VECTOR-BASED

FILE FORMATS

Once our Factory logo is setup with two colors, it is ready to print as a two
spot color logo. This is the method you’ll likely use when printing
letterheads, business cards and other standard stationery design items We’ll
take a closer look at spot color printing in the next chapter.

Full color vector formats.

That’s not to say that you MUST use spot colors if using a vector version of
your logo. You can use as many colors as you’d like, and the same basic
premise applies. Below is a version of our example Factory logo, this time
using red, black AND Orange. Just like our spot version it is adaptable and
scalable (but would require four color process printing for traditional offset
reproduction).

Editing vector based logo formats.

Editing your logo isn’t a major issue – as long as your designer has access to
a vector based image. As vector images are made up from groups of
shapes, each can be edited as an individual piece (locally) or the entire logo
can be changed all at once (globally). To illustrate how this works, we took
our nifty Factory logo and ‘exploded’ it into the various bits and pieces that
make it work.

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 Client: My Greens
Designer: The Logo Factory

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FILE FORMATS

Each one of these ‘bits and pieces’ can be edited – color, size, key line, etc –
individually and without affecting the rest of the artwork. Such changes are
‘non volatile’ (they can edited independently of each other and can be
changed back to the original version). This means that you, or your
designer, can change type, colors and layout without having to worry about
degradation of the image. Keep in mind that editing of any vector image
requires access to professional drawing software (ie: Adobe Illustrator) and
a fairly decent understanding of same.

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185 K

PMS 185C BLACK

The concept of spot color logos is actually quite simple Using premixed ink
swatches (such as the Pantone Matching System), a designer or printer is
able to select the exact color tones desired in a particular logo. This is very
similar to using color swatches of paint at the local hardware store, in order
to select the color of your wall at home. And just like the paint swatches at
the hardware store, spot colors have their unique numeric code – a PMS
number, followed by a letter – C (for use on coated or ‘shiny’ stock) and U
(for use on uncoated or matte finish stock). Using these color swatches and
numbers, your printer will take the file, and output a metal plate for each
color.

These plates are applied to the press, inked up with the appropriate color,
and then the paper is run though it, with one impression for each color.
What comes out at the other side is your completed image. In certain
circumstances, spot color reproduction can be more economical than that
featuring a four color process logo (unless your printer is “ganging up”
various jobs on one large sheet and printing the entire shooting match as a
CMYK job). Where spot colors really shine is in matching colors exactly. As
the ink colors are based on exact matching formulas, color accuracy and
control are optimal. Using Pantone Numbers in your logo has the added
advantage of being ‘industry standard’. Anyone working on any additional
artwork will be able to match the colors featured in your company logo
design exactly without having access to the original artwork. Spot colors
are also more flexible than you’d think. When working with your logo, your

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designer can still add the ‘appearance’ of more colors by adding screens
and tones of a particular spot color. If handled correctly, this shouldn’t be a
concern – it will not increase the reproduction costs of your company logo,
while giving the appearance of more colors than we’re actually using.

Pros of spot color logos.

• Cheaper to use. Using spot colors in your logo is generally cheaper in the
long haul. Spot color printing usually costs less (for the simple reason that
the paper requires 1/2 the number of impressions as 4 color process, and
can be printed on a smaller sized press). This is true of items that usually
can’t be ganged up - envelopes for example.

• Color accuracy. We’ve already discussed how color accuracy is a nice

feature of spot colors. It’s probably worthwhile to note that there are some
exceptions, namely the fact that some colors will vary significantly between
the coated and uncoated versions. If color matching is critical, you may
have to set up two press runs, using two sets of inks – coated and uncoated
– that have been adjusted to match. This is particularly significant in the
printing of your stationery design, where many people opt for glossy
(coated) business cards while their letterhead remains matte (uncoated).
This is not the case will all colors, and some colors shift more than others
(Yellows and Oranges which require the reflectivity of the paper to create
their hues are particularly sensitive). There’s a couple of workarounds for
this issue – convert everything to 4 color process, or use matte business
cards as well. Unfortunately, not all spot colors translate 100% accurately in
4 color process colors so we need to be very carefully when changing
colors from one palette to another.

Cons of spot color logos.

• Requires a vector based version of your logo. While not exactly a ‘con’
(vector versions of your logo are far better for reproduction) and this
shouldn’t be an issue as long as you have all the correct formats of your
logo accessible The version you’re looking for is a vector based EPS
(Encapsulated Postscript) or AI (Adobe Illustrator). This does become a very
big ‘con’ if you don’t have a vector version of your logo available and want
to print something as spot color. In that case, you’ll have to have a vector
based version created.

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Enlargement

Print zoom
If you only have access to a pixel based format, and your logo appears to
contain only two colors, upon closer inspection (above – left) you’ll see that
the image requires thousands of colors to reproduce correctly. In order to
reproduce ALL those colors in print, you’ll need to use 4 color process
printing (close up – above right) whereas if you had access to a spot color
vector version, you could utilize the more economical two color approach.

• Color conversion issues. While it’s true that spot colors are extremely
accurate when it comes to traditional printing, there might be some issues
when its comes to converting colors for web based use (RGB colors used in
website design and Flash animations of your logo) or for four color use in
brochures and catalogs. Most spot colors, if approached carefully, can be
matched almost exactly. Alas, certain colors will be a ‘as close as possible’
scenario – and even then we’re talking negligible differences that only a
trained eye can see. This is also true of most online discount printers who
print most of their material as 4 color process ‘gang runs’ (they print your
business card and stationery on huge sheets that you share with dozens of
other jobs. ‘Nit picky’ color conversion with this kind of printing is generally
moot anyway – due to the varying ink densities required by the different
jobs you’re sharing the sheet with, color accuracy tends to be spotty
anyway). Gang printing of this nature is fine for quick-and-dirty printing
(use it ourselves in a pinch) but not recommended if you’re after exacting
color standards on your brand new business logo design.

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Spot color printing tips.
Once you’ve finished having your logo, stationery and/or brochure
designed, it ‘s now on to getting them printed. Many of you will choose to
work directly with a local printer – especially if you’re a ‘do it yourself‘ kind
of business owner, but may be new to working with offset printers and
some of the industry jargon involved. Here’s a few pointers on working with
your printer with a spot color printing project, and how to help insure
there’s no surprises when your new letterheads, business cards and/or
brochure are delivered.

• If you’re hiring a printer to print spot color material, and BEFORE printing,
ALWAYS check your colors with a Pantone Swatch Book. This is the only way
to insure that your colors are to your liking. This is the ‘industry standard’ for
matching colors so if your printer tells you that they don’t have one, select
another printer. Fast.

• Always ask for a ‘press proof’ of your job. While it’s sometimes difficult to
get a color proof that’s completely accurate when using spot colors (most
proofing systems are set up for CMYK and 4 colour process) it will give you
a rough idea, and also allows you to check for typos and spelling errors.

• If you’re printing on a combination of coated (glossy) and uncoated

(matte) papers – typical with ‘glossy’ business cards and letterheads – keep
in mind that the coated and uncoated surfaces may shift the colors and the
colors may not match exactly across your stationery design package. Your
printer can adjust for this by using different color inks for each part of your
print job, but this may increase the price of the print run.

• Colors may not match exactly if you attempt to print spot color artwork as
a CMYK (four color process) job. Many printers will simply change the colors
to CMYK in your original files – this is haphazard at best. There’s a Pantone
Spot to Process Formula book that allows you to choose CMYK equivalents
to your spot colors. Use that beforehand, or ask an experienced designer to
do it for you. Keep in mind that certain spot colors do not convert exactly.
Also, if your printer is using a ‘gang run’ – grouping your job with a number
of other pieces on a large sheet – expect varying colors from run to run.
This type of online printing is designed to be cheap, not precise, and you’re
not paying for exacting color standards. Be realistic in your expectations.

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• Your printer can change spot colors on the press easily, regardless of what
is ‘tagged’ in your digital file. The PMS number has no effect on the ink used
– it is simply a notation to indicate to your printer what color SHOULD be
used. They can set up the press substituting any colored inks for the ones
originally proposed. Check the swatch book beforehand.

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REPRODUCTION

C M Y K

CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK

While monitors use RGB (Red Green Blue) to preview full-color images,
traditional printing uses CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black) also known as
four color process printing (or simply four color or full color). In this method
of printing, the design is set up so that it uses percentages of the 4 base
inks listed.

When these varying amounts of the 4 base inks are printed one over the
other, the resulting variations will print as new colors. Rather than having
the color tones premixed like that with spot color logos , we are basically
having the inks mixed ‘on the fly’ on the press instead. Four color
reproduction is generally more expensive than spot colors and color
accuracy is largely dependent on the skill and professionalism of the shop
printing your material. It should be noted that the color created by 4 color
process printing are not solid colors at all, but rather a series of dots (see
main image right). This is most noticeable in the photographs reproduced
in your local newspaper. Four color reproduction can utilize either vector
based or pixel based versions of your logo (as long as the image has
adequate resolution).

Pros of four color logos.

• Unlimited colors & choices. For all intents and purposes, there are no

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limitations to the colors you can have built into your new company logo.
Unlike spot color logos which have to use tones and screens to create the
effect of additional colors, process logos can use any color that the designer
or client desires.

• Special F/X friendly. While not recommended for the primary version of
your corporate logo, there will be the occasion that you’ll want to throw
some special F/X at your logo. Lens flares, drop shadows, glows, etc. Most of
these special F/X filters require pixel based images to work, and pixel based
images generally require four color process to print (it should be noted here
that many special F/X also require an RGB palette to work, and when
converted without any color correction can appear dull and lifeless when
printed as CMYK. Your designer will help you if you choose to get this
route).

• Adaptable in print. When adding your logo to a printed piece that is to be

printed using 4 color process, it’s generally just a matter of slapping your
logo into the artwork and you’re done, whereas logos created in spot color
can require color correction before hand.

Cons of four color logos.

• Usage restrictions. Certain uses of your logo may require heavy-duty
conversions or the employment of logo repair services in order to work,
including (but not limited to) vinyl plotter signage, some silk-screen
applications, spot color reproduction, etc. While there are workarounds for
most of these uses (signage, for example can be printed as digital output,
and some T-shirt printers do offer 4 color process silk-screening). It’s always
better to begin any project with an eye on future uses of the logo so that
you don’t paint yourself into a corner.

• More expensive. The reproduction of 4 color process material is generally

more expensive that spot color due, quite simply, to the additional printing
steps and material required. There are exceptions – discount online printers
for example – as they tend to ‘gang’ four color material together. However,
the money you’ll save with this type of printing is often overshadowed by
the lack of quality. Overall, look to spending a premium when printing your
marketing material, including the business staples like letterheads and
business card design. You’ll have to decide whether the ah-ha factor is

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worth the additional expense.

• Color matching can be ‘iffy’. Unlike spot color reproduction, which uses
premixed inks, 4 color process printing occurs on the press. Accordingly, the
accuracy of color is, to a certain degree, left in the hands of the press
operator, and depends on the ink densities of other jobs being printed at
the same time. This factor is negated somewhat by the fact that it’s much
easier to obtain an accurate press proof of a 4 color print job, while proofs
of spot color work is generally a ‘best guess’.

Four color printing tips.

Here’s a few pointers on working with your printer with a 4 color process
printing project, and how to help insure there’s no surprises when your new
letterheads, business cards and brochure are delivered.

• If your printer is using a ‘gang run’ – grouping your job with a number of
other pieces on a large sheet – expect varying colors from run to run. This
type of printing is designed to be cheap, not precise, and you’re not paying
for exacting color standards. Be realistic in your expectations. This is
particularly true of discount printers you’ll find online. If they require that
you supply artwork in pixel based formats (tif, JPG, etc) you can be assured
that this is how your project is being handled. It is not recommended for
anything other than ‘quick and dirty’ printing, but if pricing is your major
concern, these services provide an adequate alternative to high quality
printers. Our recommendation? Use quality printers for your staples –
letterhead, business card, etc – while utilizing discount online printing for
your throwaways – flyers, sale sheets, etc. The level of quality you’re after
will also depend on your market segment. If you’re sending material to
Fortune 500 level companies – the higher the quality the better. If you’re
advertising cut-rate pricing on consumer goods, a lower level of quality will
suffice.

• If you’re printing a 4 color process project, and are also using pixel based
images, insure that the digital files you’re supplying your printer are in high
enough resolution. While some services will accept images as low as 150
DPI, it’s recommended that your digital files are no lower than 266 DPI (300
DPI and higher for high-quality glossy reproduction). If your images are in a
low or even medium resolution, you run the risk of ending up with ‘blurry’

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images in your printed piece.

• Always ask for a ‘press proof’ of your job. Most proofing systems are set up
for CMYK and 4 colour process so you’ll be able to get a fairly accurate ‘first
peek’ of your job as it will end up. Getting a press proof before hand also
allows you to check for typos and spelling errors.

• Colors may not match exactly if you attempt to print spot color artwork as
a CMYK (four color process) job. Keep in mind that certain spot
colors will not convert exactly and may not match material that you’ve
previously printed as spot color.

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B/W VECTOR-BASED
FILE FORMATS

In this age of color (4 color CMYK printing is much less expensive than it
used to be and the web is a color rich environment) the use of your logo as
a black and white grayscale image is often overlooked. As we’re trying to be
perfectionists when it comes to the consistent high-quality use of your new
design, any halftone or linear black & white usage should also be viewed as
extremely important. Like most aspects of using your logo, having access to
a vector based version is critical when it comes to creating high-quality BW
versions that can be used when color reproduction isn’t available. We’ll use
the logo our studio created for the My Greens grocery store as our example.

Black & white grayscale (halftone) logos.

A black and white grayscale (also known as halftone) image of your logo
(below right) is a version that is consists of screens and tonal ranges which
are made up from varying sizes of black dots. In practical terms you can
think of newspaper photographs where, due to the relatively low resolution
of the printing, the dots are visible. When creating a grayscale version of
your logo, it’s often not a matter of changing the colors to black & white by

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FILE FORMATS
using a ‘save as’ feature of whatever desktop design software we’re using.
Often, colors lose their contrast when automatically converted to black &
white and the tonal range that was so apparent in the color version is lost.
In many cases, our designers will have to create separate black & white files,
adjusting the tonal quality of different areas of the logo for maximum
impact. This is only practical if we have access to a vector version of the
image that we’re converting. Many pixel based logo versions created by
‘paint programs’ (Adobe Photoshop for example) allow us to adjust the
contrast of an image, but these changes are usually ‘global’ (the entire
image changes) rather than ‘local’ (specified areas of the image) that are
available with vectors.

Black & white linear logos.

A black and white linear version of your logo is a version that is made up of
solid black (below). There are no halftones (screens) or grays and is the best
type of logo for use on low-resolution reproduction (FAX cover sheets,
check artwork, etc). This type of image is almost impossible to create (at
least with any measurable amount of quality) without access to a vector

image. In order to create a linear version of your logo, we have to remove

all colors, and adjust certain portions of the logo into black or white. This
isn’t simply a matter of turning color ‘off’ using our handy-dandy design

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FILE FORMATS
software. Rather, we have to create entirely new versions of the design and
adjust it visually, by eye. This becomes especially critical when producing
‘reversal’ prints – versions of your logo that print on dark backgrounds.
Simply ‘flipping’ black into white will not create a reverse image of your
logo, but rather a negative image (similar to a roll of photographic film). In
cases like these, we’ll need to adjust certain elements of the logo, and add
white outlines to others. None of this is possible without a vector of the
original image.

Black & white resolution & scalability.

Linear vector

Linear bitmap

Print resolution issues with black & white images are identical to those of
spot color and four color logo design artwork. If we have a vector version of
your logo, we can scale up or down without any concerns. If not, the usable
image will pixelate on a screen and appear ‘fuzzy’ in print.

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SCREENS
& TONES

When working on your logo using two spot colors, your designer may
choose to add screens and tones of a particular color. If handled correctly,
this should not be a concern – it will not increase the reproduction costs of
your logo, while giving the appearance of more colors than we’re actually
using. In reality, the ‘new’ color isn’t new at all. It is merely a percentage of
the color that’s already present, and doesn’t require any additional printing
costs.

Let’s take a look at the image above. As this is vector based artwork, we’ve
dropped two solid colors into our Factory logo. It is a two color spot logo
using red (PMS 185) and black (PMS Black). Say we wanted to add silver to
our logo. Not a problem. We can simply ‘pour’ a percentage screen of black
into that vector shape (as shown above in the letter G and O in the
closeup). This tone, or screen, is created with various sizes and densities of
dots all made up of black. This is same principle involved in creating
grayscale logo images. Because this is a vector based image, the physical
size of the image does not matter. The letters we add silver to will be always
be filled with the maximum resolution of dots and print accordingly. This
feature of an vector based image is a great advantage over pixel based
images, which are severely limited in the ability to change colors quickly
and accurately, as well as use at larger than original sizes.

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OUTLINE
FONT VECTORS

The vast majority of logo design projects include typography of some sort,
usually in the form of the company, product or service that the logo is
supposed to represent. Most of us understand what fonts are, most
personal computers having a selection of various font styles to choose
from. In graphic design, particularly logo design, we approach fonts and
typography a little differently, and produce artwork that includes outline
fonts. Outline fonts are quite literally, outlined letters that have been turned
into vector based artwork, rather than the editable form that we use in
other documents. There’s several reasons for this, but before we get to that,
let’s take a look at what outline fonts are, beginning with The Logo Factory
name, as typed out in our basic corporate font, ITC Lubalin Bold into a
starting Adobe Illustrator document.

The type is fully editable. We can kern the individual letters (adjust the
spacing between). We can change the size, fix spelling and just about
anything that can be done in a word-processing program.

Why don’t we just leave the typography as editable type? Several reasons.
The most important is that in order to open up this file on another
computer – at our local printer let’s say – they would need to have this font
installed on their machine. And even if they happened to have this font, it
would have to be the exact same version, or our kerning could change

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FONT VECTORS
when their version is loaded. Spacing can change between platforms (Mac
to PC or vice versa) and between software – Illustrator vs. Photoshop. There
are also licensing issues which we’ll deal with in a bit. How do we deal with
this? Simple. We can convert the font to an outlined vector version as
shown in our main example above. Like so.

Once we’ve converted our fonts into vector format, we can edit it as a
graphic. We can select individual letters. We can group them together. We

can treat these outlined fonts as we would any digital artwork. In the
context of logo design, we can now incorporate these outlined fonts into a
final logo. Here’s what our logo looks like in vector, with outlined fonts
added to our cog graphic.

These vector shapes can be resized, edited, customized without any worry
about compatibility with other computers, software or platform. We also
don’t have to worry about having the appropriate font set installed, as the
letters no longer require it. It’s worthwhile noting that outlined fonts are
not bullet-proof, and often require a little bit of hand-editing.

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On the downside, these outlined fonts are no longer editable as they were
at the beginning of this exercise, and any future spelling fixes or word
changes will require access to the original font set. Which will have to be
converted to outlined fonts once completed. So why not simply send font
sets around with artwork? That’s usually restricted by licensing.

Fonts and licensing.

Whenever someone purchases a font set, they are usually only buying the
rights to use the set. Usually only on one or two computers. Copying the
font set and supplying it to a printer, or client, is copyright infringement. In
order for the printer, or the client, to have access to the original fonts,
they’d have to buy their own copy (the spacing and sizing issues discussed
earlier notwithstanding). Even most free font sets have commercial usage
restrictions and provisos. As well as the advantages discussed earlier,
converting fonts to outline gets around these legal issues too.

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BITMAP (PIXEL) BASED
FILE FORMATS

When your nifty new logo is designed, you’ll want to use it in a variety of
sizes, some small, some large. Shouldn’t be a problem – as long as you have
a vector version to work with. Because vector based files are based on
mathematical equations, they can be used at any size. Vector file formats
always output at the highest resolution of the device you’re using to print
with, so you’ll always be assured of the best reproduction quality available.

Bitmap images and sizing issues.

While vector based versions of your logo can be enlarged without any
image degradation, bitmap images must be used at the same size (or
smaller) than the original ‘source’ file. If you attempt to enlarge a pixel
based image, it will pixelate (the actual pixels that make up the image will

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become visible). In practical terms, this will lead to your logo appearing
‘blurry’, dirty or fuzzy. Because they are created using tightly packed pixels,
these images (JPG, PNG, TIF, BMP) must be in the resolution of the output
device that they’re being used on. On a monitor that equates to 72 dpi
(Pixels or Dots Per Inch), but in offset printing that requirement balloons to
a minimum of 266 dpi. What’s the problem? Well, pixel based images
should not be enlarged as the pixels will be visible. Simply changing the
print resolution of a72 dpi image to a 266 dpi image will not address this
problem – you’ll still end up with the effect seen in our diagram.

Screen and print resolution.

What does this mean in real terms? Well, lets take an full screen image from
the web at 800 pixels wide at 72 dpi screen resolution. That’s a big image
and translates to approximately 11 inches total width. However, when
converted to 266 dpi that image can be only be used to a maximum of 3
inches wide in a traditional print job such as letterhead and business card
design (many quality printers will recommend 300 dpi, further reducing our
maximum size to 2.5 inches). How do we get around this? Simply go back
to our vector version, scale it the to the size required (or larger), and create

a bitmap image from that. The same principles apply to logos that only use
two spot colors as well. Here’s a look at our example logo, this time
featuring red and black in a bitmap format. If we try to enlarge it, the image
degrades rather significantly. And we’ll need four color printing to
reproduce it.

So why do we need pixel based bitmap versions of our logo at all? Any form
of electronic reproduction (i.e.: adding your logo to website or blog layouts,
as well as using it on social media networks) cannot use vector based

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images (with the exception of Flash animations which utilize vectors and
Small Vector Graphics) but requires bitmap formats like GIFs , PNGs and
JPGs. Because of the way they’re created, pixel based bitmap images lend
themselves to special effects more readily (although this can create
reproduction problems and a skilled designer can create special effects
using vector images). Also, many office software products utilize pixel
based images when importing artwork. At the end of the day, we still need
pixel based bitmap versions of our logo, but these should always begin life
as our vector image.

Converting bitmaps to vector versions.

What if you don’t have a vector version of your logo? You’re going to have
to get one. A skilled designer can convert a bitmap image to a vector
format, but it requires skillful hand tracing and editing and even then may
not result in a completely accurate version of your logo. Auto tracing
images via software is hit and miss. Usually closer to miss. There are
companies (such as The Logo Factory) who specialize in logo repair services
– taking a low resolution bitmap image and creating the proper and
necessary logo file formats. This service obviously results in extra charges.
Better off doing it right from the get-go.

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FORMATS

This is the typical black and white version of most logos that originally
started in color. Vector based halftone images use a series of black dots to
make up the grays and tones that have replaced the original color
information. If we have a vector based version of your logo, we have no
issues. If we only have access to a pixel based bitmap image, our choices
are a little more restricted. Firstly, the image will have a background (a
bounding box made up from the logo footprint) which will make placing
the image on backgrounds difficult (one method is the creation of a
‘clipping path’ in Adobe Photoshop). We can’t enlarge the image as it will
‘pixelate’ (above right). Printing a black and white image from a pixel based
halftone can certainly be accomplished, as illustrated above, but it will not
have the sharpness of a vector version.

Black and white linear resolution.

The same principles apply to linear versions of our logo (a continuous tone
version of your logo in which all tones and screens have been removed). As
the pixel based linear bitmap version of our logo requires what is known as
‘aliasing’ (in order to make up curves, the image requires pixels of various
gray tones to give the appearance of smooth edges), a bitmap version of
your logo will still require a full tonal range to reproduce. Not a terribly big
deal, but it will create the fuzzy edges that are shown here.

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PNG FILE
FORMATS

Overall image size

PNG with transparent background

Overall image size

JPG with background bounding box

PNG is an acronym for Portable Network Graphics. PNGs are bitmapped
(raster/pixel based) image formats that can be used instead of GIF images
or JPGs. PNG logo images are superior to other pixel based formats as they
employ a ‘lossless’ data compression system. We’ll use the logo for Big
Island Color, as developed by The Logo Factory, for illustration purposes.

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FORMATS
Transparent backgrounds.
One of the main advantages of a PNG formatted logo is the ability for the
image to have a transparent background, unlike JPGs which do not feature
transparency (requiring a background color for its ‘bounding box’), and a
superior alternative to GIF images which do, but sacrifice a substantial
amount of image integrity to do so. PNG format also features Alpha channel
transparency (the ability to turn off the complete background surrounding
a logo image, or to make the image transparent to various levels ie: drop
shadows) which is more adaptable than Index transparency (the option to
turn one color off ). Earlier versions of Microsoft Explorer have some issues
with previewing PNGS with a Alpha channel transparent background, but
there are code fixes available to address the problem. About 50% of the
images featured on our website are in PNG format.

Electronic use only please.

PNG colors are palette-based (8 bit, 24 bit RGB or 32 bit RGBA colors),
grayscale, RGB, or RGBA. The higher the bit rate, the larger the file size with
increased download time. 32 bit images are not recommended for most
website applications. The PNG format was created specifically for use on
websites and in browser based e-mail and is generally not applicable in
traditional offset printing (PNG formats do not support either spot color or
CMYK four color spaces). When using JPG images, there are some issues
with certain colors previewing correctly (reds are particularly bad for this)
and using a PNG format can fix that.

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FORMATS

The original name JPEG (pronounced jay-peg) is an acronym taken from the
Joint Photographic Experts Group which created the standard, but has
been abbreviated to JPG for file-naming consistency. JPGs are the most
common image format used on the internet and when e-mailing images
and photographs back and forth. It’s not surprising that JPG is also the
default format of most photo capture devices and digital cameras. Using a
JPG format when placing your logo on a website or for some other pixel
based application is quite acceptable, with some minor caveats.

Unlike a PNG which is ‘lossless’, a JPG is a ‘lossy’ format which means the file
size compression rates can be altered, but with differing rates of image
degradation or ‘loss’. Higher image compression rates result in smaller file
sizes (for faster download) but with more appreciable loss of image quality
and integrity with higher rates. With higher image compression, JPG images
start to feature ‘abstracts’, clumps of pixels that can appear ‘dirty’ or ‘fuzzy.’
This is particularly true of colors in the red spectrum and in large, solid
areas of color, not typical in photographs where it is less likely that these
‘abstracts’ are noticed. Finer detail can be lost with higher compression
rates and smooth tonal blends will begin to ‘band.’ A logo is quite different
than a photograph, so we need to take a look at the effect of JPG
compression as it applies specifically to logo design. We used a logo we
developed for Sips Media to create JPG images using various compression
rates, as well as a lossless PNG format.

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JPG and PNG comparison.

As you can see, the PNG image is superior to all the others, but the JPG
images, even with fairly high compression rates, are still quite acceptable
for most applications. It is only when we compressed the image by 70% did
we begin to see any noticeable image breakdown. Keep in mind that this is
an example for this particular design, and your logo may not compress as
well, or image degradation may not be noticeable even with maximum
compression. If you’ve decided to design your own logo, you’ll need to
experiment with compression rates for optimum results. You’ll also have to
decide which is more important – download speed of your website, or the
integrity of your logo that’s featured on it.

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JPGs are natively in the RGB color space, and are intended primarily for
viewing on TVs and computer monitors. When converted to CMYK four
color process images (with adequate resolution) for traditional offset
reproduction, your logo colors may shift dramatically. This is particularly
true with special F/X (lens flares, glows, etc) that are added to RGB images
in software applications like Photoshop and Fireworks (one of the reasons
we advise against them). Background image transparency is not available
with JPG images, so if you need your logo to sit on various colored
backgrounds, better go with a PNG.

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2 COLOR 4 COLOR GRAYSCALE BW LINEAR BW SPOT (PRINT) CMYK (PRINT) RGB (WEB)
Throughout our technical logo design tutorial section, we’ve taken a look at
the properties of the two different image formats – pixel based bitmaps
and vector based logos – as well as the various methods of reproduction,
and the limitations of each type. But what if we only have access to one
format or another? How will that effect our marketing efforts and the
creation of material that showcases our new corporate identity – say
letterheads, business cards and brochures? And what happens if we need a
format that we don’t have?

Possible format conversions

Vector based logo artwork

Let’s assume we have a vector based format of logo. We’re pretty much
home free (above) – The Logo Factory (or any other design company) can
create any format you will require, with a minimum of headache (and
charges). We can enlarge your logo, convert from monitor friendly RGB to
full color CMYK and back again, change our color setup to spot color and
then into one color black & white linear or grayscale. We can set up pixel
based bitmap images of any size, and any resolution. Every eventuality can
be handled and using our new logo won’t be an issue.

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Possible format conversions
Pixel based (bitmap) logo artwork

Now let’s pretend we ONLY have a bitmap version – a JPG or a PNG for
example. We’ve used spiffy do it yourself software (which use bitmap logo
templates as their library of images for you to use), or went for that ‘new
logo for your web site’ $99 McLogo special. What can we do, without
resorting to format repair (and the resultant charges)? Let’s take a look at
the conversion chart (above). We can convert our logo from RGB to CMYK
and back again. We can convert our logo from color to black and white
(halftones). So far so good. We can reduce the size of our logo for use on
websites and blogs and when it comes to using making an avatar from our
logo on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, we’re pretty well golden.

But now, let’s look at what we CAN’T do. We cannot prepare the file for
economical spot color printing. We cannot effectively change the colors
without some serious messing about in Photoshop or Fireworks (and even
then, our results will be iffy). We cannot enlarge our new logo at all (without
the image pixelating). We can’t move elements around. Looks like we’re
stuck. Well, maybe not stuck, but if we want to edit our artwork at all, we’re
going to need to convert it, creating a vector version so we can utilize the
conversions that are available. At The Logo Factory, we coined a phrase for
this a few years back - logo repair - an effective, but sometimes expensive
method of creating the correct formats.

Creating professional logo “assets.”

In order to ‘fix’ your logo format problems, we first need to create a vector
source file from which we can generate ALL the various file formats you’ll
need (take a look at our file format reference guide for all the various types

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you’ll need). In order to create vector versions of your logo design artwork,
our designers literally have to ‘trace’ the artwork by hand (below), using
vector based drawing software such as Adobe Illustrator.

Tracing vector formats.

There are a few automated solutions for tracing logo images, but these are
generally not adequate for truly professional logo design results.The

artwork created by auto trace software (Adobe’s Live Trace for example)
usually requires extensive editing to remove redundant points and areas
that have not converted correctly. The time required to ‘clean up’ the image
negates any time saved by auto-tracing. Automated solutions also require a
large bitmap image for even the most marginal results. And while high-
resolution files also make repair easier, we’re dealing with file format
problems, and the likelihood of this quality file being available is quite slim.
If all you have is a bitmap version of your logo, chances are you snagged it
from your website.

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Adding color to vector formats.
Once our designers have finished hand-tracing your logo, we’ll end up with
a series of vector shapes that we can now edit together or individually. We

can change colors by simply ‘pouring’ color inside the various vector shapes
(above). We can change the various components of the image, add new
text, remove or add elements. The sky’s the limit. The logo can now be
adapted and converted to a wide variety of uses and applications. We can
set up the logo for use in spot color reproduction or, if the application
warrants it, use the logo in 4 color process printing. The logo is now
completely scalable as the resolution of vector file formats is, for all
practical purposes, unlimited. At this point we’ll be able to create as series
of source files of your logo – known as ‘logo assets’ – that can be used for
years to come, in almost every use imaginable. As these formats are
‘industry standard’ they can be utilized by any designer you choose to hire
for the production of your marketing and advertising material. The process
described here would also apply to a project where logo design ideas
gathered during the time-honored process of napkin ‘doodles’ are the
starting point.

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QUICK REFERENCE

Whenever you hire anyone to create your logo, you’ll end up with some, or
all, of these types of file formats and images. This quick reference guide
illustrates the strengths and weaknesses of each. While there are exceptions
to every design ‘rule’, this guide will serve as a fairly comprehensive outline
of format uses for your new company logo. Note – the file extensions listed
assume that files have been correctly named.

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Enlargement

Print zoom
Full color vector.
File extensions: AI, EPS.

If your logo was created in full or four color CMYK, you will require four
color process printing to use it on any color material. If you need to enlarge
your logo it will not be a concern as vector based images boast unlimited
resolution. While you might pay a premium for your marketing material,
you should have no file format concerns.

Preferred for: Traditional printing – business cards, letterheads, brochures

and color advertising.

Can be used for: Digital plotter (signage), file conversion (to pixel based
images), scaling, silk screen, inclusion in Flash animation.

Not applicable for: Web, Black & White reproduction.

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Enlargement

Print zoom
Full color bitmap.
File extensions: GIF, JPG, TIF, PS, PNG.

Only having access to these formats isn’t such a good scenario. You’ll still
need 4 color process printing for any traditional stationery design material
(such as business card and letterhead), but you’ll require a resolution that is
sufficient for the medium being used (at least 266 dpi for print). This
renders most web files (72 dpi) useless. Scaling of your logo is also an issue,
as any enlargement past the default size and/or resolution will cause the
image to degrade. You’ll also need to insure that your image is in the
correct color palette (RGB for screen, CMYK for print).

Preferred for: Web usage (RGB) 4 color process printing (CMYK – if high
enough resolution.)

Can be used for: Internal low resolution printing & addition to office
software docs. Suppliers of marketing incentives that allow you to upload
files to their server (Cafe Press for example) can use this file (with adequate
resolution). As they ‘gang run’ your printing, many online discount printers
will require this 4 color format of your logo for use in business card and/or
letterhead printing.

Not applicable for: Enlargement and/or large images, format conversion.

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Enlargement

Print zoom
Spot color vector.
File extensions: AI, EPS.

The most common (and versatile) type of logo and format. Can be printed
using economical spot color reproduction, while the logo can be enlarged
due to the unlimited resolution properties of the vector file type. This is the
type of format and logo combination that is recommended by most design
professionals.

Preferred for: Spot color printing (letterheads, business cards).

Enlargement and reduction.

Can be used for: Digital plotter (signage), file conversion (to pixel based
images and 4 color process), enlargement, two color silk screen (mugs, pens
and other premium incentives).

Not applicable for: Web use, black & white gray scale & linear logo
reproduction, use in four color process printing, Flash animation (needs
conversion to RGB).

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Enlargement

Print zoom
Two color bitmap.
File extensions: GIF, JPG, TIF, PS , PNG.

We can’t really call this a ‘spot color’ logo as it requires many shades of black
and red to print (see enlargement). And even though this company logo
only features two colors visually, it still requires 4 color process
reproduction to print. Enlargement, like all pixel based images is an issue.
You’ll also need to insure that your image is in the correct color palette
(RGB for screen, CMYK for print).

Preferred for: Web usage (RGB) 4 color process printing (CMYK – if high
enough resolution).

Can be used for: Internal low resolution printing & addition to office
software docs. Suppliers of marketing incentives that allow you to upload
files to their server (Cafe Press for example) can use this file (with adequate
resolution). As they ‘gang run’ your printing, many online discount printers
will require this 4 color format of your logo for use in business card and/or
letterhead printing.

Not applicable for: Black & white reproduction, enlargement and/or large
images, format conversion.

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Enlargement

Print zoom
Black & white halftone vector.
File extensions: AI, EPS.

While this logo appears to have multiple shades of silver or gray, all the
tones are actually made up of small dots of black. As the logo is vector
based, we can enlarge it without any fear of image degradation. When the
logo is printed (using one color reproduction) the tones will appear smooth
(as long as the resolution is high enough).

Preferred for: Traditional black and white printing, newspaper advertising,

flyers.

Can be used for: Enlargement.

Not applicable for: Web.

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Enlargement

Print zoom
Black & white halftone bitmap.
File extensions: GIF, JPG, TIF, PS , PNG.

While this logo appears to be made up a few shades of grey, in actuality it

requires hundreds of tones to reproduce. While we can’t enlarge this
version of your logo, it can be printed adequately as a pixel based black and
white version (as long as the resolution of the image allows). Converting a
72 dpi web based image will not be sufficient for any type of printing,
including typical office desktop models.

Preferred for: Traditional black and white printing (if high enough
resolution), inclusion in office software and internal documents.

Can be used for: Black and white photocopies.

Not applicable for: Low resolution black and white reproduction (FAX and
Checks), high resolution black and white reproduction (unless image
resolution is adequate), enlargement or format conversion.

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Enlargement

Print zoom
Black & white linear vector.
File extensions: AI, EPS.

This logo ONLY features 100% shades of black. It can be enlarged and the
edges of the solid areas will remain sharp and clean. When it is printed
(regardless of the resolution) this image will appear crisp and recognizable.
You can safely use this image on low resolution reproduction (FAX and
Checks, etc) and your logo will appear as well as can be expected.

Preferred for: Low resolution black and white printing, one color printing,
etching, one color silk-screening (mugs, pens, T-shirts, etc). Vinyl plotter.

Can be used for: Enlargement.

Not applicable for: Web or color printing.

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Enlargement

Print zoom
Black & white linear bitmap.
File extensions: GIF, JPG, TIF, PS, PNG.

Even though this logo appears to be made up of black solids, because it is

Pixel based, the image requires hundreds of shades of gray in order to
preview correctly. This is known as ‘aliasing’ and is typical of all electronic
images. Once again, we cannot enlarge this image without loss of quality
and ‘crispness’ and even when printed as a one color BW, the edges of this
image may appear soft or ‘fuzzy’ (above right).

Preferred for: Low resolution black and white printing, inclusion in office
software and internal documents.

Can be used for: Black and white printing (with adequate resolution).
Not applicable for: Web, color printing, enlargement or format conversion.

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