery times

4. Multiplayer Gaming Performance NFRs:

 Latency: Ensure game response time <50ms for smooth gameplay

 Server Load Balancing: Distribute players across multiple game servers
 Auto-Reconnect Feature: Prevent game interruptions due to network issues
 DDoS Protection: Prevent unauthorized attacks on game servers

5. Government Tax Portal Availability NFRs:

 Uptime: Ensure 99.99% system availability

 Disaster Recovery: Data backup every 24 hours in case of system failure
 Load Handling: Support up to 1 million simultaneous users during peak tax
season
 Secure Access: Implement digital signature authentication

6. Social Media Security NFRs:

 Data Privacy: Encrypt user messages and media files

 Access Logs: Keep records of all user logins and actions
 Session Expiry: Auto-log out inactive users after 15 minutes
 Two-Step Verification: Implement for account recovery and login

7. Fitness Tracking App Synchronization NFRs:

 Data Consistency: Ensure real-time sync between smartwatch and mobile app
 Offline Mode: Store temporary data when the internet is unavailable
 Battery Optimization: Minimize power consumption for continuous tracking
 Cloud Backup: Automatically upload user activity data for safekeeping

8. Chat bot Response Time NFRs:

 Response Time: Deliver chatbot replies within 1 second

 Machine Learning Optimization: Improve chatbot responses over time
 Concurrent Users: Support 10,000 users chatting simultaneously
 24/7 Availability: Ensure chatbot remains online at all times

9. Company Email System Scalability NFRs:

 Email Throughput: Support 100,000 emails per hour

 Data Retention Policy: Store emails securely for 10 years
 Spam Filtering: Block phishing and malicious emails
 System Backup: Regular daily backups to prevent data loss

10. Smart Home Automation Efficiency NFRs:

 Low Power Consumption: Ensure smart devices use minimal electricity

 Real-Time Response: Device actions (e.g., turning on lights) should execute
in <1 second
 Remote Access: Allow users to control devices from anywhere
 Secure Connections: Use encrypted communications for IoT devices