Quota Sampling

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA

Department of Mathematics
College of Arts and Sciences
Central Mindanao University

October 16, 2024

 Table of Contents

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 2 / 35
 Table of Contents

Introduction to Quota Sampling

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 2 / 35
 Table of Contents

Introduction to Quota Sampling

Characteristics of Quota Sampling

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 2 / 35
 Table of Contents

Introduction to Quota Sampling

Characteristics of Quota Sampling
How to Perform Quota Sampling

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 2 / 35
 Table of Contents

Introduction to Quota Sampling

Characteristics of Quota Sampling
How to Perform Quota Sampling
Types of Quota Sampling

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 2 / 35
 Table of Contents

Introduction to Quota Sampling

Characteristics of Quota Sampling
How to Perform Quota Sampling
Types of Quota Sampling
Applications of Quota Sampling

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 2 / 35
 Table of Contents

Introduction to Quota Sampling

Characteristics of Quota Sampling
How to Perform Quota Sampling
Types of Quota Sampling
Applications of Quota Sampling
Comparison with Other Sampling Methods

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 2 / 35
 Table of Contents

Introduction to Quota Sampling

Characteristics of Quota Sampling
How to Perform Quota Sampling
Types of Quota Sampling
Applications of Quota Sampling
Comparison with Other Sampling Methods
Advantages and Disadvantages of Quota Sampling

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 2 / 35
 Table of Contents

Introduction to Quota Sampling

Characteristics of Quota Sampling
How to Perform Quota Sampling
Types of Quota Sampling
Applications of Quota Sampling
Comparison with Other Sampling Methods
Advantages and Disadvantages of Quota Sampling
Some Examples of Quota Sampling

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 2 / 35
 Table of Contents

Introduction to Quota Sampling

Characteristics of Quota Sampling
How to Perform Quota Sampling
Types of Quota Sampling
Applications of Quota Sampling
Comparison with Other Sampling Methods
Advantages and Disadvantages of Quota Sampling
Some Examples of Quota Sampling
Summary and Key Takeaways

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 2 / 35
 Quota Sampling

Definition

Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling method where the

researcher selects participants based on specific characteristics, ensuring
they represent certain attributes in proportion to their prevalence in the
population. It’s like stratified sampling but without random selection
within each stratum.

Non-probability sampling means that researchers subjectively choose

the sample instead of random selection, so not all population members
have an equal chance of participating.

Researchers will assign quotas to a group of people in order to create

subgroups of individuals that represent characteristics of the target
population as a whole

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 3 / 35
 Quota Sampling

Characteristics of Quota Sampling

1. Aims to get the best representation of respondents in the final

sample.

2. Quotas replicate the population of interest in a real sense.

3. The estimates produced are more representative.

4. The quality of quota samples varies.

5. It saves research data collection time as the sample represents the

population.

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College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
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 Quota sampling

Characteristics of Quota Sampling

6. It saves research costs if the quotas accurately represent the

population.

7. The researcher always divides the population into subgroups.

8. The sample represents the entire population.

9. Researchers use the sampling method to identify the traits of a

specific group of people.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
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 How to Perform Quota Sampling?

1. Identify Strata and Proportions

The first step in quota sampling is to identify the strata of the

population. Strata are subgroups or categories within the population.

The researchers would then determine the proportions of these strata

within the population, which would be the sample’s target proportions.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 6 / 35
 How to Perform Quota Sampling?

1. Identify Strata and Proportions

The first step in quota sampling is to identify the strata of the

population. Strata are subgroups or categories within the population.

The researchers would then determine the proportions of these strata

within the population, which would be the sample’s target proportions.

2. Select sample size

Several factors, including the population size, the margin of error,

the confidence level, and the expected response distribution,
determine the sample size in a research study.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 6 / 35
 How To Perform Quota Sampling
3. Select Participants Conveniently

Researchers select available participants until the quota for each

subgroup is reached.

Example: In a shopping mall survey, the researcher collects data from

available shoppers until each age group quota is filled.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 7 / 35
 How To Perform Quota Sampling
3. Select Participants Conveniently

Researchers select available participants until the quota for each

subgroup is reached.

Example: In a shopping mall survey, the researcher collects data from

available shoppers until each age group quota is filled.

4. Stop Data Collection Once Quotas Are Filled

Once all quotas are met, no additional responses are needed, even if
more participants are available.

Example: If a study needs 30 men and 30 women, it stops collecting

data after both quotas are met, regardless of how many more respondents
are present.
ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota
College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 7 / 35
 Types of Quota Sampling

Controlled Quota Sampling: Definition

In controlled quota sampling, the researcher sets specific criteria and

limitations for selecting participants to ensure that the sample reflects
certain predefined characteristics or proportions. This method involves:

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College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
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 Types of Quota Sampling

Controlled Quota Sampling: Definition

In controlled quota sampling, the researcher sets specific criteria and

limitations for selecting participants to ensure that the sample reflects
certain predefined characteristics or proportions. This method involves:

Predefined Criteria:

The researcher determines specific quotas for different subgroups within

the population, such as age, gender, or occupation. For instance, if a
study aims to include 40% males and 60% females, the researcher will
strive to meet these proportions precisely.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 8 / 35
 Controlled Quota Sampling

Objective:

The goal of controlled quota sampling is to ensure that the sample

accurately represents the characteristics of the population, thereby
enhancing the study’s generalizability and validity.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 9 / 35
 Controlled Quota Sampling

Objective:

The goal of controlled quota sampling is to ensure that the sample

accurately represents the characteristics of the population, thereby
enhancing the study’s generalizability and validity.

Sample Selection:

Researchers should strictly follow these quotas while choosing

participants. This means they must actively seek out and include
individuals who meet the criteria until the quotas are filled.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 9 / 35
 Controlled Quota Sampling
Example

Let’s assume a researcher wants to study customer satisfaction across

different age and gender groups at a retail store. The researcher wants to
ensure that the sample is representative of these groups based on
predefined criteria.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 10 / 35
 Controlled Quota Sampling
Example

Let’s assume a researcher wants to study customer satisfaction across

different age and gender groups at a retail store. The researcher wants to
ensure that the sample is representative of these groups based on
predefined criteria.

Population Overview:
Total customers: 100
The population consists of:
Age Groups:
40% young adults (18–35 years)
30% middle-aged adults (36–55 years)
30% older adults (56 years and above)
Gender: 50% male and 50% female
ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota
College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 10 / 35
 Controlled Quota Sampling

Example

2. Predefined Criteria for Sampling:

The researcher wants to survey 100 customers, ensuring proportional
representation of both age groups and gender:

Young Adults (18–35):

40% of 100 = 40 people (20 males, 20 females)

Middle-aged Adults (36–55):

30% of 100 = 30 people (15 males, 15 females)

Older Adults (56+):

30% of 100 = 30 people (15 males, 15 females)

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 11 / 35
 Controlled Quota Sampling
Example

3 Sample Selection:
The researcher actively seeks participants to fill these quotas.
For young adults, the researcher recruits 20 males and 20
females.

For middle-aged adults, the researcher ensures 15 males and 15

females are included.

For older adults, 15 males and 15 females must also be

selected.

The researcher stops recruiting participants from a specific group

once the assigned quota is filled.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 12 / 35
 Controlled Quota Sampling

Example

Objective:

By meeting the quotas precisely, the researcher ensures the sample

reflects the characteristics of the population in terms of both age and
gender. This enhances the generalizability and validity of the findings.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 13 / 35
 Controlled Quota Sampling

Advantages

More representative sample that mirrors the population. Results are

more likely to be generalizable.

Disadvantages

It can be time-consuming to find participants matching the exact

proportions, especially when dealing with multiple characteristics.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 14 / 35
 Uncontrolled Quota Sampling

Definition

Uncontrolled quota sampling, in contrast, does not impose specific

constraints or restrictions on the selection process. This approach involves:

Flexible Selection:

Researchers have more freedom in choosing participants without

depending on specific quotas or predefined characteristics. They can select
participants based on convenience or availability if they reach a certain
sample size.

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College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
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 Uncontrolled Quota Sampling

Less Restriction:

Maintaining a proportionate representation of different subgroups

within the sample is not required. This means that the sample may not
accurately reflect the distribution of the population’s characteristics.

Objective:

The primary aim here is to quickly gather sufficient responses or

participants rather than ensure a precise representation of all subgroups.

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College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
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 Uncontrolled Quota Sampling

Comparison

Controlled Quota Sampling: This is more structured and aims for

precise representation according to predefined criteria.

Uncontrolled Quota Sampling: In contrast, this approach offers

greater flexibility and focuses on achieving a sample size without
specific demographic constraints.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 17 / 35
 Uncontrolled Quota Sampling

Example: Sampling Plan

The researcher aims to collect 200 responses from customers who

have purchased the new product, but they are not concerned about
maintaining exact proportions in terms of age, gender, or location.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 18 / 35
 Uncontrolled Quota Sampling

Sample Selection:

The researcher decides to collect responses by approaching customers

as they leave the store or through an online survey, whichever method
yields results faster.

No strict criteria are imposed, such as gathering a specific number

of males, females, or individuals from different age groups.

If the survey is filled mostly by younger adults or individuals from urban

areas, the researcher will still accept the responses as long as the total
sample size of 200 is achieved.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 19 / 35
 Uncontrolled Quota Sampling

Advantage

All subgroups are included, even those that are small or

underrepresented in the population.

Useful for exploratory research, where specific subgroups are of primary

interest.

Disadvantage

The results may be less generalizable because the sample does not
reflect the actual proportions of the population.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
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 Applications of Quota Sampling

Education Research and Student Surveys

Researchers use quota sampling to ensure they collect data from diverse
student populations such that, across genders, socioeconomic
backgrounds, or geographical locations.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
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 Applications of Quota Sampling

Education Research and Student Surveys

Researchers use quota sampling to ensure they collect data from diverse
student populations such that, across genders, socioeconomic
backgrounds, or geographical locations.

Customer Satisfaction Surveys

Businesses use quota sampling to gather feedback from customers with

different purchasing habits.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
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 Applications of Quota Sampling

Social Science Research

Social scientists often need non-proportional quota sampling to focus

on underrepresented groups or explore specific social behaviors.

Political Polling and Election Surveys

Pollsters use proportional quota sampling to survey voters based on

age, gender, region, and education level to match the voting population.

Example:
A polling organization conducting a pre-election survey might collect
responses from: 60% urban voters and 40% rural voters. Reflecting the
real voter demographics to predict election outcomes accurately

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 22 / 35
 Comparison Between Quota and Stratified Sampling

Quota Sampling

1. Non-probability – Some members of the population may never have

a chance of selection.

2. The researcher decides how many participants are needed from each
category and selects them non-randomly until the quotas are filled.

3. A non-probability sampling technique where the sample is chosen

based on specific characteristics (e.g., gender, age, etc.) to ensure certain
groups are represented in the desired proportions.

4. More prone to selection bias, as the choice of participants may rely

on the researcher’s convenience or judgment.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
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 Comparison Between Quota and Stratified Sampling

Stratified Sampling

1. Probability – Every individual within a stratum has a known,

non-zero chance of selection.

2. Each stratum is sampled randomly, ensuring every individual has

a known chance of selection.

3. A probability sampling technique where the population is divided

into homogeneous subgroups (strata), and a random sample is taken from
each stratum.

4. Less biased, producing more accurate results because of the use of

random sampling within each subgroup.

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College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
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 Comparison Between Quota and Purposive Sampling

Quota Sampling

1. The researcher fills quotas for specific subgroups (e.g., gender, age)
to ensure their proportional representation, but participants are chosen
non-randomly based on convenience or accessibility.

2. The researcher determines quotas for different categories (e.g.,

50% male, 50% female) and selects individuals until each category is
filled.

3. Focuses on representing certain demographic groups in the

sample to reflect the population structure.

4. Although it tries to represent subgroups, it is prone to selection

bias because participants are chosen based on convenience.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 25 / 35
 Comparison Between Quota and Purposive Sampling

Purposive Sampling

1. The researcher intentionally selects participants based on specific

criteria or characteristics that are relevant to the research purpose
(e.g., selecting experts or people with certain experiences).

2. The researcher deliberately chooses participants based on their

ability to provide specific insights relevant to the research question.
The sample does not need to reflect the entire population but must
contain people who are knowledgeable or experienced in the topic
being studied.

3. Focuses on selecting individuals who can provide rich, in-depth

information about the research topic.

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College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
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 Advantages of Quota Sampling

1. Quick and easy

Because the sample is representative of the population of interest,

quota sampling saves data collection time. It is a quick, straightforward,
and convenient way to sample data.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 27 / 35
 Advantages of Quota Sampling

1. Quick and easy

Because the sample is representative of the population of interest,

quota sampling saves data collection time. It is a quick, straightforward,
and convenient way to sample data.

2. Cheap

The research costs for this method of sampling are minimal.

Researchers save money by using fewer quotas to represent the whole
population rather than sampling every individual of a larger population.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 27 / 35
 Advantages of Quota Sampling

3. Representative of target population

The goal of quota sampling is to replicate the population of interest.

Researchers will aim to form a sample that effectively represents the
population’s characteristics.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 28 / 35
 Disadvantages of Quota Sampling

1. Large potential for bias

Because this method involves non-random sample selection, samples

can be biased, making the data less reliable.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 29 / 35
 Disadvantages of Quota Sampling

1. Large potential for bias

Because this method involves non-random sample selection, samples

can be biased, making the data less reliable.

2. Not generalizable to the population

While this sampling method can be very representative of the

quota-defining characteristics, other important characteristics may not be
represented in the final sample group.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 29 / 35
 Disadvantages of Quota Sampling

3. Cannot calculate sampling error

Because quota sampling is not a probability sampling method,

researchers are unable to calculate the sampling error.

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College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
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 Quota Sampling

Customer Feedback for a Clothing Store

A clothing store wants to collect feedback from 100 customers

across three types of product categories: Men’s Clothing, Women’s
Clothing, and Kids’ Clothing. Based on past sales data:

40% of customers buy men’s clothing.

50% buy women’s clothing.
10% buy kids’ clothing.

The goal is to create a proportional quota sampling plan based on

these proportions.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
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 Customer Feedback for a Clothing Store

Total Sample = 100 customers

Men’s Clothing:

40% × 100 = 40 customers

Women’s Clothing:

50% × 100 = 50 customers

Kids’ Clothing:
10% × 100 = 10 customers
The researcher will stop collecting responses once these quotas are
met. For example, after gathering 40 responses for men’s clothing, the
researcher won’t include more responses from customers buying men’s
items.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
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 Quota Sampling

College Survey on Course Preferences

A university wants to survey 200 students about their preferred courses.

Students belong to three programs: Arts, Science, and Engineering.
The distribution of students across programs is:
Arts: 30%
Science: 40%
Engineering: 30%

The researcher wants uncontrolled quotas with 50 students from each

program to ensure balanced insights.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
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 Quota Sampling

College Survey on Course Preferences

Since the researcher uses uncontrolled quota sampling, the number

of students sampled from each program will be:
Arts: 50 students
Science: 50 students
Engineering: 50 students
Note: The real population proportions are not followed in this case. Each
program will be equally represented, helping to gather comparative
feedback across programs.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 33 / 35
 Summary of Quota Sampling

Key Takeaways

Participants are non-randomly selected based on convenience,

accessibility, or researcher’s discretion until the quotas are met.

Non-probability sampling, meaning not everyone in the population has

an equal chance of being chosen.

Selection bias may occur since the sample is not randomly chosen,
which can affect the generalizability of results.

Quota sampling is a practical method when time and resources are

limited, but researchers must be cautious about bias and validity when
interpreting the results.

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 34 / 35
 Quota Sampling

THANK YOU!

ASHLY JANE GOLANDRINA (Department of Mathematics Quota

College
Sampling
of Arts and Sciences Central Mindanao
October University)
16, 2024 35 / 35