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Design of Springs-1

The document provides an overview of spring design, defining springs as elastic bodies that distort under load and recover their shape when unloaded. It discusses various applications and types of springs, including helical, conical, torsional, laminated, and disc springs, along with key design terms such as solid length, free length, spring index, and spring rate. Additionally, it covers stresses in helical springs, deflection calculations, buckling, and surge phenomena, concluding with examples for practical application in determining shear stress and axial load capacity.

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henryjacob29600
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11 views33 pages

Design of Springs-1

The document provides an overview of spring design, defining springs as elastic bodies that distort under load and recover their shape when unloaded. It discusses various applications and types of springs, including helical, conical, torsional, laminated, and disc springs, along with key design terms such as solid length, free length, spring index, and spring rate. Additionally, it covers stresses in helical springs, deflection calculations, buckling, and surge phenomena, concluding with examples for practical application in determining shear stress and axial load capacity.

Uploaded by

henryjacob29600
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEE 513

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DESIGN II

BY

ENGR. DR. O. ADEDIPE


Design of springs

What is a spring?
A spring is defined as an elastic body, whose function
is to distort when loaded and to recover its original shape
when the load is removed.
Design of springs
Application of springs:
1. To cushion, absorb or control energy due to either
shock or vibration as in car springs, railway e.t.c
2. To apply forces, as in brakes, clutches and spring loaded
valves.
3. To control motion by maintaining contact between
two elements
4. To measure forces such as in spring balances and
engine indicators.
5. To store energy such as in watches, toys, etc.
Design of springs
Types springs:
(a) Helical springs
Design of springs
Types springs:
(b) Conical and volute springs: have wide range of
applications
Design of springs
Types springs:
(c) Torsional springs: used in various electrical applications
Design of springs
Types springs:
(d) Laminated or leaf springs:

(e) Disc or bellevile springs:


Design of springs
Terms used in Compression Springs:
1. Solid length: Solid length of the spring is:

Where

2. Free length:
Design of springs
Free length of spring is:
Design of springs
3. Spring index: Spring index is defined as the ratio of the
mean diameter of the coil to the diameter of the wire.
Mathematically, spring index is

4. Spring rate: The spring rate (or stiffness or spring


constant) is defined as the load required per unit deflection
of the spring. Mathematically, spring rate is
Design of springs
5. Pitch: The pitch of the coil is defined as the axial
distance between adjacent coils in uncompressed state.
Mathematically:
Design of springs
In designing a tension spring, the minimum gap between
two coils when the spring is in the free state is taken as 1
mm. Thus the free length of the spring:

and the pitch of the coil is:


Design of springs
Stresses in Helical Springs of Circular Wire:
Consider a helical compression spring made of circular wire
and subjected to an axial load W, as shown below:
Design of springs
Stresses in Helical Springs of Circular Wire:
Design of springs
Stresses in Helical Springs of Circular Wire:
Consider a part of the compression spring as shown below.
The load W tends to rotate the wire due to the twisting
moment ( T ) set up in the wire. Torsional shear stress is
induced in the wire.
Design of springs
Stresses in Helical Springs of Circular Wire:
The twisting moment:
Design of springs
Stresses in Helical Springs of Circular Wire:

The positive sign is used for the inner edge of the wire and
negative sign is used for the outer edge of the wire. Since
the stress is maximum at the inner edge of the wire:
Design of springs
Stresses in Helical Springs of Circular Wire:
Therefore Maximum shear stress induced in the wire:
Design of springs
Stresses in Helical Springs of Circular Wire:
In order to consider the effects of both direct shear as well
as curvature of the wire, a Wahl’s stress factor (K)
introduced by A.M. Wahl may be used.

Where:
Design of springs
Stresses in Helical Springs of Circular Wire:
The values of K for a given spring index (C) may be
obtained from the graph as shown
Design of springs
Deflection of Helical Springs of Circular Wire:
Total active length of the wire:

where:
Design of springs
Deflection of Helical Springs of Circular Wire:

Where:
Design of springs
Deflection of Helical Springs of Circular Wire:
Design of springs
Eccentric Loading of Springs:
When the load is offset by a distance e from spring
axis, then the safe load on the spring may be obtained by
multiplying the axial load by the factor:

Buckling of Compression Springs:


The critical axial load (Wcr) that causes buckling
may be calculated by using the following relation:
Design of springs
Buckling of Compression Springs:

Where:

The buckling factor (KB) for the hinged end and built-in end
springs may be obtained from table:
Design of springs
Buckling of Compression Springs:
Design of springs
Surge in Springs:
There are situations where very large deflections of the coils
results in very high stresses; which may lead to failure. This
phenomenon is called surge.The natural frequency for
springs clamped between two plates is given by:

Where:
Design of springs
Example: A compression coil spring made of an alloy steel
has the following specifications:
Mean diameter of coil = 50 mm ;
Wire diameter = 5 mm ; Number of active coils = 20.
If the spring is subjected to an axial load of 500 N ;
determine the maximum shear stress (neglect the curvature
effect) to which the spring material is subjected
Design of springs
Design of springs
A helical spring is made from a wire of 6 mm diameter and
has outside diameter of 75 mm. If the permissible shear
stress is 350 MPa and modulus of rigidity is 84 kN/mm2,
determine the axial load which the spring can carry and the
deflection per active turn.
Design of springs

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