Energetics study of the energy changes take place during chemical reactions

Exothermic Reactions
A chemical reactions that involves a loss of heat energy to the surrounding, resulting in a rise in
surrounding temperature is called exothermic reaction.

Reactants products + heat energy

Respiration;

C6H12O6 + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(i) ; enthalpy change = H= -2816 kJ

If the energy taken in to break bonds is less than the energy given out when new bonds form, the
reaction is exothermic.

E making E breaking Exothermic

temperature

chemicals
EA
R P reactants
R
energy
energy

enthalpy R.T
P products
change time
R

reaction pathway Energy level diagram

Energy profile

Endothermic Reactions
When heat is taken from the surroundings in a reaction, resulting in a temperature drop in the
surrounding, the reaction is said to be endothermic.

Reactants + heat energy products

Photosynthesis

6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) C6H12O6 + 6O2(g) ; enthalpy change = H = + 2816 kJ

If the energy taken in to break bonds is greater than the energy given out when new bonds form, the
reaction is endothermic.

E breaking E making Endothermic

chemicals

products
R P
energy
energy

EA R.T
P reactants
time
R enthalpy
R change

Energy level diagram

reaction pathway

Energy profile

1
1 The burning of hydrogen is an exothermic reaction.
Which statement explains this?
A More bonds are broken than are formed.
B More bonds are formed than are broken.
C Overall, the bonds broken are stronger than those formed.
D Overall, the bonds formed are stronger than those broken.

2 Which process takes place during photosynthesis?

A Carbohydrate is decomposed and oxygen is formed.
B Carbon dioxide is taken in and oxygen is formed.
C Oxygen is taken in and carbohydrate is formed.
D Oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is formed.

3 The diagram shows copper(II) oxide being reduced, by hydrogen, to copper. After reduction is
complete, the burner is turned off but the flow of hydrogen is continued until the tube is cool.
excess hydrogen

dry hydrogen

copper(II)oxide

burner

Why is the hydrogen allowed to flow through the tube during cooling?
A to allow the tube to cool slowly
B to lessen the risk of explosion in the hot tube
C to prevent the copper from reacting with the air
D to remove any traces of water left in the tube

4 The energy diagram for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid is shown. 15
The energy diagram for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid is shown.

Which quantity of heat is liberated when 100 cm3 of

1 mol / dm3 hydrochloric acid reacts with
H+(aq) + -OH(aq)
100 cm3 of 1 mol / dm 3 sodium hydroxide?
energy

A 0.54 kJ
H = -54KJ/mol
B 2.70 kJ
H2O(l) C 5.40 kJ
D 10.8 kJ

5 In which process is energy released?

A electrolysis of water to form hydrogen and oxygen
B forming a hydrogen molecule from two hydrogen atoms
C fractional distillation of crude oil
D photosynthesis

6 The equation below shows an exothermic reaction.

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Which statement about this exothermic reaction is not correct?
A Magnesium chloride is soluble in water.
B Magnesium is above hydrogen in the reactivity series.
C One mole of magnesium produces one mole of hydrogen gas.
D The total energy of the products is greater than that of the reactants.

2
7 The diagram shows the reaction pathway for a given reaction without the use of a catalyst.
Which information correctly describes the effect of the
catalyst on the activation energy and enthalpy change
reactants for the reaction?
activation energy - enthalpy change
energy

A decrease decrease
B increase no change
products
C increase increase
D decrease no change

reaction pathway
8 The energy profile diagram for the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine is shown.
Energy progress of reaction
What information about this reaction does the diagram
show?
type of reaction sign of enthalpy change
H2 + Cl2
A endothermic negative
reactants
energy

B endothermic positive
C exothermic negative
2HCl D endothermic positive
products
products

progress of reaction
9 The energy diagram for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid is shown.

What can be deduced from the diagram?

H+(aq) + -OH(aq) A Heat is needed to start the reaction.

B The products contain less energy than the
energy

H = -54KJ/mol reactants.
C The reaction is rapid.
H2O(l) D The –OH ions have more energy than the H+ ions.

progress of reaction
10 A researcher notices that atoms of an element X are releasing energy.
Why does this happen?
A The atoms are absorbing light.
B The atoms are radioactive.
C The atoms react with argon in the air.
D The atoms are evaporating.

11 Which of the following changes is endothermic?

A H(g) + Cl(g) HCl(g)
B H2O(g) 2H(g) + O(g)
C H2O(l) H2O(s)
D 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

3
 12 Which ionic equation represents the neutralisation of aqueous sodium hydroxide with dilute nitric
acid?
A H+ + –OH H2O
B Na+ + NO−3 NaNO3
C Na+ + HNO3 NaNO3 + H+
+
D NaOH + H Na+ + H2O

13 The diagram shows the energy profile for a chemical reaction.

What is the correct description of the reaction?

overall energy sign of

sign of ΔH EA
products change

EA A _ exothermic _
energy

H
B + endothermic +

reactants C + endothermic _

D + exothermic +
0
progress of reaction
14 The energy profile diagram below is for a reaction P + Q R + S.

H3
Which statement is correct?
A The activation energy of the reaction is (H3-H1).
R + S B The activation energy of the reaction is (H3 −H2).
H2
S R
C ΔH is (H1 − H2).
R
energy

D ΔH is (H1 − H3).

P + Q
H1

0
15 The reaction C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O is exothermic because
A more bonds are broken than are formed.
B more bonds are formed than are broken.
C the energy needed to break the bonds is greater than that released on forming new bonds.
D the energy needed to break the bonds is less than that released on forming new bonds.

16 Which reaction profile shows the fastest exothermic reaction?

A B C D
energy

energy

energy

energy

reaction pathway reaction pathway reaction pathway reaction pathway

4
 17In which conversion do H2O molecules lose speed?
steam
A ice water
B ice steam
C steam ice
D water steam water ice

18 The formation of hydrogen iodide from hydrogen and iodine is an endothermic reaction.
H–H + I – I H–I + H – I
What may be deduced from this information?
A The number of bonds broken is greater than the number of bonds formed.
B The formation of H – I bonds absorbs energy.
C The products possess less energy than the reactants.
D The total energy change in bond formation is less than that in bond breaking.

19 Ammonia is made by the Haber process using an iron catalyst.

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 ΔH = –92 kJ/mol

(a) On the same axes draw energy profile diagrams to show both the catalysed and the
uncatalysed reaction. Label the diagram to show
• the catalysed and uncatalysed reactions,
• the reactants and products,
• the enthalpy change for the reaction.

20 Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide react together energy

as shown in the equation.
SO2 + NO2 SO3 + NO ΔH = +43 kJ/mol
Draw an energy profile diagram for this reaction.
Indicate both the enthalpy change and the
activation energy on your diagram.
How much energy absorb when 8g SO2 oxidised ?
reaction pathway

21 Oxides of nitrogen are atmospheric pollutants. Nitrogen monoxide, NO, is formed in an internal
combustion engine when nitrogen and oxygen react together.
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
(a) Identify the energy changes X and Z.
The diagram shows the energy profile for
(b) The reaction between nitrogen and oxygen is
this reaction.
endothermic.
(i) Explain how you can tell from the diagram that the
reaction is endothermic.
(ii) Explain, using ideas about bond breaking and bond
2NO(g) making, why the overall reaction is endothermic.
(c) The exhaust system of a motor car is fitted with a
energy catalytic converter.
energy energy
change change When nitrogen monoxide passes through the converter
X it reacts with carbon monoxide.
Z
2NO(g) + 2CO(g) N2(g) + 2CO2(g)
N2(g) + O2(g)
The catalyst increases the rate of this reaction.
(i) Explain how the catalyst in the converter increases
the rate of this reaction.
progress of reaction (ii) During the course of a journey 2.4 dm 3 of nitrogen
monoxide was produced by the engine.
Calculate the volume of nitrogen gas produced if all the
nitrogen monoxide reacted in the converter.
(iii) In reality, only 1.0 dm 3 of nitrogen was produced
after the gases had passed over the catalytic
converter. Calculate the percentage of nitrogen
monoxide that had reacted.