Renz Kenneth S.

Arandia

BSEE III-GJ

1. Ordinarily, what is the phase relationship between the primary and secondary voltages
-Ordinarily, in a transformer, the phase relationship between the primary and secondary voltages depends on
the winding configuration and the transformer type.
For a step-up or step-down transformer:
o The primary and secondary voltages are in phase opposition if the windings are wound in a particular
way (i.e., one winding is reversed relative to the other).
o In a typical transformer, the phase relationship is such that the secondary voltage is a scaled version (by
the turns ratio) of the primary voltage, but with a potential phase shift.
For an ideal transformer:
o The phase shift between primary and secondary is generally a function of the transformer winding
configuration.
o If the primary and secondary windings are wound with the same polarity, the voltages will be in phase
opposition (i.e., 180 degrees out of phase).
o If the secondary winding is reversed in polarity, the voltages will be in phase (0 degrees out of phase).
For different types of connections:
o Delta-Delta (Δ-Δ) or Wye-Wye (Y-Y) configurations can maintain a certain phase relationship where the
voltages might be in phase or 180 degrees out of phase depending on how the windings are connected.
In summary, the phase relationship between primary and secondary voltages is usually either 0 or 180 degrees
depending on the transformer configuration and winding polarity.

2. What are the different tests performed in a transformer and how they are important?
- There are several important tests performed on transformers to ensure they’re working properly and safely.
Here are the main ones:
1. Insulation Resistance Test (Megger Test):
o What it does: Checks the insulation between the windings and the ground.
o Why it’s important: Ensures there’s no risk of short circuits or breakdowns in insulation.
2. Winding Resistance Test:
o What it does: Measures the resistance of the primary and secondary windings.
o Why it’s important: Helps spot issues like loose connections or damaged windings.
3. Turns Ratio Test:
o What it does: Compares the turns ratio between the primary and secondary windings.
o Why it’s important: Confirms the transformer will correctly step up or step down voltage.
4. Short Circuit Test:
o What it does: Simulates a short circuit to check the transformer’s impedance and losses.
o Why it’s important: Assesses the transformer’s performance under load conditions.
5. Open Circuit Test:
o What it does: Applies voltage to the primary side to check core losses and magnetizing current.
o Why it’s important: Measures the transformer’s efficiency when it’s not under load.
6. Load Test:
o What it does: Tests the transformer under actual load conditions to see how it performs.
o Why it’s important: Ensures the transformer handles load correctly and maintains proper voltage.
7. Polarity Test:
o What it does: Verifies the correct polarity of the transformer’s windings.
o Why it’s important: Ensures the transformer will be connected properly in a circuit.
8. Dielectric Test:
 o What it does: Tests the transformer’s insulation under high voltage.
o Why it’s important: Confirms that the insulation can handle voltage spikes without breaking down.
These tests help ensure the transformer is safe, efficient, and running as expected.
3. Why are voltage regulation of a transformer sometimes positive and sometimes negative?
- Voltage regulation in a transformer can be positive or negative, depending on the load and the design of the
transformer. Positive voltage regulation happens when the voltage drops as the load increases. This is typical
because the transformer's internal impedance causes the secondary voltage to decrease when more current is
drawn, especially with inductive loads like motors. On the other hand, negative voltage regulation occurs when
the voltage actually increases as the load goes up. This can happen in transformers with low impedance or when
the load is capacitive, which can cause the voltage to rise with higher load. While positive regulation is more
common, negative regulation is rare and usually only happens in specific transformer designs or with certain
types of loads.
4. Read transformer efficiency and determine how it is calculated.
- Transformer efficiency measures how well a transformer converts input power into output power, expressed
as a percentage. It’s calculated by comparing the output power (the power delivered to the load) to the input
power (the power supplied to the transformer). The formula for efficiency is: (Efficiency = Outpower/In power X
100%)
The difference between the input and output power is mainly due to losses, including core losses (iron losses)
from the magnetizing and demagnetizing of the transformer core, copper losses caused by the resistance in the
winding conductors, and other losses like stray and eddy current losses. In general, transformer efficiency is
quite high, usually between 95% and 99%, meaning only a small amount of power is lost during the
transformation process.
5. Write the condition for a maximum efficiency in a transformer.
- The condition for maximum efficiency in a transformer happens when the core losses (iron losses) are equal to
the copper losses (losses due to resistance in the windings). When these two types of losses are balanced, the
transformer operates with the least amount of total loss, which results in the highest possible efficiency.
Essentially, if core losses are higher than copper losses, efficiency will be lower, and vice versa. Achieving this
balance depends on factors like the transformer’s load, design, and materials used for the core and windings.
When this balance is reached, the transformer runs most efficiently.
6. Why are core losses assumed to remain constant from no load to full load in a power transformer?
-Core losses in a transformer are assumed to stay constant from no load to full load because they mainly
depend on the voltage applied to the transformer and the properties of the core material, not the load
itself. These losses occur due to the magnetization and demagnetization of the core, which happens
continuously as the AC voltage cycles. Since the core is always being magnetized by the applied
voltage, core losses don't change with the load—whether the transformer is at no load or full load, the
core's magnetization remains the same. What does change with the load is the copper losses, which
increase as the current rises with higher load.

7. In a transformer, the core loss is found to be 52 W at 40 Hz and 90 W at 60 Hz at the same peak flux density.
Calculate the hysteresis loss and eddy current loss at 50 Hz of the same transformer.
8. A 600 kVA single phase transformer when working at upf has an efficiency of 92% at full load and also at half
full load. Determine the efficiency when it operates at upf and 60% of full load
9. In a 25 kVA, 2000/200 V single phase transformer, the iron and copper losses are 350 W and 400 W
respectively. Calculate the efficiency of the transformer at upf and at a.) full load b.) quarter load.