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CADSaga’s “ASME GD&T / ISO GPS” Training Programs
(Online / Onsite)
Sr Training Name Standard Duration

1 Basics of GD&T ASME Y14.5 20 hours / 3 Day

2 Advanced GD&T ASME Y14.5 20 hours / 3 Day

ASME GDTP Senior-Level Certification Course

3 ASME Y14.5 36 hours / 5 Day
(Basic GD&T + Adv GD&T + Mock Test)
GD&T - Masterclass (per ASME Standard)
4 ASME Y14.5 36 hours / 5 Day
(Basic GD&T + Adv GD&T + Tolerance Stack-up Analysis)

5 ISO GPS: Basics of Geometrical Tolerancing (GD&T) ISO GPS 20 hours / 3 Day

6 ISO GPS: Advanced Geometrical Tolerancing (GD&T) ISO GPS 20 hours / 3 Day

ISO GPS - Masterclass

7 ISO GPS 36 hours / 5 Day
(ISO GPS Basic + ISO GPS Adv + Tolerance Stack-up Analysis)

8 Tolerance Stack-up Analysis: Fundamental Concepts ASME Y14.5 / ISO GPS 20 hours / 3 Day

9 Tolerance Stack-up Analysis: Advanced Concepts ASME Y14.5 / ISO GPS 20 hours / 3 Day

10 GD&T Functional Gauge Design ASME Y14.5 20 hours / 3 Day

11 Mock Test : ASME GDTP Technologist Level Certifica ASME Y14.5 Self paced

12 Mock Test : ASME GDTP Senior Level Certification ASME Y14.5 Self paced

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 INDEX
SR Module Name
1 Introduction of GD&T
2 GD&T Symbols
3 Feature
4 Coordinate Dimensioning Vs. GD&T (Position)
5 Virtual Condition
6 Datums
7 Functional Gauges
8 Form Tolerances
9 Orientation Tolerances
10 Location Tolerances
11 Glossary of GD&T

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Module 1

Introduction of GD&T
Module Overview
Geometric dimensioning & tolerancing (GD&T) is an international engineering language
that is used on engineering drawings to describe product in three dimensions. GD&T is a
very precise mathematical language that describes the form, orientation & location of
part features in zones of tolerance. These zones of tolerance are then described relative
to a Cartesian coordinate system. The GD&T system has a strong mathematical base
which is essential in today’s computerized world.

7
What is GD&T?

GD&T (Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing) is an international engineering language that

engineers use worldwide to control product feature variations in 3D. Its a symbolic language which
mainly consists of symbols and very less use of words. Correct application of GD&T gives guarantee
of form, fit & function. Even, GD&T can predict 100% interchangeability between the parts.

GD&T is developed and maintained by ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), USA.
Latest enforced standard is ASME Y14.5 2009. You may still see drawings created using older
standards such as ASME Y14.5M 1994 or ASME Y14.5M 1982 around.

Why GD&T ?

GD&T adds clarity and contibutes its many advantages to coordinate dimensioning. Old system of
coordinate dimensioning was lacking in many respects. A part of the designer’s intent was always
left to the interpretation by the craftperson. Probably the most significant difference between the
two systems is the location of the round features. The coordinate system had a square or
rectangular (linear) tolerance zone that allowed some good parts to be rejected. Also, second
limitation datum system was not clearly specified according to design intent. There were issues of
tolerance accumulation.

GD&T is all about clear communication. It defines all the critical design requirements on the drawing
without keeping anything to the craftperson’s interpretation. A complete specification of design
requirements are made possible with symbols that communicate clearly the design intent. These
symbols also allow the designer to specify maximum tolerances for parts that must assemble with
other parts. Today, majority of U.S. Manufacturing companies are applying GD&T to their drawings.

GD&T is not a replacement

Old coordinate dimensioning system is not being entirely replaced with GD&T. Actually GD&T
enhances the coordinate dimemsioning as required per design. GD&T , a language of symbols, 8
provides a means of completely specifying uniformity and describing the designer’s intent. These
symbols eliminate most drawing mis-interpretations by minimizing most drawing misinterpretations
by minimizing the use of drawing notes and by giving complete description of features and design
requirements.

Advantages

There are many advantages of using GD&T wherever design integrity must be controlled and
communicated completely to others.Two key principles for applying GD&t are the function and the
relationship of parts in an assembly. Probably the most advantageous part of GD&T is its method of
specifying feature location. In the past, features were located with the coordinate dimensioning
system. GD&T provides the largest possible tolerance zones for the manufacturer than coordinate
tolerancing.

Also, few more advantages of GD&T are cylindrical tolerance zone for cylindrical or round feature,
no tolerance accumulation, clearly specified functional datums and common communication
between design, manufacturing (prodcution) and quality (inspection) departments.

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Module 2

GD&T Symbols
Module Overview
Geometric characteristics are divided in three main categories: form, orientation &
location.

The feature control frame is probably the most important symbol in the geometric
tolerancing system. It states the requirements or instructions for the features to which it
is attached

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 14 GD&T Symbols
There are 3 main categories of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing:
1) Form
2) Orientation
3) Location

Under these 3 categories, there are a total of 14 symbols as given in below table.

Form tolerances will control only shape of the feature, but not orientation or location.

Orientation tolerance will control orientation of the feature to the datum and also indirectly form
control of that feature (for free).

Location tolerances will control location and depend on the symbol you use from location category,
it may also control Orientation / Form / Size indirectly.

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 Feature Control Frame ( FCF)
FCF is a symbolic means of expressing the type of control on a feature, and defining a
tolerance zone for that control.

How to read Feature Control Frame ( FCF)

The Position of the feature must be within a 1.5 diametrical tolerance zone at MMC relative to
datums A, B, and C.

Underlined words in above line are the connecting words and applicable commonly to all 14
symbols and their FCF’s.

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GD&T and other supporting symbols (with proportions)

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Module 3

Feature

Module Overview
Geometric tolerancing is a feature-based system. A feature is a general term applied to a
physical portion of a part such as a surface, pin, tab, hole or slot. Parts may have many
features.

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 Feature
Feature is a physical portion of a part such as a surface, pin, tab, hole or slot. Its real and one can
touch that. This means tolerances were utilised during manufacturing.

There are 2 types of features:

A) Feature of size (FOS)
B) Feature without size

A) Feature of size (FOS):

One cylindrical or spherical surface or a set of two opposed parallel surfaces with a
size dimension. An axis, center point or center plane can be derived from these features.

As this type feature is having size, it can increase or decrease within the limits of the size. Hence,
MMC / LMC concept can be utilized for this type of feature only.

B) Feature without size:

A feature that has NO size dimension. Example: A flat planar surface

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 MMC / LMC Size Calculations
1) For External Features ( Shaft)

Calculate:

MMC Size of the shaft = ________

LMC Size of the shaft = ________

2) For Internal Features ( Holes)

Calculate:

MMC Size of the Hole = ________

LMC Size of the Hole = ________

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Module 4

Coordinate Dimesioning Vs. GD&T

Module Overview
Coordinate dimensioning practices tend to be ambiguous at times. It has several
limitations as no clear instructions, dependancy on the notes and mis-interpretations.

Geometric tolerancing is a very clear communication when compared to coordinate type

dimensioning system. GD&T can give the designer guarantee about its form, fit &
function.

However, GD&T is a language and like other languages it is also prone to mis-
interpretation by engineers who are not aware of GD&T symbols thoroughly.

This module will clear many of the fundamentals of GD&T system.

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 Quick overview of Coordinate Tolerancing Vs GD&T
Coordinate Dimensioning & Tolerancing

Study this drawing of coordinate dimensioning. It has few limitations like square type tolerance
zone ( refer figure # 1 and 2), no datums are clearly identified and tolerance accumulation.

Coordinate Dimensioning and Tolerancing method

Square tolerance zone of Coordinate Dimensioning

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Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing ( GD&T)

As this drawing is literally a conversion of Coordinate dimensioning to GD&T, you will notice the
limitations of the coordinate method are eliminated. Now, for cylindrical feature, tolerance zone is
also cylindrical, datums are correctly marked (Refer figure # 3 and 4) and there is no tolerance
accumulation. Gauges can also be well made for GD&T to avoid inspection ambuiguity that is
present in gages made to coordinate dimensioning.

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) method

Cylindrical tolerance zone of GD&T

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Actual produced part with Basic dimensions and tolerance zones.

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Position Tolerance at RFS

Position tolerance at RFS

Cylindrical tolerance zone

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Position Tolerance at LMC

Position tolerance at LMC

Cylindrical tolerance zone

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 Application of MMC / LMC / RFS

The functional differences between RFS, MMC, and LMC contexts should now be clear.
Obviously, an MMC or LMC modifier can only be associated with a feature of size. In all such
places, we recommend designers use a modifier, either MMC or LMC, unless there is a specific
requirement for the unique properties of RFS.

A) Use MMC for Clearance Fit:

Use MMC for any feature of size that assembles with another feature ofsize on a mating part
and the foremost concern is that the two mating features clear (not interfere with) each other.
MMC permits functional gaging. Many designers have wisely adopted MMC as a default.

B) Use LMC for Minimum Walll Thickness Preservation:

Use LMC where you must guarantee a minimum “wall thickness” of material all over the
surface of any feature of size. Where we’re more concerned with presence of material than
with aclearance fit, LMC is preferred.

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 C) RFS for Precision Location or Centering:

RFS is obsessed with a feature’s center to the point of ignorance of the feature’s actual size. In fact, RFS
allows no dynamic interaction between size and location or between size and orientation of a feature.
Examples of self-centering include the following: Press fits and dowel pin location

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General GD&T Rules (Rule # 1 and Rule # 2)

GD&T ( ASME Y14.5 2009) contains specific rules. These rules are provided to control some general
situations and to provide a common foundation to apply and interpret GD&T. The rules provide a
means to control these situations with only one interpretation of engineering drawings throughout
the world.
These rules must be observed by designers and those who interpret drawings.

Rule # 1:

When only a tolerance of size is specified, that tolerance controls both size and form. Rule # 1 can
also be remembered as just” Perfect form at MMC”.

Size limits of the individual feature controls the amount of variation in actual mating size as well as
form. Actual local size at any cross-section must be within the limits of the size.

Rule # 1 is also known as “Taylor’s Principle” or “Envelope Principle”.

Exceptions to Rule # 1:

Rule # 1 is not applicable to :

- non-rigid parts as they are flexible in nature and needs to be inspected by simulating assembly
scenerio in inspection set up
- standard parts (off-the-shelf) like sheets, tubing, rods, fasteners, etc as their size tolerances are
governed by industry or military or governmental standards.
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Rule # 2:

Rule # 2 is primarily designers rule. The rule states: “Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) applies with
respect to the individual tolerance and Regardless of Material Boundary (RMB) applies with resepect
of datum reference if no material modifying symbol is specified.

MMC or LMC must be specified on the drawing where it is applicable and only allowed for feature of
size.

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Module 5

Virtual Condition

Module Overview
Virtual condition can be very useful concept for designers which will help 100%
interchangeability of the parts. However, it is the least practiced concept in design
community.

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 Virtual Condition (VC)

A constant "worst case" imaginary boundary defined by the collective effects of a

feature's size, geometric tolerance, and bonus (if any). Virtual condition is used by product designer
to design the mating part and by gauge designer to design fixed ( functional) gauge.

A) Virtual Condition : Hole@ MMC

VC = MMC – GTOL

VC = __________

VC = __________

B) Virtual Condition : Shaft @ MMC

VC = MMC + GTOL

VC = __________

VC = __________

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Module 6

Datums

Module Overview
Datums are considered theoretically perfect planes, surfaces, points, lines, or axes.
Datums are placed on drawings as requirements for referencing features of an object.
These datums are used by the machinist, toolmaker, or quality control inspector to
ensure that the part is in agreement with the drawing.

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What is a Datum?

A datum is a theoretically exact line, surafce, point, area or axis that is used as an origin for
dimensions.
These are considered perfect for orientation purposes only. Feature where the datum symbol is
attached is known as datum feature. Datum feature will be imperfect after manufacturing but the
plane or axis that is established passing through few high points of actual surface will be always
perfect.

In inspection, datum feature simulator will be used to establish the origin for manufacturing and
inspection activities. The term “Datum Feature Simulator” replaces the former term “True
Geometric Counterpart”. Measurements are made from these actual surfaces of inspection or
manufacturing equipments. On the drawing, these datum features are identified with the datum
feature symbol.

DATUM PLANE

We need datums for orienting or locating the features. Datums don’t have any impact on controlling
the form of the feature. To identify any feature as datum feature, designer must pass that feature on
these 4 criterions. Datum feature should be Functional, Representative of the mating features,
Accessible and Repetitive.

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 DATUM REFERENCE FRAME (DRF)

In GD&T, these three datums are called as “Datum Reference Frame”(DRF), while in CAD softwares,
its known as “Cartesian Coordinate system”.

SIX DEGREES OF FREEDOM (6 DOF)

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 DATUM AXIS

DATUM CENTER PLANE

Datum Center Plane

‘A’

DATUM PRECEDENCE ( Order of importance)

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 DATUM QUALIFICATION
There is a difference between a datum, that is theoretical, and a datum feature, that is an actual
feature of a part. Qualification of datum features (with flatness and perpendicularity) controls the
instability of the imperfect part.

Datum Feature ‘B’

Requires to control its
Perpendicularity to datum A

Datum Feature ‘C’

Requires to control its
Location to datum B &
Perpendicularity to datum A 33
 Coaxial Datum Features
Coaxial means two or more cylindrical shapes that share a common axis. Coaxial datum features exist
when a single datum axis is established by two datum features that are coaxial. When more than one
datum feature is used to establish a single datum, the datum reference letters are separated by a
dash and placed in one compartment of the feature control frame.
These datum reference letters are of equal importance and can be placed in any order. See
Example below. A datum axis established by coaxial datum features is normally used as a primary
datum.

Coplanar Datum Features

Coplanar surfaces are two or more surfaces that are on the same plane or with some offset. Where
more than one datum feature is used to establish a datum feature simulator for a single datum, the
appropriate datum feature reference letters and associated modifiers, separated by a dash, are
entered in one compartment of the feature control frame

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 Partial Datum Surface

A portion of a surface can be used as a datum. For example, this can be done when a part has a hole
or group of holes at one end where it is not necessary to establish the entire surface as a datum to
effectively locate the features. This can be accomplished on a drawing using a chain line
dimensioned with basic dimensions to show the location and extent of the partial datum surface.
The chain line dimension is considered a minimum distance. The datum feature symbol is attached
to the chain line. The datum plane is then established at the location of the chain line, as shown in
Example below.

Center of a Pattern of Features as the Datum Axis

The center of a pattern of features, such as the holes in the part shown in Example below, can
be specified as the datum axis when the datum feature symbol is placed under and attached to
the middle of the feature control frame. In this application, the datum axis is the center of the
holes as a group.

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Module 7

Gauges
Module Overview
Learn the fundamentals of Functional (Fixed) and Variable gauges. Understand the
relation of virtual condition and the Functional gauges.

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Gauges

1. Fixed Gauges:
- Functional Gauges
- GO Gauges
- NOGO Gauges

2. Variable Gauges:

GO / NOGO Gauges

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 Functional Gauge
Workpiece

Gauge

Workpiece applied to the gauge

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 Variable Gauge

A Variable gauge is a gauge that is capable of providing a numerical reading of a part parameter.
Examples: CMM, Height gauges & Dial indicators.

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40
41
Module 8

Form Tolerances
Module Overview
Size Tolerance on a dimension is the total permissible variation in its size, which is equal
to the difference between the limits of size. When the form control we get fromsize
tolerance is beyod design requirement, form tolerances must be used.

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 4 types of Form Tolerances:

1) Flatness
2) Straightness
3) Cylindricity
4) Circularity

Form Tolerances control individual features or portions of a feature.

These controls are specified without a datum reference because the features are not controlled in
relation to another feature.

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Flatness

Definition

Flatness is the condition of a surface where all elements are in one plane.

Explanation

Flatness tolerance provides a zone of a specified width defined by two parallel planes in which the
surface or center plane must lie. The flatness tolerance is implied as RFS. MMC does not apply to
flatness control if only surface area is getting controlled and does not have size.

MMC can be used when flatness is applied to a thickness and establishes a virtual condition
boundary. Each surface element must lie within the stated flatness tolerance zone. The form
tolerance zone must be contained within th elimits of the feature of size. Under no circumstances
feature shall exceed the specified limits of the size or perfect form at MMC.

The feature control frame may be attached to the feature with an extension line of the controlled
surface, or attached with a leader pointed to the controlled surface.

Tolerance Zone

Flatness tolerance is the specified distance between two parallel planes of which the uppper limit
plane must contact the actual feature surface. The other plane then should be the stated tolerance
from the first and below all surface area irregularities.

The actual surface may be verified with a dial indicator. The indicator should be zeroed for th
ehighest or th elowest point on the surface. Then the surface must be checked sufficiently in all
directions to ensure that it is within the specified tolerance.

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Straightness

Definition

Straightness is the condition where one line element of a surface or axis follows a straight line within
the tolerance stated.

Explanation

Straightness tolerance provides a zone in which a surface element or axis must lie. For surface
control, the tolerance is implied regardless of feature size. This is because the straightness tolerance
controls the line elements that have no size. For axis control, the tolerance is implied RFS is a
modifier is not specified.

The tolerance is applied in the view of the drawing where the controlled elements, surface or axis
are shown as a straight line. Each line element or axis must lie within the limits of size for the
feature. The tolerance zone may be a width or a diameter. The feature must be within the stated
size limits at each cross-sectional measurement.

Straightness applied as a Surface control

When a surface is to be controlled, the feature control frame is attached to the surface with a leader
or extension line. In case of cylindrical features, the entire surface must be checked. All elements of
the surface must first be within specified size tolerance and then within the limits of the straightness
tolerance zone which is also within the size limits (tolerance). Figure # 1 shows example of how the
straightness control may be applied to flat and cylindrical features.

Tolerance Zone

The tolerance zone is a space between two parallel straight lines that may make contact with the
surface of the feature. The tolerance zone for both flat and cylindrical features is applied along the
entire surface. This surface may be measured or verified with a dial indicator or any other digital
readout. Enough line elemenets must be verified to ensure that the part or feature is within design
requirements. There is no hard and fast rule in the standard as to how many measurement to make.

The feature surface may take any shape such waving, concaveness, barreling, etc as long as it meets
the size and straightness tolerance.

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Straightness tolerance for line elements of a planer surface

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 Straightness – Axis at MMC
Straighness of an axis is a condition where an axis is a straight line. The tolerance specifies a tolerance
zone within which the derived median line must lie. This is used where the size of the pin is important,
but the pin can bow or bend associated with the size tolerance of the feature.

THIS ON DRAWING: MEANS THIS:

Straightness – Line Elements

Straighness – line elements can be applied to the surface of a pin. The tolerance specifies a tolerance
zone within which the considered line elements must lie. Note the feature control frame is directed to
the surface.

THIS ON DRAWING: MEANS THIS:

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Cylindricity

Definition

Cylindricity is the condition of an entire feature surface during one revolution in which all surface
points are an equal distance from a common axis.

Explanation

Cylindricity tolerance provides a zone bounded by two concentric cylinders in which the controlled
surface must lie. Cylindricity is a radial tolerance. The specified tolerance is implied to be RFS in
relationship to the feature axis. Because feature is compared with itself, a datum reference is not
required. The cylindricity tolerance zone must be within the limits of feature size. At MMC, the
feature must have perfect form.

Cylindricity is a composite control as it controls circularity, straightness and taper of cylindrical

surface.

Tolerance Zone

Cylindricity tolerance is the space identified by the geometric tolerance between two concentric
cylinders the stated tolerance apart. The largest tolerance cylinder must make contact with the
actual surface of the maximum diameter per tolerance of the controlled external feature. Then the
smaller tolerance cylinder is stated tolerance away from the minimum diameter per tolerance of the
large cylinder. Neither of the cylinders may exceed the feature size limits. Cylindricity tolerance is
also specified for an internal feature, the cylinders establishing the tolerance zone would be
opposite. The tolerance zone is an equal distance from the controlled feature axis (radial
measurement) for the length of the feature.

The controlled feature may be verified with several measuring devices. This control is composite,
hence method of measurement is important.

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 Cylindricity tolerance zone for a cylindrical surface

A)

B)

C)

Figure A, B & C: Acceptable Cylindricity variations

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Circularity

Definition

Circularity is also roundness. It is a condition of a cylindrical surface other than a sphere, at any
cross-sectional measurement during one complete revolution of the feature, all points of the surface
are perpendicualr at an equal distance from a common axis. Circularity of a sphere is a condition
where all points of the surface intersected by any plane passing through a common center are equal
distance from that center.

Explanation

Circularity tolerance provides a circular zone in which all points of a cross-section or slice of the
surface must lie. The tolerance zone is two concentric circles that are the stated tolerance apart. The
specified tolerance is implied to be RFS. Because circularity is a surface control, the modifier
principles do not apply. The feature control frame is usually specified in the end view.

The tolerance zone must be within the size limits of the feature. All surface elements must be within
the boundary of perfect form at MMC. Circularity is not associate with a datum,. The surface is
controlled or compared to itself, the axis, therefore a datum is not required.

Tolerance Zone

The tolerance zone is the space two concentric circles that is the stated tolerance apart. Circularity
tolerance is a radial tolerance. The larger circle must make contact with th eactual surface of the
controlled external feature. Then the smalled circle would have to eb the stated tolerance away
form the larger one or the same as the feature’s smallest permissible diameter.

Controlled features may be verified with several instruments. The primary concern, however, is how
the feature is measured. For example, if a V-block is used, the measurement may include unwanted
variables that not be noticed such as lobing, out-of-straightness, etc. Sufficient measurements must
be made to ensure feature acceptance.

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 A)

Actual produced Surface

B)

C)

Figure A, B & C: Acceptable Circularity variations

51
Module 9

Orientation Tolerances
Module Overview
Orientation is a feature’s angular relationship to a DRF. An orientation tolerance controls
this relationship without meddling in location control. Thus, an orientation tolerance is
useful for relating one datum feature to another and for refining the orientation of a
feature already controlled with a positional tolerance.

52
 Orientation Tolerances:

1) Parallelism
2) Perpendicularity
3) Angularity

Orientation tolerances control individual features.

These controls features in relation to one another, therefore a datum reference is required.

53
Parallelism

Definition

Parallelism is the condition of a surface, center plane or axis that is an equal distance at all points
from a datum plane or axis.

Explanation

Parallelism tolerance provides a zone defined by two parallel planes, lines or a cylinder that are a
stated tolerance apart and parallel to the datum reference. The controlled feature surface or axis
must lie within the specified tolerance zone. If used to control surfaces, then RFS is implied. But for a
cylindrical feature, one may use MMC / LMC depend upon the requirement.

Controlling Surfaces Parallel to a Datum Plane

If feature surface appears to be at 0° to a datum plane, parallelism tolerance is used. This parallelism
tolerance provides a zone defined by two parallel planes that are the distance of the specified
tolerance apart to a datum plane or axis. The tolerance is implied RFS if surfaces are being
controlled. The tolerance zone must be within the limits of the feature size.

The datum reference is a must. Tolerance zone must be established at exactly parallel (implied basic)
to the datum. All elements of the controlled feature must lie within the parallelism tolerance zone.

Tolerance Zone

The actual feature surface may be verified in a number of ways. A simple check can be made with
dial indicator or CMM . The datum feature must be placed in contact with the datum plane. Then,
with a measuring instrument, make contact with the controlled surface. Zero the measuring device
on a high point and continue to measure the entire surface. Enough of the surface must be
measured to ensure that design requirements are met.

54
Perpendicularity

Definition

Perpendicularity is the condition of an entire surface, plane or axis at a right angle to a datum plane
or axis.

Explanation

Perpendicularity tolerance provides a zone defined by two parallel planes, two parallel lines or a
cylinder perpendicular to a datum. The controlled feature surface, plane or axis must lie within the
specified tolerance zone. If used to control surfaces, then RFS is implied. But for a cylindrical feature,
one may use MMC / LMC depend upon the requirement.

Controlling Surfaces Perpendicular to a Datum Plane

If feature surface appears to be perpendicular to a datum plane, perpendicularity tolerance is

frequently used. This perpendicularity tolerance provides a zone defined by two parallel planes that
are the distance of the specified tolerance apart. The tolerance is implied RFS here because only
surfaces are controlled. The tolerance zone must be within the limits of the feature size.

The datum reference must be placed in contact with the datum plane. Tolerance zone must be
established at exactly 90 degress (implied basic) to the datum. All elements of the controlled feature
must lie within the perpendicularity tolerance zone.

Tolerance Zone

The actual feature surface may be verified in a number of ways. A simple check can be made with
dial indicator or CMM. The datum feature must be placed in contact with the datum plane. Then,
with a measuring instrument, make contact with the controlled surface. Zero the measuring device
on a high point and continue to measure the entire surface. Enough of the surface must be
measured to ensure that design requirements are met.

55
Angularity

Definition

Angularity is the condition of an axis or plane other than 90° to another datum plane or axis.

Explanation

Angularity tolerance provides a zone defined by two parallel planes or a cylinder that are a stated
tolerance apart and at the specified basic angle to the datum reference. The controlled feature
surface or axis must lie within the specified tolerance zone. If used to control surfaces, then RFS is
implied. But for a cylindrical feature, one may use MMC / LMC depend upon the requirement.

Controlling Surfaces at an Angle to a Datum Plane

If feature surface appears to be at an angle other than 0° or 90° to a datum plane, angularity
tolerance is used. This angularity tolerance provides a zone defined by two parallel planes that are
the distance of the specified tolerance apart to a datum plane or axis. The tolerance is implied RFS if
surfaces are being controlled. The tolerance zone must be within the limits of the feature size.

The datum reference is a must. Tolerance zone must be established at exactly specified angle
(implied basic) to the datum. All elements of the controlled feature must lie within the angularity
tolerance zone.

Tolerance Zone

The actual feature surface may be verified in a number of ways. A simple check can be made with
dial indicator by doing sine adjustments or directly on CMM . The datum feature must be placed in
contact with the datum plane. Then, with a measuring instrument, make contact with the controlled
surface. Zero the measuring device on a high point and continue to measure the entire surface.
Enough of the surface must be measured to ensure that design requirements are met.

56
Module 10

Location Tolerances
Module Overview
Location tolerances control individual features as well as pattern of the features. The
location controls are specified to control the relatioships between features or between
features and a datum feature.

57
 7 Types of Location Tolerances:

1) Position
2) Profile of a line
3) Profile of a surface
4) Circular Runout
5) Total Runout
6) Concentricity
7) Symmetry

Except profile tolerances, all other 5 types of location tolerances (position, circular runout, total
runout, concentricity and symmetry) must have datum/s references.

Only for profile of line and profile of surface, datum references are optional. Depend on the
application, datum may or may not be used on both the profile tolerances.

58
 Position Boundary
Position may be used to locate irregular features. A virtual condition boundary is established inside
or outside of which NO element of the feature may lie. The feature modifiers MMC or LMC may be
applied.

Position: Zero Tolerance at MMC

Zero tolerancing at MMC allows more size tolerance with out changing virtual condition concept.
Adds weight and not be used where weight at premium. It allows machinist a wide range of tools to
choose from.

59
Profile

Profile tolerancing is a method of specifying control of deviation from the desired profile along the
surface of a feature.

Explanation

Profile tolerances may be specified either as a surface or line profile. The provides a uniform zone
along a desired true profile ( Bi-lateral) or a zone that is unequally disposed along true profile. The
surface of the controlled feature must lie within this zone. Both type of profile tolerances are always
applied on RFS basis.

Datum usage in feature control frame is optional and depend upon the control desired by profile
tolerance application.

Profile tolerance is specified for designs where the surface is to be controlled within a given basic
shape. Most frequently, profile tolerances are used for irregular features that are difficult to control
with other 12 GD&T controls.

Profile tolerances may be specified to control either a surface or line element of a feature.

60
Profile of Surface

Definition

Profile of a surface is a method of specifying a three-dimensional control along the entire surface to
be controlled.

Tolerance Zone

It may be specified as an equal or unequal tolerance on either side of the desired true ( basic)
profile. By default, profile of surface is applied on Bi-lateral basis. Profile of surface can control
location, orientation, form and size of the feature if designer is intended to.

With Bi-lateral tolerance type, the actual surface of the feature may vary both inside and outside of
the true profile. If the profile is unilateral, then actual feature may vary only to the inside or the
outside of the true profile. It can be specified between points or all-around.

The actual part surface may be verified with CMM.

Profile tolerance zones ( 4 types)

(A) Bilateral Profile ( default)

(B) Unequally Disposed - Inside

61
 (C) Unequally Disposed - Outside

(D) Unequally Disposed – both sides

62
Profile of Surface - Inspection

63
Profile of Line

Definition

Profile of a line is a method of specifying a two-dimensional control for a single line element along
the true profile of a surface.

Tolerance Zone

It may be specified as an equal or unequal tolerance on either side of the desired true ( basic) profile
(2D). By default, profile of line is also applied on Bi-lateral basis. The actual surface must lie within
the boundaries of the specified zone.

Profile of a Line may be verified with the same method that is used to verify profile of a surface.
The actual cross section of a surface may be verified with CMM.

Profile of Line - Inspection

64
 Runout Tolerances:

1) Circular Runout
2) Total Runout

Runout is a composite form and location control of permissible error in th edesired part surface
during a complete revolution of the part areound a datum axis.

Runout tolerances may be specified as either total or circular. The specified tolerance is the
deviation permitted in relation to the controlled features axis. It provides a zone between two
concentric cylinders for total runout control and between two concentric circles for circular runout
control.

The surface or all points on a cross-section must lie within th especified tolerance zones.

The tolerance is always specified on RFS basis. These controls features in relation to one another,
therefore a datum reference is required.

Runout tolerance is specified for designs where rotation is involved such as shafts, pulleys and
bearing surfaces or co-axial surfaces.

65
Total Runout

Definition

Total Runout is specified to control feature surfaces that are manufactured with an axis. This control
is more stringent than circular runout. Total Runout is specified when the composite effect of all
surface elements together are critical to the final assembly.

Tolerance Zone

The tolerance establishes a cylindrical tolerance zone that is the width of the specified tolerance
zone in feature control frame. The tolerance is applied simultaneously to all circular and longitudinal
elements in one setup during a complete revolution of the controlled feature.

Total runout may be verified by mounting the datum feature in a precision rotational device like
chuck, collet that will rotate around datum axis. A dial indicator is set up in contact with the
controlled surface and zeroed. The indicator is not re-zeroed during the measurement operation.
The controlled feature is measured perpendicular to the to the datum axis. The part must be rotated
360° during the measuring operation, and the indicator reading must not exceed the tolerance
stated in the feature control frame. Sufficient measurements must be made to satisfy the drawing
requirement.

66
Inspection of Total Runout Tolerance

67
Circular Runout

Definition

Circular Runout is specified to control only surface elements of features that are circualr in cross-
section or surfaces perpendicualr to a datum axis. Its only a line-by-line control of a surface. Each
line is completely independant of the other. The tolerance is always implied on FIM (Full indicator
movement) basis in relation to a datum axis.

Tolerance Zone

The tolerance is specified in the feature control frame and is always specified on RFS basis. The
tolerance is radial and normally implies FIM. The actual feature must not exceed the boundary of
perfect form at MMC. Each cross-sectional slice of the surface must be within the two concentric
circles established by tolerance zone.

Circular runout controls the cumulative variations of circularity and coaxiality of the controlled
features around a datum axis.

Circular runout may be verified similar to Total Runout. The indicator needs to be rezeroed for each
measurement. The feature must be rotated a complete 360° for each measurement. To ensure
acceptibility, several independant measurements along the controlled surface should be made.

68
 Inspection of Circular Runout Tolerance at every possible circular cross section

Circular Runout Applicable to:

(Sphere)

(Cylinder)

(Cone) (Curve)

69
Concentricity

Definition

Concentricity is the condition where the median points of all diametrically opposed elements of a
figure or revolution are congruent with the axis of a datum feature.

Explanation

Concentricity tolerance is always specified on RFS basis. The tolerance is a diametral zone in which
all the median points of the controlled feature must lie. This zone must coincide with the axis of the
datum feature.

Concentricity is a very restrictive geometric control. It is difficult to verify and may be excessively
expensive to produce.

Concentricity is axis-to-axis control at RFS. Concentricity control is selectively specified, because

features may be controlled with runout or position tolerance. Runout controls a surface–to–axis at
RFS. Position offers all the advantages of GD&T as location of the axis of the feature’s actual mating
envelope is controlled relative to the datum axis.

Concentricity is normally specified for high-speed rotating parts where dynamic balance is critical.

Tolerance Zone

The tolerance zone is diametral around and parrallel to the datum axis. The feature surfaces must be
measured diametrically opposed to each other to determine the midpoints relative to the axis of the
datum.

0.05 Cylindrical 70
Tolerance Zone
 CMM Probe

Median Points

Tolerance Zone

Inspection of Concentricity by deriving median points

71
Symmetry

Definition

Symmetry is the condition where a feature or part has the same profile on either side of the conter
plane of a datum feature.

Explanation

Symmetry tolerance is always specified on RFS basis. Symmetry is a very restrictive geometric
control. It is difficult to verify. Symmetry is used where symmetrical relationship needs to be
controlled. Position can be used to control the symmetrical relationship as location of the center
plane of the feature’s actual mating envelope is controlled relative to the datum center plane.

Symmetry is normally specified for symmetrical features where dynamic balance is critical.

Tolerance Zone

The tolerance zone is two parallel planes equally disposed around a datum center plane. The
specified tolerance establishes a tolerance zone that is the specified width, with half of the
tolerance on either side of the datum center plane. This width zone allows the feature to vary from
side to side or angularity within the tolerance zone.

Datum Center Plane ‘A’

Tolerance zone
(2 parallel planes at 0.05) 72
Tolerance Zone Median Points

Inspection of Symmetry by deriving median points

73
 Use position RFS to achieve the symmetry

Not only is position usually more functional, but it has more flexibility. Unlike symmetry, a position
tolerance may be modified at MMC or LMC which usually provides Manufacturing with more
tolerance without sacrificing the function.

For these reasons many industries do not recommend the use of symmetry.

74
 Fundamental Dimensioning Rules
1. Each Dimension shall have a tolerance. Exceptions are those dimensions specifically identified as
reference, maximum, minimum or commercial stock size.

2. Dimensioning and tolerancing shall be complete so there is full definition of each part feature.

3. Dimensions shall be selected and arranged to suit the function and mating relationship of a part and
shall not be subject to more than one interpretation.

4. The drawing should define a part without specifying manufacturing methods.

5. A 90 ̊angle applies where centerlines and lines depicting features are shown on a drawing at right
angles, and no dimension is shown.

6. A 90 ̊basic angle applies where centerlines of features in a pattern or surfaces shown at right angles
on a drawing-are located and defined by basic dimensions and no angle is specified.

7. Unless otherwise specified, all dimensions are applicable at 20 ̊C (68 ̊F).

8. All dimensions and tolerances apply in the free state condition. This principle does not apply to non-
rigid parts.

9. Unless otherwise specified, all geometric tolerances apply to the full depth, length and width of the
feature.

10. Dimensions and tolerances apply only at the drawing level where they are specified. A dimension
specified on a detail drawing is not mandatory for that feature on the assembly drawing.

11. A zero basic dimension applies where axes, center planes, or surfaces are shown coincident on a
drawing, and geometric tolerances establish the relationship among the features.

12. Where a coordinate system is shown on the drawing, it shall be right-handed unless otherwise
specified. Each axis shall be labeled, and the positive direction shall be shown.

13. Each necessary dimension of an end product shall be shown. No more dimensions than those
necessary for complete definition shall be given. The use of reference dimensions on a drawing should
be minimized.

14. onmandatory processing dimensions shall be identified by an appropriate note, such as

“NONMANDATORY (MFG DATA).” Examples of nonmandatory data are processing dimensions that
provide for finish allowance, shrink allowance, and other requirements, provided the final dimensions
are given on the drawing.

15. Dimensions should be arranged to provide required information for optimum readability.
Dimensions should be shown in true profile views and refer to visible outlines.

16. Wires, cables, sheets, rods, and other materials manufactured to gage or code numbers shall be
specified by linear dimensions indicating the diameter or thickness. Gage or code numbers may be
shown in parentheses following the dimension.
75
Module 11

Glossary
Module Overview
Definitions of useful GD&T terminologies, full forms of the abbreviations, etc

76
Straightness – A condition where an element of a surface or an axis is a straight line.

Flatness – Is the condition of a surface having all elements in one plane.

Roundness – Describes the condition on a surface of revolution (cylinder, cone, sphere) where all
points of the surface intersected by any plane.

Cylindricity – Describes a condition of a surface of revolution in which all points of a surface are
equidistant from a common axis.

Profile of a Line – Is the condition permitting a uniform amount of profile variation, ether unilaterally
or bilaterally, along a line element of a feature.

Profile of a Surface – Is the condition permitting a uniform amount of profile variation, ether
unilaterally or bilaterally, on a surface.

All Around Symbol – Indicating that a tolerance applies to surfaces all around the part.

Angularity – Is the condition of a surface, axis, or centerplane, which is at a specified angle from a
datum plane or axis.

Perpendicularity – Is the condition of a surface, axis, or line, which is 90 deg. From a datum plane or a
datum axis.

Parallelism – Is the condition of a surface, line, or axis, which is equidistant at all points from a datum
plane or axis.

Position Tolerance - Defines a zone within which the axis or center plane of a feature is permitted to
vary from true (theoretically exact) position.

Concentricity – Describes a condition in which two or more features, in any combination, have a
common axis.

Symmetry – Is a condition in which a feature (or features) is symmetrically disposed about the center
plane of a datum feature.

Runout – Is the composite deviation from the desired form of a part surface of revolution through on
full rotation (360°) of the part on a datum axis.

Total Runout – Is the simultaneous composite control of all elements of a surface at all circular and
profile measuring positions as the part is rotated through 360°.

77
 Least Material Condition (LMC) – Implies that condition of a part feature of size wherein it is
contains the least (minimum) amount of material, examples, largest hole size and smallest
shaft size. It opposite to maximum material condition.

Regardless Of Feature Size (RFS) – The condition where the tolerance of form, runout or location must
be met irrespective of where the feature lies within its size tolerance.

Projected Tolerance Zone – Applies to a hole in which a pin, stud, screw, etc., is to be inserted.
It controls the perpendicularity of the hole to the extent of the projection from the hole and as
it relates to the mating part clearance. The projected tolerance zone extends above the surface
of the part to the functional length of the pin, stud, and screw relative to its assembly with the
mating part.

Tangent Plane - Indicating a tangent plane is shown. The symbol is placed in the feature control frame
following the stated tolerance.

Free State Variations – Is a term used to describe distortion of a part after removal of forces applied
during manufacture.

Diameter – Indicates a circular feature when used on the field of a drawing or indicates that the
tolerance is diametrical when used in a feature control frame.

Basic Dimension – Used to describe the exact size, profile, orientation or location of a feature.
A basic dimension is always associated with a feature control frame or datum target.
(Theoretically exact dimension in ISO)

Reference Dimension – A dimension usually without tolerance, used for information purposes only. It
does not govern production or inspection operations. (Auxiliary dimension in ISO)

Datum Feature – Is the actual component feature used to establish a datum.

Dimension Origin – Signifies that the dimension originates from the plane established by the shorter
surface and dimensional limits apply to the other surface.

Feature Control Frame – Is a rectangular box containing the geometric characteristics symbol, and the
form, runout or location tolerance. If necessary, datum references and modifiers applicable to the
feature or the datums are also contained in the box.

Conical Taper – Is used to indicate taper for conical tapers. This symbol is always shown with the
vertical leg to the left.

Slope – Is used to indicate slope for flat tapers. This symbol is always shown with the vertical leg to
the left.
78
Depth/Deep – Is used to indicate that a dimension applies to the depth of a feature. This symbol
precedes the depth value with no space in between.

Square – Is used to indicate that a single dimension applies to a square shape. The symbol
precedes the dimension with no space between.

Number of Places – The X is used along with a value to indicate the number of times a
dimension or feature is repeated on the drawing.

Arc Length – Indicating that a dimension is an arc length measured on a curved outline. The
symbol is placed above the dimension.

Radius - creates a zone defined by two arcs (the minimum and maximum radii). The part surface
must lie within this zone.

Spherical Radius – Precedes the value of a dimension or tolerance.

Spherical Diameter – Shall precede the tolerance value where the specified tolerance value
represents spherical zone. Also, a positional tolerance may be used to control the location of a
spherical feature relative to other features of a part. The symbol for spherical diameter precedes
the size dimension of the feature and the positional tolerance value, to indicate a spherical
tolerance zone.

Controlled Radius – Creates a tolerance zone defined by two arcs (the minimum and maximum
radii) that are tangent to the adjacent surfaces. Where a controlled radius is specified, the part
contour within the crescent-shaped tolerance zone must be a fair curve without flats or
reversals. Additionally, radii taken at all points on the part contour shall neither be smaller than
the specified minimum limit nor larger than the maximum limit.

Between – To indicate that a profile tolerance applies to several contiguous features, letters may
designate where the profile tolerance begins and ends. These letters are referenced using the
between symbol (since 1994) or the word between on drawings made to earlier versions of the
Standard.

Statistical Tolerance – Is the assigning of tolerances to related components of an assembly on

the basis of sound statistics (such as the assembly tolerance is equal to the square root of the
sum of the squares of the individual tolerances). By applying statistical tolerancing, tolerances of
individual components may be increased or clearances between mating parts may be reduced.
The increased tolerance or improved fit may reduce manufacturing cost or improve the
product's performance, but shall only be employed where the appropriate statistical process
control will be used. Therefore, consideration should be given to specifying the required Cp and
/or Cpk or other process performance indices.

79
Counterbore / Spotface – Is used to indicate a counterbore or a spot face. The symbol precedes the
dimension of the counterbore or spot face, with no space.

Countersink – Is used to indicate a countersink. The symbol precedes the dimensions of the
countersink with no space.

Datum Target – Is a specified point, line, or area on a part that is used to establish the Datum
Reference Plane for manufacturing and inspection operations.

Target Point – Indicates where the datum target point is dimensionally located on the direct view of
the surface.

Actual Local Size – The value of any individual distance at any cross section of a FOS.

Actual Mating Envelop (AME) of an External Feature of Size – A similar perfect feature counterpart
of the smallest size that can be circumscribed about the feature so that it just contacts the surfaces
at the highest points.

Actual Mating Envelop (AME) of an Internal Feature of Size – A similar perfect feature counterpart
of the largest size that can be inscribed within the feature so that it just contacts the surfaces at
their highest points.

Axis Theory – The axis (or center plane) of a FOS must be within the tolerance zone.

Bilateral Tolerance – A tolerance that allows the dimension to vary in both the plus and minus
directions.

Bonus Tolerance – An additional tolerance for a geometric control. Whenever a geometric tolerance
is applied to a FOS, and it contains an MMC (or LMC) modifier in the tolerance portion of the feature
control frame, a bonus tolerance is permissible.

Boundary – The word “BOUNDARY” is placed beneath the feature control frames to invoke a
boundary control.

Composite Control – Controls the form, location and orientation of a part feature simultaneously
(ina single gauge reading).

Coordinate Tolerancing – A dimensioning system where a part feature is located (or defined) by
means of rectangular dimensions with given tolerances.

Coplanar Datum Features – Two or more datum features that are on the same plane.

Cylindrical FOS – Contains one feature: the cylindrical surface.

80
Datum – A theoretically exact plane, point or axis from which a dimensional measurement is made.

Datum Feature Simulator – The inspection equipment (or gauge surfaces) used to establish a
datum.

Datum Reference Frame – A set of three mutually perpendicular datum planes.

Datum Shift – The allowable movement, or looseness, between the part datum feature and the
gauge.

Datum System – A set of symbols and rules that communicate to the drawing user how dimensional
measurements are to be made.

Engineering Drawing – A document that communicates a precise description of a part. This

description consists of pictures, words, numbers and symbols.

Equal Bilateral Tolerance – A tolerance where the allowable variation from the nominal value is the
same in both directions.

Feature – A general term applied to a physical portion of a part, such as a surface, hole or slot.

Feature of Size (FOS) – One cylindrical or spherical surface, or a set of two opposed elements or
opposed parallel surfaces, associated with a size dimension.

Feature of Size Dimension – A dimension that is associated with a feature of size.

Fixed Fastener Assembly – Where the fastener is held in place (restrained) into one of the
components of the assembly.

Floating Fastener Assembly – Where two (or more) components are held together with fasteners
(such as bolts and nuts), and both components have clearance holes for the fasteners.

Functional Dimensioning – A dimensioning philosophy that defines a part based on how it functions
in the final product.

Functional Gauge – A gauge that verifies functional requirements of part features as defined by the
geometric tolerance.

Go Gauge – A gauge that is intended to fit into (for an internal FOS) or fit over (for an external FOS)
the FOS.

81
Inclined Datum Feature – A datum feature that is at an angle other than 900, relative to the other
datum features.

Median Point – The mid-point of a two-point measurement.

Modifiers (8) – Communicate additional information about the drawing or toleracing of a part.

Multiple Single-Segment Profile Control – When two or more profile controls are tolerancing a
surface relative to different datums.

No-Go gauge – A gauge that is not intended to fit into or over a FOS. A No-Go gauge is made to the
LMC limit of the FOS.

Non-Feature of Size Dimension – A dimension that is not associated with a FOS.

Outer Boundary (OB) – A worst-case boundary generated by the largest feature of size plus the
stated geometric tolerance (and any additional tolerance, if applicable).

Primary Datum – The first datum plane that the part contacts in a dimensional measurement.

Rule #1 – Where only a tolerance of size is specified, the limits of size of an individual feature
prescribe the extent to which variations in its form-as well as in its size—are allowed.

Rule #2 – RFS applies, with respect to the individual tolerance, datum reference, or both, where no
modifying symbol is specified.

Secondary Datum – The second datum plane that the part contacts in a dimensional measurement.

Simulated Datum – The plane (or axis) established by the datum feature simulator.

Tertiary Datum - The third datum plane that the part contacts in a dimensional measurement.

3-2-1 Rule - Defines the minimum number of points of contact required for a part datum feature
with its primary, secondary, and tertiary datum planes.

True Position - The theoretically exact location of a FOS as defined by basic dimensions.

True Profile - The exact profile of a part feature as described by basic dimensions.

Implied Basic 900 Angles – A 900 basic angle applies where centerlines of features in a pattern (or
surfaces shown at right angles on a drawing) are located and defined by basic dimensions, and no
angle is specified.

.
82
Variable Gauge – A gauge capable of providing a numerical reading of a part parameter.

Virtual Condition (VC) – A worst-case boundary generated by the collective effects of a feature of
size specified at MMC or at LMC and the geometric tolerance for that material condition.

Virtual Condition Boundary Theory – A theoretical boundary limits the location of the surfaces of a
FOS.

Worst-Case Boundary (WCB) – A general term to refer to the extreme boundary of a FOS that is the
worst-case for assembly. Depending upon the part dimensioning, a worst-case boundary can be a
virtual condition, inner boundary, or outer boundary.

Zero Tolerance at MMC – A method of tolerancing part features that includes the tolerance
geometric value with the FOS tolerance and states a zero at MMC in the feature control
frame.

Implied Datum – An assumed plane, axis or point from which a dimensional measurement is made

Maximum Material Condition (MMC) – Is that condition of a part feature wherein it contains the
Maximum amount of material within the stated limits of size. That is: minimum hole size and
maximum shaft size.

83
 Contact:

Mr. Swapnil Gujarathi

Senior GD&T Trainer: ASME GD&T and ISO GPS
Certified ASME GD&T Senior-Level Professional

CADSaga Consultancy Services

7, Vihar Sankul, Tidake Nagar, Untwadi
Nashik – 422009

Contact: 90110 81591

www.cadsaga.com [email protected]

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