Lecture W02
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mshah.ug23smmeLecture W02
Uploaded by
mshah.ug23smmeLecture W02
Dr. Ammar Tariq
Example Problem: A piston–cylinder device contains 6 kg of H2 and 21 kg of N2 at
160 K and 5 MPa. Heat is now transferred to the device, and the mixture expands at
constant pressure until the temperature rises to 200 K.
Determine the heat transfer during this process :
(a) as an ideal gas mixture
(b) as a non-ideal gas mixture using Amagat’s law.
Determine the total entropy change and exergy destruction
(a) for an ideal gas mixture
(b)for a non-ideal gas mixture and using Amagat’s law.
Assume constant specific heats at room temperature
and take To=30°C.
Eq. 12–58:
Eq: 12–64
-15.66 kJ/kg
303K
-15.66=9.92kJ/K
(303K)(9.92kJ/K)=3005.76kJ
Gas Power Cycles
Chapter 9
Basic considerations in the analysis of Power Cycles
Most power-producing devices operate on cycles. Thermal efficiency of heat engines
Ideal cycle: A cycle that resembles the actual cycle
closely but is made up totally of internally reversible
processes.
Reversible cycles such as Carnot cycle have the
highest thermal efficiency of all heat engines
operating between the same temperature levels.
Unlike ideal cycles, they are totally reversible, and
unsuitable as a realistic model.
Modeling is a
powerful
engineering tool
that provides great
insight and The analysis of many complex
simplicity at the processes can be reduced to a
manageable level by utilizing
expense of some
some idealizations.
loss in accuracy.
The idealizations and simplifications in the analysis of power cycles:
1. The cycle does not involve any friction. Therefore, working fluid does not experience
any pressure drop as it flows in pipes or devices such as heat exchangers.
2. All expansion and compression processes take place in a quasi-equilibrium manner.
3. The pipes connecting the various components of a system are well insulated, and
heat transfer through them is negligible.
The ideal cycles are internally
reversible, but, unlike the Carnot
cycle, they are not necessarily
externally reversible.
Therefore, the thermal efficiency
of an ideal cycle, in general, is
less than that of a totally
reversible cycle operating
between the same temperature
limits.
However, it is still considerably On both P-v and T-s diagrams, the area
higher than the thermal efficiency enclosed by the process curve represents the net
of an actual cycle because of the work of the cycle.
idealizations utilized.
The Carnot Cycle and its value in
engineering
The Carnot cycle is composed of four totally reversible
processes: isothermal heat addition, isentropic expansion,
isothermal heat rejection, and isentropic compression.
For both ideal and actual cycles: Thermal efficiency
increases with an increase in the average temperature at
which heat is supplied to the system or with a decrease in
the average temperature at which heat is rejected from the
system.
Air-standard assumptions
Air-standard assumptions:
1. The working fluid is air, which continuously
circulates in a closed loop and always
behaves as an ideal gas.
2. All the processes that make up the cycle
are internally reversible.
3. The combustion process is replaced by a
heat-addition process from an external
source.
4. The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-
The combustion process is replaced by rejection process that restores the working
a heat-addition process in ideal cycles. fluid to its initial state.
Cold-air-standard assumptions: When the working fluid is considered to be air with
constant specific heats at room temperature (25°C).
An overview of Reciprocating Engines
Spark-ignition (SI) engines & Compression-ignition (CI) engines
Compression Ratio of the engine:
The ratio of the maximum volume formed in the cylinder to the minimum
(clearance) volume
Notice that the compression ratio is a volume ratio and should not be
confused with the pressure ratio.
An overview of Reciprocating Engines
Mean Effective Pressure (MEP).
It is a fictitious pressure that, if it acted on the piston during the entire
power stroke, would produce the same amount of net work as that
produced during the actual cycle, such that:
or
The mean effective pressure can be used as
a parameter to compare the performances of
reciprocating engines of equal size.
The engine with a larger value of MEP
delivers more net work per cycle and thus
performs better.
Otto Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Spark-Ignition Engines
The piston executes four complete strokes (two mechanical cycles) within the cylinder
The crankshaft completes two revolutions for each thermodynamic cycle
Note that the pressure in the cylinder should be slightly above the atmospheric value during the exhaust
stroke slightly below the atmospheric value during the intake stroke. Why?
Otto Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Spark-Ignition Engines
Two-stroke cycle
Four-stroke cycle
1 cycle = 4 stroke = 2 revolution
Two-stroke cycle
1 cycle = 2 stroke = 1 revolution
The two-stroke engines are generally less
efficient than their four-stroke counterparts,
but they are relatively simple and
inexpensive, and they have high power-to-
weight and power-to-volume ratios.
Four Stroke Engine
Two Stroke Engine
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