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Cell Membrane and Transport

Cell membranes are essential structures that control the entry and exit of substances, providing protection and support while maintaining homeostasis. They consist of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that allow selective permeability, facilitating both passive and active transport mechanisms. Key transport processes include diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, which enable the movement of molecules across the membrane based on concentration gradients.

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8 views39 pages

Cell Membrane and Transport

Cell membranes are essential structures that control the entry and exit of substances, providing protection and support while maintaining homeostasis. They consist of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that allow selective permeability, facilitating both passive and active transport mechanisms. Key transport processes include diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, which enable the movement of molecules across the membrane based on concentration gradients.

Uploaded by

jiwarajsingh72
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cellular Membrane

& Transport
Cell Membranes
1.All cells have a cell
membrane
2.Functions:
a.Controls what enters
and exits the cell to
maintain an internal
balance called
homeostasis
TEM picture of a
b.Provides protection and real cell membrane.
support for the cell
Cell Membranes (continued)
3.Structure of cell membrane
Lipid Bilayer -2 layers of
phospholipids
a.Phosphate head is polar
(water loving) Phospholipid
b.Fatty acid tails non-polar
(water fearing)
c.Proteins embedded in
membrane
Lipid Bilayer
Structure of the Cell Membrane
Outside of cell
Carbohydrate
Proteins chains
Lipid
Bilayer

Transport
Protein Phospholipids

Inside of cell
(cytoplasm)
Cell Membranes (continued)
• 4. Cell membranes have pores (holes) in it
a.Selectively permeable: Allows some
molecules in and keeps other molecules out
b.The structure helps it be selective!

Pores
• Integral proteins
– span lipid bilayer

– called transmembrane proteins

– hydrophobic regions consist of one or more


stretches of nonpolar amino acids

– often coiled into alpha helices


EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE
N-terminus

C-terminus
CYTOPLASMIC
SIDE
a Helix
Polar heads Fluid Mosaic
love water Model of the
& dissolve. cell membrane

Non-polar
tails hide
from water.
Carbohydrate cell
markers

Proteins
Types of Cellular Transport
Weeee!!
• Passive Transport !

cell doesn’t use energy


1. Diffusion high
2. Facilitated Diffusion
3. Osmosis low

• Active Transport This is


cell does use energy gonna
be hard
1. Protein Pumps work!!
high

2. Endocytosis
3. Exocytosis low
Passive Transport
1. Diffusion
1. Diffusion: random movement
of particles from an area of
high concentration to an
area of low concentration.
(High to Low)
• Diffusion continues until all
molecules are evenly spaced
(equilibrium is reached)-Note:
molecules will still move around
but stay spread out.
http://bio.winona.edu/berg/Free.htm
Diffusion

• Defined:
– The movement of substances other than
water from areas of high concentration to
areas of low concentration
• Area of high to area of low defines a gradient

– The movement of substances other than


water down its gradient
• What causes this movement?
Diffusion
• Molecular motion – the inherent kinetic energy of
molecules due to sub atomic forces and
collisions with other molecules

• The main factors that influence molecules


moving across a cell membrane are
– Size molecular characteristics
– Lipid solubility
– Gradient Size
– Temperature extrinsic diffusion factors
– Distance to diffuse
Diffusion
• Phospholipid Bilayers & Diffusion
– lipophilic molecules v hydrophilic molecules
• Lipophilic molecules can move my simple diffusion
• Hydrophilic molecules require facilitation!
– Rate of diffusion across depends on
1. Ability of molecules to get through the inner hydrophobic
section of the membrane
• Lipids, steroids, and small lipophilic molecules
• Water – slowly and depends on cholesterol content of the cell
membrane
2. The surface area available for diffusion
3. The thickness of the cell membrane
Diffusion

Fick’s law of diffusion


Surface x concentration membrane
x
area gradient permeability
Rate of diffusion 
(is approximately) membrane thickness

Membrane permeability is the most difficult as membrane


permeability changes with lipid solubility and the
size/characteristics of the molecule diffusing across!
Osmosis
• Defined:
– The movement of water from an area of low
solute concentration to an area of high solute
concentration or….
– The movement of water from an area of high
water concentration to an area of low water
concentration

• this ONLY concerns the movement of


water
Lower Higher Same concentration
concentration concentration of sugar
of solute (sugar) of sugar

H2O

Selectively
permeable mem-
brane: sugar mole-
cules cannot pass
through pores, but
water molecules can

Osmosis
Passive Transport:
3. Osmosis
• 3.Osmosis: diffusion of
water through a
selectively permeable
membrane
• Water moves from high
to low concentrations
•Water moves freely
through pores.
•Solute (green) to large
to move across.
• Osmosis
Animations for

Isotonic Solution isotonic, hypertonic,


and hypotonic
solutions

Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the solution


is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell.

Result: Water moves equally in both directions and


the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)
• Osmosis
Animations for
Hypotonic Solution isotonic, hypertonic,
and hypotonic
solutions

Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of


solutes and a higher concentration of water than
inside the cell. (Low solute; High water)

Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the


cell): Cell Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!
• Osmosis
Animations for
Hypertonic Solution isotonic, hypertonic,
and hypotonic
solutions

Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration


of solutes and a lower concentration of water than
inside the cell. (High solute; Low water)

shrinks

Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the


solution: Cell shrinks (Plasmolysis)!
Facilitated Diffusion

• Facilitated Diffusion:
– Movement of charged or lipophobic molecules
down their concentration gradients AIDED by
• SLC (solute carriers) superfamily transporter
proteins
1. water filled
» fast but limited in transport ability
2. carrier proteins
» slower but can transport larger molecules
– Is still a passive process
• No ATP required
• Stops once its equilibrium is reached
Facilitated Diffusion

2. Carrier Proteins
– Do not form channels that are open to both
the ECF and ICF
– Move larger molecules across the
membrane
– Operate as
A. Uniports(1)
• Example Glucose & Amino Acids
B. Cotransporters
Facilitated Diffusion

• Uniport Carrier Proteins


– Transport one type of molecule & only in
one direction
• Cotransport Carrier Proteins
– Transport more than one type in
• Symports
– the same direction
• Anitports
– the opposite direction
– Requires ATP (NOT USED IN FACILITATED
DIFFUSION)
Active transport

• Energy is used to transport molecules against


their gradient in Primary Active Transport
– ATP provides the energy
• Na+/K+ ATPase & H+/K+ ATPase (anitports)
• Ca2+ ATPase & H+ ATPase (uniports)

• The potential energy created by the gradient


may be utilized to operate protein carriers in
Secondary Active Transport
– [Na+] gradient (established by primary active
transport) is used to co-transport
• Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, glucose, bile salts, choline,
neurotransmitters
How Organisms Deal with
Osmotic Pressure
•Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them
from over-expanding. In plants the pressure exerted on
the cell wall is called tugor pressure.

•A protist like paramecium has contractile vacuoles that


collect water flowing in and pump it out to prevent them
from over-expanding.

•Salt water fish pump salt out of their specialized gills so


they do not dehydrate.

•Animal cells are bathed in blood. Kidneys keep the


blood isotonic by remove excess salt and water.

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