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Harmonic Power Sharing and Power Quality Improvement of Droop Controller

Based Low Voltage Islanded Microgrid

Conference Paper · August 2019

DOI: 10.1109/RAEE.2019.8887029

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 1

Harmonic Power Sharing and Power Quality

Improvement of Droop Controller Based Low
Voltage Islanded Microgrid
Nashitah Alwaz Safdar Raza Sadaqat Ali
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
NFC Institute of Engineering & NFC Institute of Engineering & NFC Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Pakistan Technology, Pakistan Technology, Pakistan
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

M. Kamran Liaquat Bhatti Shabab Zahra

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
NFC Institute of Engineering & NFC Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Pakistan Technology, Pakistan
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract-Microgrids normally perform function at fundamental utilizing the inter-unit communication signal between DGs. The
frequency either fifty or sixty Hz. On the other hand, definite sorts conventional droop shares the real power accurately [1]-[2].
of load produces current and voltage harmonics which rises the However, due to mismatches among output impedances the
heat losses in the power system. These heat losses cause devices power has not been shared properly. Hence, a lot of
overheating, decrease network efficiency and raise the power costs.
improvements has been discussed for adequately sharing the
Moreover, Distributed Generation inverters (DGI) is expected to
reactive power [3]-[6]. Moreover, islanded microgrid faces the
perform a significant role to minimize system losses, enhance
power quality and efficiency of the network by applying a flexible
problem of appropriate sharing of harmonic power once the
control strategy. The basic objective of this work is to build such a intensive non-linear loads are injected in the network. The
modified droop controller that can share the harmonics current previous droop technique is only implemented for the
accurately and nullifies the voltage harmonic distortions in the distribution of the fundamental positive-sequences of load
existence of unequal feeder impedances and non-linear loads. power components. The conventional approach to reduce
Simulation results shows the proficiency of the presented harmonics is to install the active or passive power filters which
methodology. will enhance the price and complication of the network. In this
Keyword_ Droop Controller, Interfaced Inverters, Islanded
regard, a technique has been established to properly share the
Microgrid, Harmonic power Compensation, Power Sharing
harmonic currents between DGs and to damp the voltage drops.
For instance, the independent harmonic current sharing
I. INTRODUCTION
approach based on virtual output impedance loop is presented in
Microgrids have gained a lot of consideration to fulfill high
[3]-[7]. Furthermore, to compensate the changes among feeder
electricity demands, to consolidate more alternative and
line impedances another topology of virtual impedance, is
renewable power resources and to lessen the stress on the
proposed. Hence, more voltage distortions may exist.
current power transmission and distribution networks. A
For accurate harmonic current sharing and attenuation of
microgrid network normally consists of cluster of
voltage distortions, another method of virtual capacitive loop is
interconnected loads and parallel connected distributed
proposed [8]-[9]. To mitigate the non-linear voltage distortions
generation units. Microgrid can work in two different scenarios;
another topology based on the implementation of capacitive
i.e. Islanded and Grid connected approach. In an islanded
loop value is presented. This is employed by using a virtual
approach, DG units normally use the droop controller technique
capacitance loop value differing phase shift however identical
for the accurate sharing of the reactive and real powers. This
in magnitude. However, these control techniques require the
technique has the ability to adequately share the power without

978-1-7281-3073-6/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE

 2

information of feeder line impedance in advance for the accurate the adjustment of effective feeder line impedances among
tuning of virtual impedance value. In [10], a harmonic droop different DG units. Voltage profile at PCC can be better if the
controller has been proposed for precise harmonic current impedance is lessened accurately. To proficiently vary the
sharing among inverters and to reduce the harmonic distortions physical line impedances, two techniques have been addressed.
at the PCC. However, network complexity and extra The first technique is performed by including a virtual
computation confine the utilization of such controllers. In [11], conductance. However, in accordance to significant matches
a method of voltage control is illustrated to reduce the voltage among feeder impedances, inappropriate harmonic current
drops by the way of adjusting the equal harmonic impedances. sharing may occur. The second technique adds a virtual
But, the division of harmonic current is not resistive to the impedance at harmonic frequencies in series of mismatched
variations occurred in the host grid. For the enhancement of feeder impedances. However, this topology can increase the
network efficiency, a novel method consists of consensus voltage drops.
algorithm is proposed in [12]. This controlling mechanism needs
a communication signal to compensate the sharing of harmonic III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
power as well as the performance of traditional droop controller From the previous work perceived that the system requires
method. Based on the flaws of the conventional droop control several virtual impedance loops for the appropriate harmonic
techniques, this paper has the following objective: current distribution and the compensation of voltage harmonics
• To design a droop controller that mitigate the voltage at PCC. Proposed technique has the ability to perform two tasks
distortions, when non-linear loads are injected in the by using one control loop. Fig.1 represents the proposed
network. controller implementation in one DG unit. The harmonic
• To implement a controller that accurately shares the extraction unit is connected here to calculate the distortion of
powers between Distributed Generators (DGs) in voltages at the PCC. After achieving the data, it transfers the
accordance to their power ratings. information to all DG units by using a communication signal. It
is to be illustrious that the low bandwidth communication signal
II. PRINCIPLE OF POWER SHARING IN ISLANDED is necessary only to achieve data regarding the harmonics of
MICROGRID PCC voltage and are utilized for its compensation. The principle
A. Theoretical Analysis of Droop Controller for Power of local controller is to attain the reference voltage assigned by
sharing the droop controller.
Conventional droop control technique has been
implemented for the equal sharing of reactive and real powers
between DGs. This technique follows the principle of
conventional synchronous generator. The technique is normally
designed for inductive impedances while in low voltage MG line
impedances are mostly resistive. Therefore, the droop control
design for low voltage MG is described as:
E = EO − KPd .P (1)
F = FO + KQd .Q (2)
Where KQd and KPd demonstrates the reactive and real power
droop slops respectively.

B. Equal Sharing of Harmonic Power

In the existence of non-linear loads due to grid parameters Fig. 1. Proposed Control Strategy of a DG unit
and different DG ratings harmonic power sharing faults occur.
Inappropriate harmonic power sharing can cause a DG A. Aspects of Modified Harmonic Droop controller
overheating, overcapacity, distortion and losses in voltage and
current waveforms. Hence, an accurate control topology is Consider a microgrid model with two DGs. The non-linear
required to precisely perform the reduction of PCC voltage harm
load is displayed as an impedance Zload and harmonic current
distortions and harmonic power sharing. A leading strategy is
 3

source I harm. The proposed controller set the reference voltage Where Q harm
j − rated
(j=1…….m), represents the rated capacity
by utilizing the following equation: of harmonic power for every DG. To implement the
harm
VDG j
= −VPCC
harm
.K harm
j (3) proportional harmonic power sharing between DGs, a new
controlling item is included in the suggested modified controller
harm and
where V PCC K harm represents the harmonic voltage at
j
( Q harm
j − K harm
j ) . An input value of maximum allowed
PCC and positive gain respectively. Consequently, the harmonic distortions is compared with the predefined selective
equivalent harmonic feeder impedance is achieved as: value of harmonic distortions (HDharm). When system move
harm
− V PCC
harm Z DG j towards the steady state, input value of the integral will reach at
Z harm
DG j − equ = = (4)
harm
I DG j
K harm
j +1 zero. In this regard, same control block will be implemented in
all DG units. Hence, the acquired equation is:
where Z harm and I DG
harm represents the harmonic impedance

a1(Q1harm−Q1harm )=a2(Q2harm−Q2harm )=.....=am(Qmharm−Qmharm

DG j j

and current of DGj respectively. In accordance of harmonic −rated −rated )

−rated (6)
power sharing principles, proposed controller is modeled to tune A proportional sharing of harmonic power is attained in the
the positive gain correctly in an islanded LV MG. context of (6) which will be demonstrated as follows:
a 1 Q 1harm = a 2 Q 2harm = ...... = a m Q mharm (7)
B. Attributes of Modified Harmonic Droop controller Each DG generates the harmonic power for non-linear loads
Fig. 2 represents the implementation of proposed harmonic which is listed as:
droop controller in DG interfaced LV MG through a feeder line Q 1harm = 3 .V DGfundamenta l . I DG
harm (8)
j j
impedance. A communication signal is utilized for transferring
harm and
Where I DG harm symbolizes the harmonic current
V DG
the information of voltage harmonics to the proposed controller. j J

crossing the DGj feeder line impedance and fundamental rms

voltage at DGj output. The following algebraic expression is
proceeded to fix the harmonic controller droop coefficients:
a j = aO Qhj −rated (9)
A highly sufficient tuning for harmonic droop coefficient
ao is required to implement an adequate harmonic power
sharing and a stable network. The gain Gharm is consider to be
similar for all DG units which is expressed as follows:
G harm = a O HD max (10)

Fig. 2. Proposed Harmonic Controller

In it, low voltage conventional droop controller and

harmonic droop controller work simultaneously to create the
proper reference voltage ( V DGharm− ref ). The inner control loop will
perfectly track this reference voltage. By considering the
proposed harmonic topology ( Q harm
j − K harm
j ) , the increasing
gain K harm
j
is demonstrated in the form of rated ( Q harm
j − rated ) and
computed ( Q harm
j
) harmonic powers respectively. The Fig. 3. Harmonic Extraction Block
For acquiring the appropriate harmonic output voltage for all
coefficient of harmonic droop controller named a j for all DGs DG units, proposed technique dynamically tunes the gain
is listed as: parameter K harm
j
for each harmonic frequency. The voltage

− rated = a2 Q2−rated = ......a m Qm− rated

a1Q1harm harm harm harmonic distortions can be calculated as:
(5)
HDharm = VPCC
harm fundamenta
VPCC l
(11)
 4

harm Fundamenta
l have equal fundamental power sharing. Fig. 5 displays the
Where VPCC and VPCC represents the harmonic and
harmonic power sharing of harmonics of 5th and 7th orders. As
fundamental voltage at PCC. The harmonic components are the harmonic droop controller is moved towards the on position,
extracted by utilizing the block represented in fig. 3. When the harmonic power has been adequately shared in presence of
reference voltage is justified at the input of inner control loop, mismatches feeder impedances. Fig. 6 shows the output
saturation procedure should not be considered. The value of waveforms of harmonic current sharing for each DG unit.
saturation limit is represented as Equation (12):
VDGj −ref ≤ 1.22× (VDC / 2) (12)
The RMS voltage reference can be illustrated as:
V DG j − ref = harm
(V DG j − ref
) 2 + (V DG
fundamenta l 2
j − ref
) (13)

The gain value K harm

j is obtained as:
Fig. 4 (a). Distribution of real power
3 / 2 (V DC / 2 ) 2 − (V DG
fundamenta l 2
)
0≤K harm
≤
j (14)
j fundamenta l
HD max V DG j

IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

To analyze the expertise of the proposed method network is
tested in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The network consists of three
DG units, one non-linear and one linear load. The network Fig. 4 (b). Reactive Power sharing
parameters of low-voltage microgrid utilized for testing are
listed in Table 1. Two conditions are designed for efficiency Case 2: DG units with different harmonic power ratings
analysis of the suggested methodology. The present state is implemented to evaluate the proficiency
of the planned structure when different harmonic power ratings
TABLE I. SIMULATION PARAMETERS are considered for all DGs. Fig. 7 depicts that the harmonic
Network Parameters power has been appropriately distributed among two DGs which
Feeder line impedance of DG1 0.59 ,0.06 mH is basically half in quantity of the harmonic power shared
Feeder line impedance of DG2 0.3 ,0.02 mH
through 3rd DG unit. Further this scenario demonstrates the
Feeder line impedance of DG3 0.2 ,0.02 mH
Frequency (HZ)/Fundamental Line Voltage 50HZ/110V response of the network when proposed technique is not
(V) activated in 3rd DG unit. In this order, fig. 8 depicts the harmonic
Current source of 5th harmonic order 6-j3(A) power partition among two DGs. The harmonic power sharing
Current source of 7th harmonic order -6(A) of 5th and 7th order harmonics generated by 3rd DG unit are
Maximum Harmonic Distortions 0.2%
DG Droop Characteristics
lessened. Hence, no harmonic power is generated by 3rd DG unit
Controlling DG1 DG2 DG3 and the phase current IDG3 is more sinusoidal as depicted in fig.
Parameters 9. The FET analysis is performed to analyze the compensation
KPd 1.34×10-4 1.34×10- 1.34×10-4 of voltage distortions after and before the activation of proposed
4
controller. Total harmonic distortion (THD) is widely reduced
KQd 2.6×10-3 2.6×10-3 2.6×10-3
Case Case Case 1/Case 2
to 0.43% from 1.23% after the activation of proposed controller
1/Case 2 1/Case 2 which is displayed in fig. 10 and 11.
Q harm (Var) 499/499 499/499 499/1000
j − rated

aj (1/Var) 0.05/0.05 0.05/0.05 0.05/0.03

Case 1: DG units with Equal Harmonic Power Ratings

This scenario is planned to analyze the significance of
proposed harmonic droop controller for balancing the current
draw between DG units with equal harmonic power ratings. The Fig. 5 (a). Harmonic Power sharing of 5th order harmonic between 3 DG units

LV MG droop controller Q-F and P-E is implemented for

fundamental power sharing. Fig. 4 shows that the three DG units
 5

Fig. 5 (b). Harmonic Power sharing of 7th order harmonics between 3 DG units
Fig. 9 (a). After startup of harmonic reparation of phase current in all DGs

Fig. 6. Phase Current after harmonic compensation in all DGs

Fig. 9 (b). Phase current sharing in two DGs

Fig. 7 (a). 5th Harmonic Power sharing

Fig. 10 (a). PCC output voltage before startup of harmonic droop

Fig. 7 (b). 7th Harmonic Power of all DGs

Fig. 10 (b). Harmonic order Analysis of PCC voltage before startup of

harmonic droop
Fig. 8 (a). 5th order Harmonic Power sharing of DGs after discontinuing the
modified harmonic droop controller

Fig. 8 (b). 7th order Harmonic Power sharing of DGs after discontinuing the Fig. 11 (a). PCC output voltage after startup of harmonic droop
modified harmonic droop controller
 6

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