GUIDE BOOK

ON
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION

Published by:

Mathematics Club
Pachhunga University College
A constituent college of Mizoram University, Aizawl 796001, India
www.pucollege.in
 Guide Book on Differential Equation
Mathematics Club

Copyright © 2023 by the Club

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Mathematics Club
Pachhunga University College

Printed at
 CONTENT
About the Club vi
Preface vii
Acknowledgement viii

Chapter Page
UNIT-I 1-57
Formation of Differential Equations 1

Solution by Separation of Variables 4

Equation Reducible to Separation of Variables 12

Homogeneous Equations 14

First Order Linear Differential Equations 23

Bernoulli’s Equation 31

Exact Differential Equation 43

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 51

UNIT-II 58-89
Linear Equation with Constant Coefficient

Explanation of Auxiliary Equation,

Particular Integral and Complimentary Function 58

Exercises 66

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 78

iii
UNIT-III 90-108
Differential Equation of First Order but Higher Degree

Equation solvable for 𝑝 90

Equation solvable for 𝑦 94

Equation solvable for 𝑥 97

Clairaut’s Equation 99

Orthogonal Trajectories 99

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 104

UNIT-IV 109-179
Linear Differential Equation of Second Order
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Solutions of +𝑃 + 𝑄𝑦 = 𝑅 109
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Reduction to Normal Form 125

Homogeneous Linear Differential Equation

with Variable Coefficients 135

Exact Differential Equation 140

Transformation of Equation by Changing

Independent Variables 143

Method of Variation of Parameters 152

Simultaneous Differential Equation 159

Total Differential Equations 168

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 174

iv
UNIT-V 180-220
Partial Differential Equations

Origin or Formation of P.D.E. 180

Lagrange’s Linear Equation 189

Integral Surface passing through given Curve 191

Orthogonal Surfaces 193

Compatible 197

Special types of Equation 201

Charpit’s Method 212

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 218

v
 ABOUT THE CLUB
Pachhunga University College, Mathematics Club was established on August
19, 2023, dedicated to fostering a deep appreciation for mathematics and problem-
solving skills among our members. Our club is driven by a set of compelling aims,
each aimed at enriching the educational experience of our fellow students and
preparing them for a world where mathematical proficiency is increasingly vital.

The Mathematics Club is committed to enhancing math and problem-solving abilities,

providing a platform for students to explore topics beyond the conventional classroom
curriculum. We believe in the power of curiosity, and our goal is to spark and nurture
an enduring interest in mathematics.

One of our key objectives is to create an environment where open discussions thrive,
allowing members to benefit from diverse perspectives and broaden their horizons. We
believe that dialogue and sharing of ideas lead to personal growth and a deeper
understanding of mathematical concepts.

In addition to formal classroom learning, we offer informal knowledge gained through

our club activities. This supplementary knowledge complements classroom education
and equips students with practical insights and applications of mathematical principles.

Furthermore, PUC, Mathematics Club provides a unique opportunity to delve into

classroom topics in greater detail. By engaging in in-depth discussions, we aim to help
students grasp a more profound understanding of the educational curriculum.

Together, we'll solve problems, explore new horizons, and embrace the
beauty of mathematics.

“unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno”

vi
 PREFACE
This book presents the solution of the unsolved exercises provided in the book
'Differential Equations written by Dr. J. Lalvohbika, PUC and Dr. R. Lianngenga,
GCC' textbook of 3rd Semester Undergraduate course under the Mizoram University.

Differential equations are crucial in describing how quantities change and

interact in various fields such as physics, engineering, biology, and economics. Their
importance lies in their ability to represent real-world problems and facilitate the
development of solutions and insights into complex systems. In general, a differential
equation is an equation that contains an unknown function and its derivatives.

As soon as the Mathematics Club was formed in our esteemed college, our first
priority was to compile the solution of the unsolved exercises of different textbooks as
it is impossible to work out all the problems in the class.

My regards remain to Dr. J. Lalvohbika, Head of Mathematics Department

(UG) and author of the textbook for his support. I would also like to thank my fellow
members who work diligently for the publication of this book.

October, 2023 Club Leader

Zolianmawia Kawlni

vii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to convey my sincere appreciation to the dedicated members of
PUC Mathematics Club for their efforts in publishing the solved exercise book for the
textbook of 3rd semester undergraduate course under Mizoram University.

I truly hope that this book will aid the students for better understanding and
also in the preparation for their examinations.

(Dr. J. Lalvohbika)
Head of Department (UG)
Aizawl Department of Mathematics
October, 2023 and Mathematics Club Advisor
Pachhunga University College

viii
UNIT-I
Formation of Differential Equation
Suppose we are given a family of Page 13 EXERCISE
curves containing 𝑛 arbitrary
constants. Then we can obtain an 1. (i)Soln.
𝑦
𝑛th order differential equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ⇒ 𝑚 =
whose solution is the given family. 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
=𝑚⇒ =
Working Rule: - 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

1. Write the equation of the given (ii)Soln.

family of curves. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐 + 𝑐 2 ← (𝑎)
2. Differentiate the given equation 𝑑𝑦
=𝑐 ← (𝑏)
so as to get 𝑚 additional 𝑑𝑥
equations containing the 𝑛th Put (𝑏) in (𝑎)
arbitrary constant and 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
derivative. 𝑦=𝑥 − +( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. Eliminate 𝑛 arbitrary constants
from the (𝑛 + 1) equations (iii)Soln.
obtained in step 1 and 2. Thus, 𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +
we obtain the required 𝑚
differential equation involving 𝑑𝑦
=𝑚
the derivative of 𝑛th order 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑎
∴𝑦=𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦⁄
𝑑𝑥
OR
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑦 = 𝑥( ) +𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(iv)Soln.
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦
=𝑚
𝑑𝑥

1
UNIT-I
𝑑2𝑦 4. Same as Example 12 [Page-10]
=0
𝑑𝑥 2
5. Given;
2. Required General equation for
the given statement; 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 3𝑥
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2 where 𝑐 is arbitrary
constant. Differentiating w.r.t. 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ Required differential equation; = 2𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑏𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒𝑥 +𝑦 =0 ⇒ = 2(𝑦 − 𝑏𝑒 3𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ 3(𝑦 − 𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 )
(differentiating w. r. t. 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 5𝑦 − (2𝑏𝑒 3𝑥 + 3𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
3. Given Equation;
Differentiating again w.r.t. 𝑥;
2
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 = 0 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
=5 − (6𝑏𝑒 3𝑥 + 6𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(where 𝑔 is arbitrary constant) 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2=5 − 6(𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 3𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = −2𝑔𝑥 ← (𝑖)
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2 −5 + 6𝑦 = 0
Differentiating w.r.t. 𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 6. Same as example 7 [Page-7]

2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑔 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒𝑥+𝑦 = −𝑔 ← (𝑖𝑖) 7. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑏𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Differentiating w.r.t. 𝑥
Divide (𝑖) by (𝑖𝑖),
𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 −2𝑔𝑥 = 𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑥
= = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −𝑔
𝑥 + 𝑦 ⁄𝑑𝑥
Differentiating again w.r.t. 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑2𝑦
= 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑒 𝑏𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2

2
 UNIT-I
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑎2 2 𝑒 2𝑏𝑥 Page 13-14
⇒ 2 = 𝑏 𝑏𝑥 UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑒

𝑑2 𝑦 (𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑥 )2 1. TRUE (Same as Example-2)

⇒ = [Page-5]
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑎𝑒 𝑏𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 )2⁄
⇒ 2= 𝑦 2. FALSE
𝑑𝑥
Given equation;
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
⇒𝑦 2=( ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑑𝑦 ⇒ = ← (𝑖)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
General equation of circle at
8. Given equation; origin as centre;
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 where 𝑎 is arbitrary constant
Differentiating w.r.t. 𝑥; Differentiating w.r.t. 𝑥,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒𝑥+𝑦 =0 ⇒𝑥+𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥
⇒ = ← (𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑥 𝑦

Clearly, (𝑖) ≠ (𝑖𝑖)

3. Same as Example-11 [Page-9]

4. General equation of ellipse

whose axes coincide with axes
of coordinates;
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2
(𝑎, 𝑏 → arbitrary constants)
⇒ 𝑏 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 𝑏 2
Differentiating w.r.t. 𝑥,

3
UNIT-I
𝑑𝑦 Solution of Differential
2𝑏 2 𝑥 + 2𝑎2 𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 Equations
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑏 2 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 Equation of first order and first
𝑑𝑦 degree-
⇒ 𝑏 2 𝑥 = −𝑎2 𝑦 ← (𝑖)
𝑑𝑥 The general form of differential
Differentiating again w.r.t. 𝑥, equation of first order and first
2 2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 degree is given by
𝑏 = −𝑎 {𝑦 2 + ( ) }
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
← (𝑖𝑖) = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
Divide (𝑖) by (𝑖𝑖)
or 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑥=𝑦 ÷ {𝑦 2 + ( ) }
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Methods of Solving
2 2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Differential Equations of First
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 2
+𝑥( ) = 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Order and First Degree: -
5. Same as Example-4 [Page-6] Solution by Separation of
(Similar problem, different
Variables
statement)
(Reason; Only circles having If in an equation, it is possible to
centre at 𝑦-axis can touch the get all the functions of 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 in
𝑥-axis at the origin) one side and all the functions of 𝑦
and 𝑑𝑦 to the other, the variables
6. Same as Example-12 [Page-10] are said to be separable.

7. Same as Example-5 [Page-6] Working Rule: -

𝑑𝑦
1. Let = 𝑓1 (𝑥)𝑓2 (𝑦) ← (𝑖) be
8. Same as Example-1 [Page-4] 𝑑𝑥
given equation where 𝑓1 (𝑥) is a
9. Same as Example-3 [Page-5] function of 𝑥 alone and 𝑓2 (𝑦) is
a function of 𝑦 alone.

4
 UNIT-I
2. From equation (𝑖), separating (iv) Soln.
1 𝑑𝑦
the variables, we get 𝑓 (𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥√1 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 2 =0
2
𝑑𝑥
𝑓1 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ← (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥
3. Integrate equation (𝑖𝑖). Then ⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 + 𝑥 2
the resulting equation is the 𝑦
required solution. +∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 0
√1 + 𝑦 2
Put 𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑢2
⇒ 𝑢 = √1 + 𝑥 2
Page 23 EXERCISE ⇒ 2𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1. (i) Same as Example-13 ⇒ 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
[Page-22] Also put 𝑦 2 + 1 = 𝑣 2
⇒ 𝑣 = √1 + 𝑦 2
(ii) Soln.; ⇒ 2𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝑦𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2  The equation becomes;
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑣
⇒∫ 2
=∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = 0
1+𝑦 1 + 𝑥2 𝑢 𝑣
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒𝑢+𝑣 =𝑐
⇒ √1 + 𝑥 2 + √1 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
(iii) Soln.
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑦
= 2. (i) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 3
⇒∫ =∫ ⇒ = 𝑦 + 𝑦
𝑦+2 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑒
⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑦 + 2| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐| ⇒ ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 4
OR ⇒ 𝑒𝑦 = + +𝑐
2 4
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐 − 2

5
UNIT-I
(ii) (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(iii) (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2
+3𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
+𝑥𝑦 2 = 0
⇒ 3𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 − 1) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑦) = −𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
⇒ 3∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 −1 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑦−1 𝑥+1
⇒ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 3 𝑙𝑛|𝑒 𝑥 − 1| 𝑦 𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐| 1
𝑥 3 ⇒ ∫ ( − 𝑦 −2 ) 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (𝑒 − 1) = 𝑐. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑦
1
= ∫ ( + 𝑥 −2 ) 𝑑𝑥
 f ' (x )  𝑥
 IMP →  f (x ) dx = f (x ) + c  𝑦 1 1
  ⇒ 𝑙𝑛 | | = − − + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
3. (i) = 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑥 4. (i) 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 +4√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
⇒ = 2𝑥(𝑦 + 𝑎)
𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) = −4√1 − (𝑥𝑦)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒∫ = ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 [Check Pg-65]
𝑦+𝑎
1
⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑦 + 𝑎| = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 ⇒∫ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦)
√1 − (𝑥𝑦)2
(ii) 𝑥(𝑦 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = −4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
+𝑦(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥𝑦) = −4𝑥 + 𝑐
⇒ 𝑥(𝑦 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥
= −𝑦(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦
𝑥 −𝑦 (ii) 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑦 3
𝑥 +1 𝑦 +1 +3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
2𝑥 −2𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 3
⇒∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 2
= −3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +1 𝑦 +1 𝑦
𝑥
⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 + 1| ⇒ 𝑑 (𝑦) = −3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3

= − 𝑙𝑛|𝑦 2 + 1| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐|
[Check Pg-65]
⇒ (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑦 2 + 1) = 𝑐 3
Put 𝑥 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

6
 UNIT-I
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2
6. Given; 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 2
∴ ∫ 𝑑 ( ) = ∫ −𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 ⇒
𝑦 𝑦
𝑢
= −𝑒 + 𝑐 ⇒ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(3𝑥 2 + 2)𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3
⇒ + 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 𝑐 ← (𝑖)
𝑦
At (1, -1), (𝑖) becomes;
−1 = 1 + 2 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐 = −4
5. (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)𝑑𝑦
 (𝑖) becomes
+(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 4
⇒ (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)𝑑𝑦
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
7. [*Note: Abscissa=𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑦
Ordinate=𝑦]
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 Given equation;
=(
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ∝𝑥
× ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
OR = 𝑘𝑥 ( k → constant)
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ∴ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
=( ) 𝑑𝑥
−(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑘𝑥 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 − 1 ⇒𝑦= + 𝑐 ← (𝑖)
2
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 At (0,0), equation (𝑖)
⇒ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑥 becomes; 𝑐 = 0 (can be
neglected)
− 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 At (1,1), equation (𝑖) becomes;
− 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥| 𝑘
⇒𝑦= 𝑐 =1−
2 2
𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑥|  Required equation of curve;
− +𝑐 𝑘𝑥 2 𝑘
2
𝑦= +1−
⇒ 2𝑦 + 𝑙𝑛 | 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 2 2
+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑥)| = 𝑐
⇒ 2𝑦 + 𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥| = 𝑐
⇒ 2𝑦 + 𝑙𝑛|(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)²| = 𝑐
⇒ 2𝑦 + 2 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥| = 𝑐
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥| = 𝑐

7
UNIT-I
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
8. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0 (ii) 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 (𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑥 )
−𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 ⇒𝑦−𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑎
√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑑𝑦
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=∫ ⇒∫ =∫
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥+𝑎 𝑦(1 − 𝑎𝑦)
−1 Solve for RHS using;
Put 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 1 𝐴 𝐵
⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = Let = +
√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦(1 − 𝑎𝑦) 𝑦 (1 − 𝑎𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 OR
∫ = −∫
𝑦 𝑢 1 = 𝐴(1 − 𝑎𝑦) + 𝐵(𝑦)
⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = −𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐| As 𝑦 = 0, 𝐴 = 1
⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐| and as 𝑦 = 1/𝑎, 𝐵 = 𝑎
⇒ 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑐  The equation becomes;
1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎
Put 𝑥 = and 𝑦 = 2, we get; ∫ = ∫( + ) 𝑑𝑦
2 𝑥+𝑎 𝑦 1 − 𝑎𝑦
1 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 𝑎|
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 = 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| − 𝑙𝑛|1 − 𝑎𝑦| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐|
2
𝜋 𝜋 ⇒ (𝑥 + 𝑎)(1 − 𝑎𝑦) = 𝑦𝑐
⇒ 2. = 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐 =
6 3
𝜋
∴ 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = (iii) √1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
3
+𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
9. (i) 𝑦(1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(1 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
=0 = −𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦(1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥(1 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑥√1 + 𝑥 2
1+𝑥 (1 + 𝑦) ⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
𝑥 𝑦 −𝑦
1 =∫ 𝑑𝑦
⇒ ∫ ( + 1) 𝑑𝑥 √1 + 𝑦 2
𝑥
Solve for LHS;
1
= − ∫ ( + 1) 𝑑𝑦 Put 𝑢2 = 𝑥 2 + 1 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = 𝑢2 − 1
𝑦
⇒ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑢𝑑𝑢 ⇒ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑑𝑢
⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑥𝑦| + 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐

8
 UNIT-I
𝑢2 𝑥3
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑢 ⇒ −𝑒 −𝑦 𝑥
=𝑒 + +𝑐
𝑢 −1 3
1
= ∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢2 −1 (v) 𝑥√1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solve for RHS; +𝑥√1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Put 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
⇒ 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
→ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = −𝑥√1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
→ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 ⇒ ∫ √1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = √1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
= − ∫ √1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = √1 + 𝑦 2
− 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝑥 1
∴ RHS = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 ⇒ √1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥
√𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 2 2
+ √1 + 𝑥 2 |
= ∫ − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑦
 The equation becomes;
= − √1 + 𝑦 2
2
1 1
∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑙𝑛 |𝑦 + √𝑦 2 + 1| + 𝑐
𝑢2 −1 2
= ∫ − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ⇒ 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑦 2

1 𝑢−1 + 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1|
⇒ 𝑢 + 𝑙𝑛 | | + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 𝑐
2 𝑢+1 + 𝑙𝑛 |𝑦 + √𝑦 2 + 1| = 𝑐
1 √𝑥 2 + 1 − 1
⇒ √𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑙𝑛 | |
2 √𝑥 2 + 1 + 1 (vi) Same as Example-14
+ √𝑦 2 +1=𝑐 [Page-22]
2 2
(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 =0
(iv) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦
2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥(1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑒 𝑥𝑒𝑦 + 𝑥2𝑒𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
⇒ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

9
UNIT-I
Page 24-25 5. TRUE;
(1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦
UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS
=0
𝑑𝑦 𝑒𝑥 1
1. = 𝑒𝑦 ⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
⇒ ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
+∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 + 𝑦2
⇒ 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑐
(c)None of the above
[Note: The constant of integration 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
6. 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦
must be included]
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
⇒ =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑙𝑛|𝑥|
2. 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇒∫ 𝑦 =∫ 𝑥 𝑙𝑛|𝑥|
𝑒 𝑒 𝑦2 𝑥
⇒ −𝑒 −𝑦 = −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ =∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥|
OR ⇒ 𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑐
Put 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| = 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢
(c)None of the above
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦2 𝑒 2𝑢 2
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥² + 1 ∴ =∫ × 𝑑𝑢
2 𝑢 2
Differentiating w.r.t. 𝑥 Put 2𝑢 = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 𝑦2 𝑒𝑣
𝑑𝑥 ∴ = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑐
2 𝑣
⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑦 = 4𝐸𝑖 (𝑣) + 𝑐
⇒ 𝑦 ′′ = 2
𝑒𝑥
So, 𝑥𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 0 ∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐸𝑖 (𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑥
(b)𝑥𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ = 0
Where 𝐸𝑖 is called the exponential
integral.
4. FALSE [Definition from Page-
[Google keuh chhin teh]
15]

10
 UNIT-I
7. (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦
+(𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
Divide both sides by 𝑑𝑥,
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑥 2 ) + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
=0
Similar to Page -23 Q.no.3 (iii)

8. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
+(1 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 (1
+ 2𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑦
1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 2𝑒 −𝑥
= − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥
2
1 + 𝑒𝑥

= − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒𝑥
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥 + 2
= − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑒 𝑥 + 2|
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐|
𝑥
⇒ 𝑒 + 2 = 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦

11
UNIT-I
Equation Reducible to the Page 29 EXERCISE
Form in which Variables can 1. (i) Same as Example-5 [Page-
be Separated 28]

An equation of the form 𝑑𝑦

(ii)𝑠𝑖𝑛−1(𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐) ← (𝑖) can be 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦)
reduced to the form in which 𝑑𝑥
variables can be separated. (Similar to Eg-2) [Pg-26]

Working Rule: - 𝑑𝑦
(iii)𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦
1. Put 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
2. Then we have 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
Put 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ⇒ = 1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
=𝑎+𝑏 OR = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
⇒ = ( − 𝑎) ∴ − 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
⇒ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 + 1
Using this value in equation (𝑖), 𝑑𝑥
we get 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧
1 𝑑𝑧 1
( − 𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑧) ⇒ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2
𝑑𝑧 1 𝑧
⇒ = 𝑏𝑓(𝑧) + 𝑎 ⇒ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑧
𝑑𝑧 ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥 + 𝑐
⇒ = 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑏𝑓(𝑧) + 𝑎 𝑥+𝑦
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )=𝑥+𝑐
2
which can be integrated.

12
 UNIT-I
𝑑𝑦
(iv) (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑑𝑥 =1
1
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2
Put 𝑥 − 𝑎 = 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
∴ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2
𝑢
−1
⇒𝑦= +𝑐
𝑢
1
⇒𝑦+ =𝑐
𝑥−𝑎

𝑑𝑦
(v) (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1
Put 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
−1=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 1
∴ −1 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 1
⇒ = 1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑧
𝑧
⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑧+1
1
⇒ ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑧+1
⇒ 𝑧 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑧 + 1| = 𝑥 + 𝑐
⇒ 𝑦 + 1 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2| = 𝑐

2. Same as Example-2 [Page-26]

3. Same as Example-1 [Page-26]

13
UNIT-I
Homogeneous Equations dy y y 2
(ii) 2 = −
A differential equation of first
dx x x 2
𝑦
order and first degree is said to be Put = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑥
homogeneous if it can be put in the 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
form ⇒ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ∴ 2𝑣 + 2𝑥 = 𝑣 − 𝑣2
= 𝑓 ( ) or = 𝑓( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑣
⇒ 2𝑥 = −𝑣 − 𝑣 2
Working Rule: - 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
1. Put the differential equation in ⇒ =
−𝑣(𝑣 + 1) 2𝑥
the form 1 1 1 1
⇒ ∫( − ) 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑣+1 𝑣 2 𝑥
= 𝑓 ( ) ← (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑣 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑣|
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
= 𝑙𝑛|√𝑥| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐|
2. Put 𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑣+1
⇒ = 𝑐 √𝑥
𝑣
𝑦+𝑥
Page 36 EXERCISE ⇒ = 𝑐 √𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦2
1. (i) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
dy xy − 2 y 2
𝑦 (iii) =
Put = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 dx x 2 − 3xy
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 ( xy − 2 y 2 )
⇒ =𝑣+𝑥 dy x2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥  = 2
𝑑𝑣 dx ( x − 3 xy)
∴𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 − 𝑣2 x2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣 y  y
⇒𝑥 = −𝑣 2 − 2 
𝑑𝑥 
dy x
= x
−1 𝑑𝑥 dx y
⇒ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 1− 3
𝑣 𝑥 x
1 𝑦
⇒ = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐 Put = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑣 𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑦𝑐

14
 UNIT-I
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 dy y − 2 xy
2
⇒
𝑑𝑥
=𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (v) =
dx x 2 − 2 xy
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 − 2𝑣 2
∴𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1 − 3𝑣 𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 ) − 2 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑣 𝑣2 ⇒ = 𝑦
⇒𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 1 − 2 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 1 − 3𝑣
1 − 3𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ Put = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑣 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
1 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ =𝑣+𝑥
⇒ ∫ (𝑣 −2 − 3 ) 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 𝑥
𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑣 2 − 2𝑣
⇒ − − 3 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐 ∴𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − 2𝑣
𝑑𝑣 3𝑣 2 − 3𝑣
⇒𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 2𝑣
(iv) x( y − x )
dy
= y2 1 − 2𝑣 𝑑𝑥
dx ⇒ 𝑑𝑣 = +𝑐
3𝑣(𝑣 − 1) 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2 −1 1
⇒ = ⇒ ∫( − ) 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 3𝑣 3(𝑣 − 1)
𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 ( ⁄𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
⇒ = =∫
𝑑𝑥 𝑦⁄𝑥 − 1 𝑥
𝑦 −1 1
Put = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑣| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑣 − 1|
𝑥 3 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥𝑐|
⇒ =𝑣+𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ {𝑙𝑛|𝑣(𝑣 − 1)|} = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥𝑐|
𝑑𝑣 𝑣2 3
∴𝑣+𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 − 1 ⇒ 2 = 𝑥3𝑐
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 −𝑣
⇒𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 − 1 ⇒ 2 = 𝑥3𝑐
𝑣−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ −
𝑣 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥
1
1 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 2 = 𝑥𝑐
⇒ ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦
𝑣 𝑥
⇒ 𝑣 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑣| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑦
⇒ − 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| + 𝑐
𝑥

15
UNIT-I
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
(vi) = 2 ⇒ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 2 − 1
𝑦⁄ ∴𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑣
=
𝑑𝑥 1 − ( ⁄ )2𝑦 𝑑𝑣 −𝑣 2 − 1
𝑥 ⇒𝑥 =
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2𝑣
Put = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 −2𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 ⇒∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 +1 𝑥
⇒ =𝑣+𝑥 2
⇒ − 𝑙𝑛|𝑣 + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑥 (𝑣 2 + 1) = 𝑐
∴𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑣 2 𝑦2 + 𝑥2
⇒ 𝑥( )=𝑐
𝑑𝑦 𝑣3 𝑥2
⇒𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑣 2 ⇒ 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑐𝑥
1 − 𝑣2 𝑑𝑥
⇒∫ 3
𝑑𝑣 = ∫
𝑣 𝑥 (ii) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 𝑑𝑥
⇒ ∫ (𝑣 −3 − ) 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ ⇒ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑣 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
−1 ⇒ =
⇒ 2 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑣| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 −2𝑥𝑦
2𝑣
−1 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 1 + ( ⁄𝑥)
⇒ 2 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 𝑐 ⇒ = 𝑦
2𝑣 𝑑𝑥 −2( ⁄𝑥)
−𝑥 2 𝑦
⇒ − 𝑦 2 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 𝑐𝑦 2 Put = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
⇒ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. (i) (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣 2
⇒ (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 ∴𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 −2𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 1 + 3𝑣 2
⇒ = ⇒𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 −2𝑣
𝑦⁄ 2 −2𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ( 𝑥) − 1 ⇒∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫
⇒ = 𝑦 3𝑣 + 1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2( ⁄𝑥)
−1 6𝑣
𝑦 ⇒ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐
Put = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 3 3𝑣 + 1
𝑥

16
 UNIT-I
⇒ − 𝑙𝑛|3𝑣 2 + 1| Put
= 3 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐| y dy dv
2 = v  y = vx  =v+x
⇒ (3𝑣 + 1)𝑥 = 𝑐 x dx dx
⇒ (3𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑑𝑣 𝑣
∴𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑣 3
(iii) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 − 𝑣 + 𝑣 4
⇒𝑥 =
⇒ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑣3
3
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 1−𝑣 1
⇒ = ⇒ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦 𝑣4 𝑥
𝑦 2 1 −1
𝑑𝑦 1 + ( ⁄𝑥) ⇒ ∫ ( − 𝑣 −4 ) 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 𝑣 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
2( ⁄𝑥) 1
𝑦 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑣| + 3 = − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐
3𝑣
Put = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑥 𝑥3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| + 3 = 𝑐
⇒ =𝑣+𝑥 3𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 3𝑦 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| + 𝑥 3 = 3𝑦 3 𝑐
3
𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣 2
∴𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 (v) (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑣 1 − 𝑣 2
⇒𝑥 = ⇒ (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 𝑦⁄
−2𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑥−1
⇒∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ ⇒ = =
𝑣 −1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 1 + 𝑦⁄𝑥
2
⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑣 − 1| = − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐| 𝑦
Put = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
⇒ (𝑣 2 − 1)𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
⇒ (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑥 = 𝑐𝑥 ⇒ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 − 1
(iv)Soln. ∴𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑣
𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 − 1 − 𝑣 − 𝑣 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 ⇒𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2𝑦 𝑣+1 −1
⇒ = ⇒∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 𝑣 +1 𝑥
𝑦⁄
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 1 − ( ⁄ )3
𝑦
𝑥

17
UNIT-I
1 2𝑣 ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑙𝑛|𝑦 − 𝑥| = 𝑐𝑥
⇒ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑣
2 𝑣 +1
𝑑𝑣
+∫ 2 = − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − 2𝑦
𝑣 +1 (vi) + =0
1 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 − 𝑦
⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑣 2 + 1| + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣
2 𝑦
= − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐 𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 − 𝑥 2( ⁄𝑥) − 1
⇒ = = 𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥 ⁄𝑥 − 2
⇒ 𝑙𝑛 |√𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑐
𝑥 𝑦
Put = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑥
(v)Soln. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
⇒ =𝑣+𝑥
(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥3 + 𝑦3 𝑑𝑣 2𝑣 − 1
⇒ = 2 ∴𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑣−2
𝑦 3 𝑑𝑣 2𝑣 − 1 − 𝑣 2 − 2𝑣
1 + ( ⁄𝑥) ⇒𝑥 =
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑣−2
𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑣2 + 1
( ⁄𝑥) + ( ⁄𝑥)
=
𝑦 2−𝑣
Put = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑣−2 −1
𝑥 ⇒ 2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 +1 𝑥
⇒ =𝑣+𝑥 1 2𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣 3 2 𝑣 +1
∴𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 + 𝑣 2 −2 ∫ 2 = − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣 3 − 𝑣 2 − 𝑣 3 𝑣 +1
⇒𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2 + 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑣 2 + 1| − 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣
1 − 𝑣2 2
= 2 = − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑣 +𝑣
2
𝑣 +𝑣 −1 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑣 + 1| − 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣
2
⇒∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 | + 𝑐
𝑣 −1 𝑥
𝑣 𝑦
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 | − 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑐
𝑣−1 𝑥
1
⇒ ∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑣
𝑣−1
= − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐
⇒ 𝑣 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑣 − 1| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| = 𝑐

18
 UNIT-I
(vii)Soln.
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑦⁄ 𝑦
𝑥 (1 + ⁄𝑥)
= 𝑦
1 − ⁄𝑥
Put
y dy dv
= v  y = vx  =v+x
x dx dx
2
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 + 𝑣
∴𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑣2 − 𝑣 + 𝑣2
=
1−𝑣
𝑣−1 −1
⇒ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
2𝑣 2 𝑥
1 1
⇒ {∫ ( − 𝑣 −2 ) 𝑑𝑣}
2 𝑣
−1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1 1
⇒ (𝑙𝑛|𝑣| + ) = − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐
2 𝑣
𝑦 𝑥
⇒ 𝑙𝑛 | | + = − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 | + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑦
𝑥
⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑥𝑦| + = 𝑐
𝑦

3.Soln.
𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦) =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1/𝑥 2
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑦/𝑥

19
UNIT-I
Page 41 EXERCISE 1 2𝑉 + 4
⇒ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑉
2 𝑉 + 4𝑉 − 1
(i)_Soln. 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑋
= 𝑋
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 1
⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑉 2 + 4𝑉 − 1| + 𝑙𝑛 𝑋
Put → 𝑥 = 𝑋 + ℎ 2
and → 𝑦 = 𝑌 + 𝑘 =𝐶
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑌 ⇒ (𝑉 + 4𝑉 − 1)(𝑋 2 ) = 𝐶
2
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑋 𝑌2 𝑌
𝑑𝑌 𝑋 + ℎ − 2(𝑌 + 𝑘) + 5 ⇒ ( 2 + 4 − 1) (𝑋 2 ) = 𝐶
= 𝑋 𝑋
𝑑𝑋 2(𝑋 + ℎ) + 𝑌 + 𝑘 − 1 ⇒ 𝑌 2 + 4𝑋𝑌 − 𝑋 2 = 𝐶
Let → ℎ − 2𝑘 + 5 = 0 11 2
and → 2ℎ + 𝑘 − 1 = 0 ⇒ (𝑦 − )
5
−3 11 3
Then → ℎ = +4 (𝑦 − ) (𝑥 + )
5 5 5
11
and → 𝑘 = 3 2
5 − (𝑥 + ) = 0
3 5
∴ 𝑋 = 𝑥 + ⁄5 ⇒ 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦
𝑌 = 𝑦 − 11⁄5 4
−10𝑥 − = 0
5
𝑑𝑌 𝑋 − 2𝑌 1 − 2 𝑌⁄𝑋
Now, = =
𝑑𝑋 2𝑋 + 𝑌 2 + 𝑌⁄𝑋 (ii)_Soln.
𝑌 𝑑𝑦
Put → = 𝑉 (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5)
𝑋 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑌 = 𝑉𝑋 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5
𝑑𝑌 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5
⇒ =𝑉+𝑋 ⇒ =
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5
𝑑𝑌 1 − 2𝑉
∴𝑉+𝑋 = Put → 𝑥 = 𝑋 + ℎ
𝑑𝑋 2+𝑉 and → 𝑦 = 𝑌 + 𝑘
𝑑𝑉 1 − 2𝑉 − 2𝑉 − 𝑉 2
⇒𝑋 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑌
𝑑𝑋 2+𝑉 ∴ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑋
𝑉+2 −1
⇒ 2 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑌 3𝑋 + 2𝑌 + (3ℎ + 2𝑘 − 5)
𝑉 + 4𝑉 − 1 𝑋 =
𝑑𝑋 2𝑋 + 3𝑌 + (2ℎ + 3𝑘 − 5)
Let → 3ℎ + 2𝑘 − 5 = 0

20
 UNIT-I
and → 2𝑘 + 3𝑘 − 5 = 0 (iii)_Soln.
−1 (3𝑦 − 7𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥
Then → 𝑘 =
2 + (7𝑦 − 3𝑥
and → ℎ = 2 − 7)𝑑𝑦 = 0
∴𝑋 =𝑥−2 𝑑𝑦 3𝑦 − 7𝑥 − 3
1 ⇒ =
𝑌=𝑦+ 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 7
2 Put → 𝑥 = 𝑋 + ℎ
𝑑𝑌 3 + 2 𝑌⁄𝑋 and → 𝑦 = 𝑌 + 𝑘
Now, =
𝑑𝑋 2 + 3 𝑌⁄ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑌
𝑋 ∴ =
Put 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑌
Y dY dV ∴
= V  Y = VX  =V + X 𝑑𝑋
X dX dX 3𝑌 − 7𝑋 + (3𝑘 − 7ℎ − 3)
𝑑𝑉 3 + 2𝑉 =
∴𝑉+𝑋 = 3𝑋 − 7𝑌 + (3ℎ − 7𝑘 + 7)
𝑑𝑋 2 + 3𝑉 Let → 3𝑘 − 7ℎ − 3 = 0
𝑑𝑉 1 + 2𝑉 − 2𝑉 − 3𝑉 2
⇒𝑋 = and → 3ℎ − 7𝑘 + 7 = 0
𝑑𝑋 2 + 3𝑉
3𝑉 + 2 −1 Then → ℎ = 0 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝑥
⇒∫ 2 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑑𝑋 and → 𝑘 = 1 ⇒ 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 1
3𝑉 − 3 𝑋
1 6𝑉 𝑑𝑌 3 𝑌⁄𝑋 − 7
⇒ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑉 ∴ =
2 3𝑉 − 3 𝑑𝑋 3 − 7 𝑌⁄
𝑋
𝑑𝑉 𝑌
+ 2∫ 2 Put = 𝑉 ⇒ 𝑌 = 𝑉𝑋
3𝑉 − 3 𝑋
= − 𝑙𝑛|𝑋| + 𝐶 𝑑𝑌 𝑑𝑉
1 1 𝑉−1 ⇒ =𝑉+𝑋
⇒ 𝑙𝑛|3𝑉 2 − 3| + 𝑙𝑛 | | 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋
2 3 𝑉+1 𝑑𝑉 3𝑉 − 7
+ 𝑙𝑛|𝑋| = 𝑙𝑛|𝐶| ∴𝑉+𝑋 =
𝑑𝑋 3 − 7𝑉
𝑌−𝑋 𝑑𝑉 3𝑉 − 7 − 3𝑉 + 7𝑉 2
⇒ (3𝑌 2 − 3𝑋 2 )3 ( )=𝐶 ⇒𝑋 =
𝑌+𝑋 𝑑𝑋 −7𝑉 + 3
⇒ (3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑥 7𝑉 − 3 −1
⇒ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑋
3 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 5 7𝑉 2 − 7 𝑋
− 45⁄4) ( ) 1 2𝑉 3 𝑑𝑉
2𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 3 ⇒ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑉 − ∫ 2
2 𝑉 −1 7 𝑉 −1
−1
=∫ 𝑑𝑋
𝑋

21
UNIT-I
3 𝑉−1
⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑉 2 − 1| − 𝑙𝑛 | |
7 𝑉+1
= − 𝑙𝑛|𝑋 2 | + 𝑙𝑛|𝐶|
⇒ (𝑉 2 − 1)7 (𝑉 + 1)3
𝐶(𝑉 − 1)3
=
𝑋14
5
⇒ (𝑌 − 𝑋)(𝑌 + 𝑋)2 = 𝐶
5
⇒ (𝑦 − 𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 + 𝑥 − 1)2 = 𝐶

(iv) Similar to Example -2

[Page-39]

22
 UNIT-I
First Order Linear Differential Page 50 EXERCISES
Equations
1. Solve the following
A first order differential equation 𝑑𝑦
is said to be linear when the i) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 . 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
dependent variable and its 𝑑𝑥
derivatives occur only in first I. F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
degree and no product of these
occur. ∴Required equation is
The general form of linear 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)
differential equation is
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 ← (𝑖) = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
where 𝑃 and 𝑄 are functions of 𝑥
only or constant. ⇒ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)
Integrating Factor: A differential = ∫ (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
equation which is not integrable
may become integrable when it is ⇒ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)
multiplied by a function. Such a
function is called Integrating = ∫ (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 −
Factor (I.F.) 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
The general solution of equation ⇒ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)
(𝑖) is given by
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦 × 𝐼𝐹 = ∫(𝑄 × 𝐼. 𝐹. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

where 𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 and 𝐶 is 𝑑𝑦

ii) 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
constant of integration.
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2
⇒ + =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑥
1
∫ 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥𝑑𝑥
I. F. = 𝑒

23
UNIT-I 1
Put 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑢 so that 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 1
∫ ( 2 −𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∴ I. F. = 𝑒 𝑥 −1
2 −1|−ln|𝑥|
1 = 𝑒 ln|𝑥
∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢
∴ I. F. = 𝑒 = 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
𝑥 2 −1
𝑥2 − 1
ln| |
=𝑒 𝑥 =
∴ Required equation is 𝑥
∴Required equation is
2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥
𝑥2 − 1 1 𝑥2 − 1
1 𝑦= ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Put 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑢 so that 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥2 − 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑦( ) = ∫ ( − 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢2 + 𝐶 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑥2 − 1 1
⇒ 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)2 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑦( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 2 + 𝐶
𝑥 2𝑥

𝑑𝑦
iii) 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦 𝑑𝑦
iv) (𝑥 + 2𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦
= (𝑥 2 − 1)
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 1 1
⇒ + 3 𝑦= 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥 2 ⇒ =
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑦 3
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
I. F. = 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑥 =𝑒 𝑥(𝑥 2 −1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2
𝑥 +1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 ⇒ = + 2𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Let 2
= + 2
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2 2 ⇒ − = 2𝑦 2
⇒ 𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
+(𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)𝑥 1 1
∫ −𝑦𝑑𝑦
I. F. = 𝑒 =
𝑦
as 𝑥 = 0, 𝐴 = −1
∴Required equation is
as 𝑥 = 1 and as 𝑥 = −1,
1
𝐵 = 2 and 𝐶 = 0 𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑦

24
 UNIT-I
𝑥 ∴Required equation is
⇒ = 𝑦2 + 𝐶
𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
v) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥(− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)
+ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
⇒ + 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = −𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
I. F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥| = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥

∴Required equation is 𝑑𝑦
vii) (𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 1
𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑦 1 − 2𝑥𝑦
⇒ = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −1
= ∫ (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦 1 2𝑥
Put 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑢 so that ⇒ = 2 − 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 1
⇒ + 2 𝑦= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 −1
∴ 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = ∫ (1 + 𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢 + 𝐶
2𝑥
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑢3 I. F. = 𝑒 𝑥 −1 = 𝑥2 − 1
⇒ 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑢 + +𝐶
3

𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + +𝐶 ∴Required equation is
3

𝑦(𝑥 2 − 1) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
𝑣𝑖) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦(𝑥 2 − 1) = 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
⇒ + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑑𝑥
I. F. = 𝑒 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

25
UNIT-I
1 2𝑥 1
∫ −2 2 𝑑𝑥 ln| |
𝑑𝑦 I. F. = 𝑒 𝑥 +1 =𝑒 √𝑥 2 +1
3
viii) + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1
=
2
I. F. = 𝑒 ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
3 √𝑥 2 + 1
∴Required equation is
∴ Required equation is
3 3
𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
1
𝑦
3
Put 𝑥 = 𝑢 so that 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 + 1
1
3 𝑒 2𝑢 𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1)√𝑥 2 + 1
∴𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 + 𝐶
3
1 𝑢𝑒 2𝑢 𝑒 2𝑢 Put 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡 so that
= ( − ∫ 𝑑𝑢) + 𝐶
3 2 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1 𝑒 2𝑢 𝑦
= (𝑢𝑒 2𝑢 − )+𝐶 ∴
6 2 √𝑥 2 + 1
3 3
𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
= − +𝐶 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑡)
6 12 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑡)√1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑟

𝑦 1
𝑑𝑦 ⇒ = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
2. (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥𝑦 √𝑥 2 + 1 √𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡
1
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑥𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 ⇒ = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
⇒ = 2 + 2 𝑦 √𝑥 2 + 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1
⇒ − 2 𝑦= 2 𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 +1 ⇒ = +𝐶
√𝑥 2 + 1 √𝑥 2 + 1

⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶 √𝑥 2 + 1

26
 UNIT-I
𝑥
∴ 1 = 𝑢𝑒 −𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑢 + 𝐶
1 𝑑𝑦
𝟑. Solve ∶ 𝑦 2 + (𝑥 − ) =0 𝑒𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 1
1 𝑑𝑦 ⇒𝑥= + 1 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑦
⇒ (𝑥 − ) = −𝑦 2 𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦2
⇒ =−
𝑑𝑥 1 4. Solve the following differential
𝑥−𝑦
equations: -
𝑑𝑦 𝑦3 𝑑𝑦
i) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
1
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥𝑦
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 I. F. = 𝑒 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
⇒ = 3− 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 ∴Required equation is
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1
⇒ + 2= 3 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
1 1
∫ 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
I. F. = 𝑒 𝑦 =𝑒 𝑦

∴Required equation is
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 −
1 1 ii) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
= ∫𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 𝑦3
𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 1 − 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
Put = 𝑢 so that 𝑑𝑢 = − 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 ∫ − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑑𝑥
I. F. = 𝑒
1
−
𝑥 𝑒 𝑦1
∴ = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑦 1
1 𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑒 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥| =
𝑒𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
= ∫ −𝑒 −𝑢 𝑢𝑑𝑢
∴Required equation is

27
UNIT-I
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 1 iv) 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 𝑥 2
= ∫ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 3
+𝐶 ⇒ = 𝑦=𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
⇒ = ∫ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 3
∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 I. F. = 𝑒 =
𝑥3
𝑦
⇒ = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 ∴Required equation is
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥3
𝑦 1
⇒ 3 =− +𝐶
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
iii) + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 3
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑑𝑥
I. F. = 𝑒 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

∴Required equation is 𝑑𝑦 4𝑥
𝑣) + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑑𝑥
I. F. = 𝑒 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Put 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑢 ∴Required equation is
so that 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶

𝜋
2 2 At 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 0,
𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑢3 + 𝐶 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 + 𝐶
3 3
𝜋2 𝜋2
2 𝐶 0= +𝐶 ⇒𝐶 =−
𝑦= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 8 8
3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝜋2 2
∴ 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 2𝑥 −
8

28
 UNIT-I
𝑑𝑦 Page 51
vi) − 3𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝐔𝐍𝐈𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐘 𝐐𝐔𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒
∫ −3 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
I. F. = 𝑒 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 5. One of the integrating factors of
the equation
∴Required equation is 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 3𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦 is
𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (a) 𝑒 𝑥 (b) 𝑒 𝑦 (c ) 𝑦 2 (d) 𝑦 −2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
No Correct Solution
𝑦 2
⇒ =− +𝐶
3
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 3𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦
𝜋 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
At 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 2, ⇒ = 3𝑦 2 +
2 𝑑𝑦 𝑦

2 = −2 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
⇒ − = 3𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 2 1 1
∫ −𝑦𝑑𝑦
∴ = − +4 I. F. = 𝑒 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑦

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 1 𝟔. 𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 = 3
𝑣𝑖𝑖) + 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑒 −𝑥 3
2𝑥 ⇒ + 𝑦=
I. F. = 𝑒
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +1 = 𝑥2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
The above equation is linear
∴Required equation is
1 differential of the form
𝑦(𝑥 2 + 1) = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 +1 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄,
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑦(𝑥 2 + 1) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐶 where 𝑃 and 𝑄 are functions of 𝑥
only.
At 𝑥 = 1 & 𝑦 = 0,
Hence, the 𝐷. 𝐸. is linear. TRUE
−1
𝜋
0 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 1+𝐶 ⇒𝐶 =−
4

29
UNIT-I

𝑑𝑦
𝟕. + 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The above equation cannot be put
in the form
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑥
∴ The 𝐷. 𝐸. is not linear. FALSE

30
 UNIT-I
Bernoulli’s Equation Page 55 EXERCISES

An equation of the form 1. Solve the following:

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄𝑦 𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥 i) + =
where 𝑃 and 𝑄 are functions of 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦 1 −2 1
only or constant and 𝑛 is a ⇒ 𝑦 −3 + 𝑦 = 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
constant except 0 is called
Bernoulli’s Equation. Put 𝑦 −2 = 𝑢 so that

Working Rule: - 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑦 −3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1. Divide all the terms by 𝑦 𝑛 . Then 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
the equation becomes ⇒− = 𝑦 −3
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −𝑛 + 𝑃𝑦 1−𝑛 = 𝑄 1 𝑑𝑢 1 1
𝑑𝑥 ∴− + 𝑢= 3
2. Put 𝑧 = 𝑦 1−𝑛 . Then 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= (1 − 𝑛)𝑦 −𝑛 𝑑𝑢 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ − 𝑢=− 3
Therefore 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 2 1
= 𝑦 −𝑛 I. F. = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −2 log|𝑥| =
1 − 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
3. Substituting the values of 𝑧 and ∴Required equation is
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −𝑛 𝑑𝑥 in the given equation we
get 𝑢 2
1 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
+ 𝑃𝑧 = 𝑄 𝑥2 𝑥5
1 − 𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 1 𝑥 −4
⇒ + (1 − 𝑛)𝑃𝑧 ⇒ 2 2 = −2 +𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 −4
= 𝑄(1 − 𝑛)
1 1 1
which is linear in 𝑧 and can be ⇒ = +𝐶
𝑥2𝑦2 2 𝑥4
solved by method of linear
differential equation. 1 1 1
⇒ 2
= + 𝐶𝑥 2
𝑦 2 𝑥2

31
UNIT-I
2
𝑒 −2𝑥 1 2
𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 2
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
ii) + 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
1 1 2
𝑑𝑦 ⇒ = + 𝐶𝑒 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 −3 + 2𝑥𝑦 −2 = 𝑥 𝑦 2 2
𝑑𝑥
Put 𝑦 −2 = 𝑢 so that

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 iii)(𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
= −2𝑦 −3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1
⇒ = 2 3
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦
⇒− + 2𝑥𝑢 = 𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 3
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
⇒ − 4𝑥𝑢 = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
− ∫ 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 −2𝑥 2
⇒ − 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 =𝑒 𝑑𝑦

∴Required equation is 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 −2 − 𝑦𝑥 −1 = 𝑦 3
𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑢 = ∫ −2𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑧 1 𝑑𝑥
Put 𝑧 = 𝑥 −1 so that =− 2
2 1 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑢 = ∫ −4𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑧
+𝐶 ⇒ + 𝑦𝑧 = −𝑦 3
𝑑𝑦
2
Put 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑎 so that 𝑦2
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦
2
I. F. = 𝑒 = 𝑒2
𝑑𝑎 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (−4𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∴Required equation is
2 1
⇒ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑎 + 𝐶
2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑦2
𝑧𝑒 2 = − ∫ 𝑒 2 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
2
2 1
⇒ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑎+𝐶
2 𝑦2
Put = 𝑢 so that 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑦𝑑𝑦
2

32
 UNIT-I
𝑦2 𝑦2
𝑒 𝑣
⇒ 𝑧𝑒 2 = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 . 𝑢. 2𝑑𝑢 + 𝐶 ⇒ = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 + 𝐶
𝑥 2
𝑦2
𝑒2 2
⇒ = −2(𝑢𝑒 𝑢 − 𝑒 𝑢 ) + 𝐶 𝑒𝑦 1
𝑥 ⇒ = − (𝑣𝑒 𝑣 − 𝑒 𝑣 ) + 𝐶
𝑥 2
1 −𝑦 2
⇒ = 2 − 2𝑢 + 𝐶𝑒 2 1 𝑣 1 2
𝑥 ⇒ = − + + 𝐶𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥 2 2
1 −𝑦 2
⇒ = 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑒 2 1 𝑦2 1 2
𝑥 ⇒ = − + + 𝐶𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥 2 2

iv) (𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
v) − 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
⇒ = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 −1
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 −2 − 𝑦 =𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⇒ − 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 Put 𝑦 −1 = 𝑢 so that = −𝑦 −2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 −2 − 2𝑥 −1 𝑦 = 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑢 1
𝑑𝑦 ∴ + 𝑢 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Put 𝑥 −1 = 𝑢 so that − = 𝑥 −2 1
∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 I. F. = 𝑒 =𝑥

𝑑𝑢 ∴Required equation is
⇒ + 2𝑦𝑢 = −𝑦 3
𝑑𝑦
𝑢𝑥 = ∫ −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 2
∴ I. F. = 𝑒 = 𝑒𝑦
𝑥 𝑥3
=− +𝐶
∴Required equation is 𝑦 3

𝑦2 𝑦2
𝑦2
𝑢𝑒 = −∫ 𝑒 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
2

Put 𝑦 2 = 𝑣 so that 𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦

33
UNIT-I
𝑑𝑦 1
vi) + 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦4 𝑑𝑢 2
𝑑𝑥 3 ∴ − 𝑢 = −2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 −3
⇒ 𝑦 −4 + 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 2 1
𝑑𝑥 3 I. F. = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −2 log|𝑥| =
𝑥2
Put 𝑦 −3 = 𝑢 so that ∴Required equation is

1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
− = 𝑦 −4 1 2
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = ∫ − 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
∴ − 𝑢 = −3𝑒 𝑥 1 2
𝑑𝑥 ⇒ = +𝐶
𝑥2𝑦2 𝑥
∫ −𝑑𝑥
I. F. = 𝑒 = 𝑒 −𝑥

∴Required equation is
𝑑𝑦 2
viii) + 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 . 𝑦 2
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑢 = − ∫ 3𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 −1
⇒ 𝑦 −2 + 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 . 𝑦 2
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
⇒ = −3𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦3 Put 𝑦 −2 = 𝑢 so that

1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
− = 𝑦 −2
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
vii)𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 4
⇒ − 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
⇒ + = 𝑦3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 4 1
∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥
−2 I. F. = 𝑒 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥4
⇒ 𝑦 −3 + =1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ∴Required equation is
−2
Put 𝑦 = 𝑢 so that 𝑢
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑥4
− = 𝑦 −3
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

34
 UNIT-I
1
⇒ 4 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 − = 𝑦 −3
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 2
⇒ + 2𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = −
𝑑𝑦 (4𝑥 + 5)2 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
ix) + 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (4𝑥+5)2
⇒ 2𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 −2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = ∴Required equation is
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

Put 𝑦 −2 = 𝑢 so that 2
𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = ∫ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑦 −3 =−
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
⇒ = ∫ −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑢 (4𝑥 + 5)2 𝑦2
∴ − 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = − = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
∫ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
I. F. = 𝑒 ⇒ = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦2
= 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

∴Required equation is 𝑑𝑦
𝑥) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = − ∫ (4𝑥 + 5)2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
⇒ + = 𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (4𝑥 + 5) 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
⇒ = − +𝐶
𝑦2 12 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 −1
⇒ 𝑦 −2 + = 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦3 Put 𝑦 −1 = 𝑢 so that − = 𝑦 −2
xi) = 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
−3
𝑑𝑦 1 ⇒ − = −𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
⇒𝑦 − 𝑦 −2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
1
∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥 1
Put 𝑦 −2 = 𝑢 so that I. F. = 𝑒 =
𝑥

35
UNIT-I
∴Required equation is
𝑧 𝑢
⇒ = ∫ − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 𝐶
1 𝑥 𝑒
𝑢 = ∫ − 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥
1
⇒ = ∫ −𝑒 −𝑢 𝑢𝑑𝑢 + 𝐶
1 𝑥𝑦
⇒ = 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥𝑦
1
⇒ = − [𝑢(−𝑒 −𝑢 )
𝑥𝑦

2. Solve the following: − ∫ (−𝑒 −𝑢 )𝑑𝑢] + 𝐶

𝑑𝑦
i)𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 2
⇒ + = 𝑦 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑒 − log 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑒 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 −1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 −2 + = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
Put 𝑦 −1 = 𝑧 so that = −𝑦 −2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑧 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ii) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥𝑦
⇒ − 𝑧=− 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1
∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥 1 ⇒ = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥𝑦
∴ I. F. is 𝑒 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴Required equation is ⇒ + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑧 = ∫ − 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑦 −3 + 𝑥𝑦 −2 = 𝑥 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Put 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 Put 𝑦 −2 = 𝑧 so that

1 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑦 −3
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

36
 UNIT-I
1 𝑑𝑧
⇒− + 𝑥𝑧 = 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑢 1
2 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ − 𝑢 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑧
⇒ − 2𝑥𝑧 = −2𝑥 3 1 1
𝑑𝑥 ∴ I. F. is 𝑒 ∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥
=
𝑥
∫ −2𝑥𝑑𝑥 2
∴ I. F. = 𝑒 = 𝑒 −𝑥
∴Required equation is
∴Required equation is 𝑢
= − ∫ 𝑑𝑢 + 𝐶
2 2 𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑧 = ∫ −𝑒 −𝑥 2𝑥. 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
−𝑥 2 −𝑥 2 2 (−2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⇒ = −𝑥 + 𝐶
⇒𝑒 𝑧 = ∫𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑦

Put − 𝑥 2 = 𝑢 so that 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

iv)(𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑦2
2 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑧 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑢𝑑𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2
⇒ =
2 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑢𝑒 𝑢 − 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2
⇒ = −
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 2
1 2
⇒ = − 𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 1 1
⇒ − 𝑥 = − 2 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

𝑑𝑥 1 −1 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 −2 − 𝑥 =− 2
iii) + = 𝑦2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
⇒ Put 𝑥 −1 = 𝑢
−2
𝑑𝑦 1 −1
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑦 =𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = −𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Put 𝑦 −1 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ + 𝑢= 2
= −𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

37
UNIT-I
1 1
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦
∴ I. F. = 𝑒 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 vi) + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
∴Required equation is 1 𝑑𝑦
⇒ + 2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
𝑢 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 3 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
1 −1 𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 2+𝐶
𝑥𝑦 2𝑦 Put 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑢
1 1 𝑑𝑢
⇒ =− + 𝐶𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑢 = 𝑥 3
𝑥 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 2
∴ I. F. is 𝑒 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑦
v) + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ∴Required equation is
𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 2
−2
𝑑𝑦 𝑢𝑒 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦 + 𝑦 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 2 𝑥2
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑒 = ∫ 𝑒𝑥 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 2
⇒ Put 𝑦 −1 = 𝑧 ⇒ = −𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Put 𝑥 2 = 𝑣 so that 𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
⇒ − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑧 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 ∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑣 𝑣𝑑𝑣 + 𝐶

∫ − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1 = 𝑣𝑒 𝑣 − 𝑒 𝑣 + 𝐶
∴ I. F. = 𝑒 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2
∴ Required equation is ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑥

𝑧
= ∫ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

1
⇒ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

38
 UNIT-I
Put 𝑦 −1 = 𝑧 so that
𝑑𝑦 2
vii)𝑥𝑦 − = 𝑦 3 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
− = 𝑦 −2
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ − 𝑥𝑦 = −𝑦 3 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑧
𝑑𝑦 ∴− + = 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 −3 − 𝑥𝑦 −2 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 𝑧
Put 𝑦 −2 = 𝑧 ⇒ − == 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
so that − = 𝑦 −3 1 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 I. F. = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑥 =
𝑥
∴Required equation is
1 𝑑𝑧 2
∴− − 𝑥𝑧 = −𝑒 −𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑧
= ∫ −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 2
𝑥
⇒ + 2𝑥𝑧 = 2𝑒 −𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 ⇒ = −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥𝑦
∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 2
I. F. = 𝑒 = 𝑒𝑥

∴Required equation is
Page 56
𝑥2 −𝑥 2 𝑥2
𝑧𝑒 = ∫ 2𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS

2 1. The integrating factor of the

⇒ 𝑧𝑒 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝐶
equation
2
𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2 = 2𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑦 2 ( ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 is (𝑎) 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Given equation is
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
viii) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑦2 ( ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
⇒ 𝑦 −2 + 𝑦 −1 = 𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 Put 𝑦 3 = 𝑢 so that 3𝑦 2 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

39
UNIT-I

1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
∴ =𝑥+𝑢 ⇒ − 3𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄𝑦 𝑛 0
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

I. F. = 𝑒 −3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 can be reduced to linear form.

(see page no. 51)

2. The integrating factor of the

equation
5. The differential equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄𝑦 𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
is (𝑐) 𝑒 𝑥 can be reduced to Bernoulli’s form
equation of linear
The given equation can be written
as, TRUE (same as previous one)
𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
5.The equation
Put 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
+ 𝑦 = 𝑦2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
so that 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 = is reducible to linear form.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 TRUE The given equation
∴ + 2𝑥𝑢 = 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2
⇒ I. F. = 𝑒 ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 can be written in the form
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑛
𝑑𝑥
which is reducible to linear form.
3. Any differential equation in the
Bernoulli’s form can be reduced to
an equation in linear form.

TRUE Any equation in the form

40
 UNIT-I
6.Reduced the following equation
to a linear differential equation 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Put 𝑦 −1 = 𝑢 so that − = 𝑦 −2
and solve it: 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
+ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 ∴ − −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2
The given equation can be written
which is linear in 𝑢
as
1 1
𝑑𝑦 I. F. = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∴Required equation is
2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
Put 𝑦 = 𝑢 so that 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 1
= ∫ − 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑥 𝑥
∴ + 𝑥𝑢 = 𝑥 ⇒ + 2𝑥𝑢 = 2𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 1
⇒ = 2+𝐶
Which is linear in 𝑢. 𝑥𝑦 2𝑥

∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 2
I. F. = 𝑒 = 𝑒𝑥

∴Required equation is 8. Reduce the equation

𝑑𝑦 1
𝑥2
𝑒 𝑢 = ∫𝑒 𝑥2
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥2
+𝐶 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

2 2 to a linear differential equation

⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦2 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 and solve it.

(same as example no. 4, page 54)

7. Reduce the following equation
to a linear differential equation
and solve it: 9. Reduce the equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 2 (𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦
+ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 to a linear differential equation
and solve it.
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 −1 1
⇒ 𝑦 −2 + = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 (same as example no. 1, page 52)

41
UNIT-I

10. Solve:
(𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥

(same as question no. 1 (iv),

page55)

11. Solve:
𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2
⇒ − 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
⇒ 𝑦 −2 − 𝑦 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
Put 𝑦 −1 = 𝑧 so that − = 𝑦 −2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 1
∴ + 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑑𝑥
I. F. = 𝑒 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

Required equation is

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
⇒ =𝑥+𝐶
𝑦

42
 UNIT-I
Exact Differential Equation Page 61 EXERCISE

If 𝑀 and 𝑁 are functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦, Solve the following:

the equation 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 is
called exact when ∃ a 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) of 𝑥 i) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
and 𝑦 such that =0
The equation is of the form
𝑑[𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)] = 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 , i.e. 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑓 𝜕𝑃
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑦

Working Rule: - 𝜕𝑄
and = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑥
1. Compare the given differential
equation with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
⇒ =
and find out 𝑀 and 𝑁. Then find 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
out 𝜕𝑦 and 𝜕𝑥 .
So, the equation is exact.
If
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 ∴Required equation is
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
we conclude that the given 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 0𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
equation is exact.
2. The solution of the exact ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝐶
equation
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 is given by
ii) (𝑥 4 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑀(𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) 𝑑𝑥 −(2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

+ ∫(𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 ⇒ (𝑥 4 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑥

=𝐶
+(4𝑥𝑦 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑃
= −4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 3
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑄
and = −4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 3
𝜕𝑥

43
UNIT-I
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝑎2 (𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥)
⇒ = iv) 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

So, the equation is exact. ⇒ ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦

∴Required equation is 𝑦
= 𝑎2 ∫ 𝑑 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 )
𝑥
2 2
∫ (𝑥 4 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
⇒ + = 𝑎2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝐶
2 2 𝑥
+ ∫ (− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 (see page no. 65, some useful
𝒚
𝑥5 differentials for 𝒅 (𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙))
⇒ − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 = 𝐶
5

v)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦

iii)𝑥𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 0
=0
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
= 1 and =1⇒ = = −2𝑥 − 2𝑦,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑄
So, the equation is exact. = −2(𝑥 + 𝑦) = −2𝑥 − 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥
∴Required equation is 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
⇒ =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 0𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
So, the equation is exact
2 ∴ Required equation is
𝑥
⇒ + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶
2

∫ (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥

+ ∫ −𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑥3 𝑦3
⇒ − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − =𝐶
3 3

44
 UNIT-I
𝑑𝑦
vi) (𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑥)𝑑𝑦 ii) 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
=0 ⇒ (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
= −𝑎, = −𝑎 ⇒ = 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = 2𝑦, = 2𝑦 ⇒ =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
So, the equation is exact.
So, the equation is exact.
∴ Required equation is ∴ Required equation is

∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 ∫ (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 0𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

⇒ 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝐶
𝑥3 𝑦3
− 𝑎𝑥𝑦 + =𝐶
3 3

iii)2(𝑦 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2(𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦

=0
Page 66 EXERCISE
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
1. Solve the following: = 2𝑒 𝑥 , = 2𝑒 𝑥 ⇒ =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
1 𝑦
i) 𝑑𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0 So, the equation is exact.
𝑥 𝑥
∴ Required equation is
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥
⇒ =0
𝑥2
∫ 2(𝑦 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ −4𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑦
⇒ 𝑑( ) = 0
𝑥
⇒ 2(𝑦 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 = 𝐶
On integrating, we have
𝑦
⇒ ∫ 𝑑( ) = 𝐶 iv) (2𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦
𝑥
=0
𝑦
⇒ = 𝐶 or 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
𝑥 = 2𝑥, = 2𝑥 ⇒ =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

45
UNIT-I
So, the equation is exact. ∴ Required equation is

∴ Required equation is
∫ (𝑒 4𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

∫ (2𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 =𝐶

𝑒 4𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 4 = 𝐶 ⇒ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = 𝐶
4

𝑑𝑦
v)(8𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥 vii)(3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
+(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 4𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (8𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
=0 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 , = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
= −2𝑥𝑦, = −2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 ⇒ =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
⇒ =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
So, the equation is exact.
So, the equation is exact. ∴Required equation is .
∴ Required equation is
∫ (3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 8𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 + ∫ −4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑥2 𝑥2𝑦2 ⇒ 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑦 4 = 𝐶
⇒ − + 4𝑦 2 = 𝐶
2 2

𝑥2
vi) (𝑒 4𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 viii) 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
2(1 + 𝑦 2 )
+(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 =0

𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝑥 𝜕𝑄 𝑥
= 4𝑥𝑦, = 4𝑥𝑦 ⇒ = = , =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 1 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 1 + 𝑦 2
2

So, the equation is exact.

46
 UNIT-I
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = x) (2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥

So, the equation is exact = 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2

∴ Required equation is
⇒ (2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 0𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 +(3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑃
𝑥2 = −6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦,
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝐶 𝜕𝑦
2
𝜕𝑄
= 6𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 2
𝜕𝑥
ix)(2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
⇒ =
+(𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 So, the equation is exact.

= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 , = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ∴Required equation is
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 ∫ (2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥

⇒ =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
+ ∫ −𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
So, the equation is exact.
∴ Required equation is
𝑥4 3 𝑦4
∫ (2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 ⇒ − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − =𝐶
2 2 4

2
𝑥3𝑦3
⇒𝑥 + + 𝑦4 = 𝐶
3

47
UNIT-I
Page 67 𝑥2
b) 2𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is an
𝑦
UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS exact differential equation.

1. The integrating factor of the 𝜕𝑃 2𝑥 2 𝜕𝑄 2𝑥 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄

= , = ⇒ ≠
equation 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 is 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
1
(b) 2 ∴ 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 Hence, FALSE
𝑥
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
Here, = −1, =1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
c) The differential equation
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 (2𝑥 3 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦
∴ =−
𝑄 𝑥 is exact
2
∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥 1 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
⇒ I. F. = 𝑒 = = 4, =4⇒ =
𝑥2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

∴ 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 Hence, TRUE

2. State TRUE or FALSE in the
following with justification:
d) The differential equation
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
a)𝑒 𝑥 is an integrating factor for the
is exact.
differential equation
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
= 1, = −1 ⇒ ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 ∴ 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 Hence, FALSE
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 , =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 1
= =1 e) is an integrating factor of the
𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑥3
equation.
𝑥
⇒ I. F. = 𝑒 ∴ 𝐓𝐑𝐔𝐄
(𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0.

48
 UNIT-I
Multiplying the given equation by g) The equation
1
, we get 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact.
𝑥3

(𝑥 + 2𝑦) 1 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 = 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦 , = 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦
𝑥 3 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑃 2 𝜕𝑄 2 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
= 3, = 3 ⇒ = (Exact)
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 ∴ TRUE
⇒ = (Exact)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
1 1
∴ TRUE, i.e., I. F. = 𝑥 3 h) is an integrating factor of the
𝑥2
equation 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
1 = 1, = −1
f) is an integrating factor of the 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑥2
equation
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
−
𝑥2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 1 + 1 2
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑦 2) = 0 ⇒ = =−
𝑄 −𝑥 𝑥
1 2
1
Multiplying the equation by , we ∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 I.F.=𝑒 = TRUE
𝑥2
get

𝑦 1 1 i) The equation
2
𝑑𝑥 + (− − 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 3𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
is exact.
𝜕𝑃 1 𝜕𝑄 1
⇒ = 2, = 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
= −3𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦 , = 3𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
⇒ = (Exact)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
⇒ ≠
1 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
∴ TRUE, i.e., I.F.=
𝑥2
Hence, FALSE

49
UNIT-I
3. Reduce the following equation 6. Show that the equation
to exact form and solve it
(𝑥 4 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
−(2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
(same as example 2, page 62)
is exact and also solve it.

(same as exercise no. (ii) page 61)

4. Solve:
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
(1 + 3𝑒 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑦 (1 − ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦
=0
(same as example 4, page 59)

5. Show that
(𝑦 − 2𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥(1 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
become exact on multiplication by
1
and solve it.
𝑥2
1
Multiplying both sides by , we
𝑥2
get
𝑦 1
( 2 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + (− + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝑃 1 𝜕𝑄 1 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
= 2, = 2⇒ =
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

∴ Exact.
So, the required equation is
𝑦
∫ ( 2 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥
𝑦 𝑦2
⇒ − − 𝑥2 + =𝐶
𝑥 2

50
 UNIT-I
Page 68 origin and whose centre lie on 𝑦-
axis is
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
𝑑𝑦
(A) (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 0
1. The order and degree of the
following differential equation (same as example 4, page 6)
3
2 2 2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= {1 + ( ) } is
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝟒. The differential equation of the
family of curves 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥)
(A) 2,2 On squaring both sides,
we have 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(B) − 6 𝑑𝑥 + 9𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
2 3
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
( 2 ) = {1 + ( ) } (same as example 14, page 10)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Clearly, order=2, degree=2

5. The differential equation of the
family of curves
2. The degree and order of the
following equation 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐 + 𝑐 2 , where 𝑐 is
2
arbitrary constant is
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑3𝑦
(1 + 3 ) = 4 3 is 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝐀) =𝑥 − +( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(D) 3,3 On cubing both sides,
we have (same as example 1. iii) Page 13)
3
𝑑𝑦 2 3
𝑑3 𝑦
(1 + 3 ) = 4 ( 3 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6. The differential equation
Clearly, order=3, degree=3 obtained on eliminating
𝐴 and 𝐵 from
𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
is
3. The differential equation of all (D) 𝑦 ′′ = −𝜔2 𝑦
circles which passes through the
(same as example 16, page 12)

51
UNIT-I
7. A solution to the differential (same as example 12, page 21)
equation
11. The general solution of the
𝑑𝑦 differential equation
= 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1 + 𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 is
(A) 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦
𝑥+𝑦
(same as example 4, page 17) (C) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2
)=𝑥+𝑐

(same as example 1, page 26)

8. The solution of the differential
equation
12. Which of the following is not a
𝑑𝑦 homogeneous differential
𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
𝑑𝑥 equation?
(B) 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑒 −𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 0 𝑑𝑦 1
(D) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2+𝑥𝑦
(same as example 5, page 18)
𝑑𝑦 1
Here, = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦
9. The general solution of the
differential equation 1
2 𝑦
= 𝑥 𝑦 ≠ 𝑓( )
𝑥(1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 1+𝑥 𝑥

(B) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 3 = 1
13. The solution of the differential
(same as example 11, page 21)
equation
𝑦
10. Solution of the differential 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 ∅ ((𝑥))
= + is,
equation is 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ∅′ (𝑦)
𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑦
(A) ∅ (𝑥 ) = 𝑘𝑥
(𝐃) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝐾
(same as example 4, page 32)

52
 UNIT-I
14. The solution of the differential (C) (𝑥 − 𝐶)𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 = 1
equation
(same as example 5, page 54)
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 ( ) = 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) 𝑖𝑠
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
18. The solution of the differential
𝑦 equation
(C) 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 ) = 𝑐1
(𝑒 𝑦 + 1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(same as example 6, page 34)
=0
(D) (𝑒 𝑦 + 1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑐
15. The integrating factor of the (same as example 3, page 59)
differential equation
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥) + 𝑦 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
is given by 19. The integrating factor of the
equation
(B) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 2 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 is
(same as example 4, page 44)
(A) 𝑒 −3𝑥

16. The solution of the differential (same as example 3, page 63)

equation
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 + 2𝑦 3 ) = 𝑦 is 20. The solution of the differential
𝑑𝑥
equation
(C) 𝑥 = 𝑦 3 + 𝑐𝑦
𝑥𝑑𝑦−𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + =0
(same as example 14, page 48) 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

1 1 𝑦
(B) 2 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑦 2 + tan−1 𝑥 = 𝑐

17. The solution of the differential (same as example 6, page 65)

equation
𝑑𝑦
+ 1 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 is
𝑑𝑥

53
UNIT-I
21. The integrating factor of the On integration, we have
equation
1
⇒− = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 is 𝑥𝑦
1 1
(B) ⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| − =𝐶
𝑥2 𝑥𝑦
(same as example 5, page 64)
𝟐𝟒. Integrating factor of

22. The integrating factor of the 𝑑𝑦 𝑦

+ = 𝑥 3 − 3 𝑖𝑠
differential equation 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
(𝐀) 𝑥
𝑥2
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑦 2) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1
1
(D) Here, 𝑃 = and 𝑄 = 𝑥 3 − 3
𝑥2 𝑥
1
(same as Q.2.(f), page 67) I. F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥

23. The solution of the equation 25. The integrating factor of the
differential equation
𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 is 𝑑𝑦 1+𝑦
+𝑦 = is
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
(A) 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| − 𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶 𝑒𝑥
(B)
𝑥
2
𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1+𝑦
+𝑦 =
⇒ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) = −𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑(𝑥𝑦) 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 1
⇒ = − 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ +𝑦− =
2
𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
1 1 ⇒ + 𝑦 (1 − ) =
⇒ 𝑑 (− ) = − 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥𝑦 𝑥

54
 UNIT-I
1
∫ (1−𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∴ I. F. = 𝑒 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 𝑥 − 3𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 (𝑥−log 𝑥) = Here, 𝑃 = −3 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 , 𝑄 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
𝑥

26. If integrating factor of ∫ −3 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑑𝑥

1
∴ I. F. = 𝑒 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 + (2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦
− 𝑎𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
28. The solution of the differential
is 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 , then 𝑄 is
equation
𝑵𝒐 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 represents
𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 + (2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
− 𝑎𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 = 0 (𝑪) 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 2𝑥 −𝑦 =3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦(1 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑎𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 3
= + ⇒ − =
𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥
1 1 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑦(1 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑎𝑥 3 I. F. = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 =
⇒ − = √𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑦 3 1
𝑎𝑥 3 ∴ The solution is = ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
Here, 𝑄 = √𝑥 2
𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑥2
1
𝑦3 𝑥 −2 3
⇒ = +𝐶 =− +𝐶
√𝑥 2 − 1 √𝑥
27. The integrating factor of the 2
differential equation
𝑦+3 2
⇒ 𝑦 = −3 + 𝐶 √𝑥 ⇒ ( ) =𝑥
𝑑𝑦
− 3𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 is: 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
which is the equation of parabola.
1
(A)
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥

55
UNIT-I
29. Which of the following 32. The differential equation of the
statement is/are correct? family of curves 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 𝑥
where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are parameters
(D) An equation of the form
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 (B) −4 + 3𝑦 = 0
= ′ where ′ ≠ ′ 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
′
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑦 + 𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝑏
can be reduced to homogeneous (same as example 8, page 7)
form by substituting

33. The differential equation of all

𝑥 =𝑋+ℎ&𝑦 =𝑌+𝑘
parabolas with foci at the origin
(see page no. 36) and axis along the 𝑥-axis is
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
(C) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 +𝑦( )
30. Choose the wrong statement: 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(same as Q.6, page 14)

(D) The standard form of ordinary
Differential equation,
34. The solution of the differential
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is said
equation
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
to be exact if = . 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑒 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥−𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑥3
(A) 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + +𝐶
3
31. An equation of the form
𝑑𝑦 (same as example 2, page 17)
= 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐)
𝑑𝑥
can be reduced to the form

(A) in which variables can be 35. The general solution of the

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
separated. differential equation = is
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
(see page no. 25, Equation (C) 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
reducible to the form in which
variables can be separated) (same as example 10, page 20)

56
 UNIT-I
36. The solution of the differential 39. The solution of the differential
equation equation

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= (4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)2 − 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 is
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥2
(C) 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛(2𝑥 + 2𝐶) (C) = 2 (1 − )+𝐶
𝑦 2
(same as Q1.i) page 29)
(same as Q9. Page 57, after some
arrangement)

37. The solution of the differential

equation 40. The solution of the differential
equation
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 is
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
2 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦)2 is
(A) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥3

(same as example 2, page 31) (A) 2𝑥 = (1 + 2𝑐𝑥 2 ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦

(same as example 3, page 53)

38. The solution of the differential

equation
~END UNIT-I~
𝑑𝑦 1 1
+ 𝑦=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑥

1
(𝐀)𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)−1
2
(same as example 10, page 46)

57
UNIT-II
Linear Equations with Constant Coefficient
Consider a simple differential With this value of 𝑦, equation (2)
equation of the first order reduces to
𝑑𝑦 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 (𝑝0 𝑚² + 𝑝1 𝑚 + 𝑝2 ) = 0
𝑝0 + 𝑝1 𝑦 = 0 ← (1)
𝑑𝑥
Thus, if 𝑚 is a root of
𝑑𝑦
i. e. 𝑝0 + 𝑝1 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦 𝑝0 𝑚² + 𝑝1 𝑚 + 𝑝2 = 0 ← (3)

or 𝑝0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 + 𝑝1 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 is a solution of (2),

whatever the value of 𝐴.
𝑝1 𝑥
so, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = − + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑝0 Let the roots of equation (3) be 𝛼
𝑝1 𝑥 and 𝛽. Then if 𝛼 and 𝛽 are unequal,
= − + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐴, (say) we have two solutions of (2),
𝑝0
namely
Giving 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 where 𝑚
𝑝1 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝛼𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝐵𝑒 𝛽𝑥
=
𝑝0
Now, if we substitute 𝑦 =
Which is the solution for equation 𝐴𝑒 𝛼𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝛽𝑥 in (2), we shall get
(1)
𝐴𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝑝0 𝛼 2 + 𝑝1 𝛼 + 𝑝2 )
Now, for a second order
differential equation such as, + 𝐵𝑒 𝛽𝑥 (𝑝0 𝛽² + 𝑝1 𝛽 + 𝑝2 ) = 0

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Which is obviously true as 𝛼 and β

𝑝0 2 + 𝑝1 + 𝑝2 𝑦 = 0 ← (2) are the roots of (3).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The solution of (1) suggests that Thus, the sum of two solutions
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 , where 𝑚 is some gives a third solution (this might
constant, may satisfy (2). have been seen at once from the
fact that equation (2) was linear).

58
 UNIT-II
As this third solution contains two imaginary, but this is not
arbitrary constants, equal in necessarily so. Thus, if 𝐴 = 1 + 2𝑖
number to the equation, we shall and 𝐵 = 1 − 2𝑖, 𝐸 = 2 and 𝐹 = −4.
regard it as the general solution.

Equation (3) is known as the

When the auxiliary equation has
“Auxiliary Equation”.
equal roots 𝜶 = 𝜷, the solution

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝛼𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝛽𝑥 reduces to
When the auxiliary equation (3) 𝑦 = (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑒 𝛼𝑥 ,
has roots of the form 𝒑 ± 𝒊𝒒,
where 𝑖 2 = −1 it is best to modify now (𝐴 + 𝐵), the sum of two
the solution, arbitrary constant, is really only a
single arbitrary constant. Thus, the
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 (𝑝+𝑖𝑞)𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 (𝑝−𝑖𝑞)𝑥 ← (4) solution cannot be regarded as the
most general one.
So as to represent it without
imaginary quantities. We shall prove later that the
general solution is
To do this we use the theorems
𝑦 = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥)𝑒 𝛼𝑥
𝑖𝑞𝑥
𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑥
The above solutions can be applied
𝑒 −𝑖𝑞𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑥 to any linear differential equations
Equation (4) becomes as long as 𝑓(𝑥) = 0

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑝𝑥 {𝐴(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑥) So far, we have dealt only when

+𝐵(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑥)} 𝑓(𝑥) = 0. We shall now show the
relation between the solution of
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑝𝑥 {𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑥 + 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑥} the equation when 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 0 and
the solution of the simple equation
Writing 𝐸 for 𝐴 + 𝐵 and 𝐹 for derived from it by replacing 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑖(𝐴 − 𝐵). 𝐸 and 𝐹 are arbitrary by zero.
constants just as 𝐴 and 𝐵 are. It
looks at first sight as if 𝐹 must be

59
UNIT-II
To start with a simple example, 𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑝0 𝑛 + 𝑝1 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑝𝑛−1
consider the equation 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 +𝑝𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ← (5)

2 2
+5 + 2𝑦 = 5 + 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 so that
It is obvious that 𝑦 = 𝑥 is one
𝑑𝑛 𝑢 𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
solution. 𝑝0 𝑛
+ 𝑝1 𝑛−1
+ ⋯ + 𝑝𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Such solution, containing no +𝑝𝑛 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) ← (6)
arbitrary constants, is called a
“Particular Integral”. put 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 in equation (5)
and subtract equation (6). This
Now if we write 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑣, the gives
differential equation becomes
𝑑𝑛 𝑣 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑝0 + 𝑝 + ⋯ + 𝑝𝑛−1
𝑑2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
2 2
+ 5(1 + ) + 2(𝑥 + 𝑣) + 𝑝𝑛 𝑣 = 0 ← (7)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 5 + 2𝑥
If the solution of (7) be 𝑣 = 𝐹(𝑥),
𝑑2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 containing n arbitrary constant the
i. e. 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 5 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑣 = 0,
general solution of (5) is
1
giving 𝑣 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝐹(𝑥)
1 And 𝐹(𝑥) is called the
so that 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥
+ 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 Complementary Function.
The term containing the arbitrary Thus, the general solution of a
constant are called the linear differential equation with
“Complementary Function”. constant coefficients is the sum of
the Particular Integral and the
This can be easily generalized
Complementary Function, the
If 𝑦 = 𝑢 is a particular integral of latter being the solution of the
equation being obtained by
substituting zero for the function
of 𝑥 occurring.

60
 UNIT-II
When a Particular Integral is not I. The Distributive Law
obvious by inspection, it is
𝑚(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑚𝑎 + 𝑚𝑏;
convenient to imply certain
methods involving the operator 𝐷, II. The Commutative Law
𝑑
which stands for . This
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎;
operator is also useful in
establishing the form of the III. The Index Law
Complementary Function when
𝑎𝑚 . 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 .
the Auxiliary Equation has equal
roots. Now 𝐷 satisfies the first and third
𝑑2 𝑑3 of these laws, for,
𝐷² will used for , 𝐷3 for ,
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3
and so on. 𝐷(𝑢 + 𝑣) = 𝐷𝑢 + 𝐷𝑣
The expression
And 𝐷𝑚 . 𝐷𝑛 . 𝑢 = 𝐷𝑚+𝑛 . 𝑢 (𝑚 and
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 2 + 5 + 2𝑦 𝑛 being +ve integers).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
may then be written As for the second law,
2𝐷²𝑦 + 5𝐷𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝐷(𝑐𝑢) = 𝑐(𝐷𝑢) is true if 𝑐 is a
constant but not if 𝑐 is a variable.
or (2𝐷² + 5𝐷 + 2) 𝑦
Also 𝐷𝑚 (𝐷𝑛 𝑢) = 𝐷𝑛 (𝐷𝑚 𝑢) (𝑚 and
We shall even write this in the 𝑛 being +ve integers)
factorized form
Thus, 𝐷 satisfies the Fundamental
(2𝐷 + 1) (𝐷 + 2) 𝑦 Laws of algebra except in that it is
not commutative with variables. In
Factorizing the expression in 𝐷 as
what follows we shall write
if it were an ordinary algebraic
quantity. Is this justifiable? 𝐹(𝐷) = 𝑝0 𝐷𝑛 + 𝑝1 𝐷𝑛−1
+ ⋯ + 𝑝𝑛−1 𝐷 + 𝑝𝑛 ,
The operations performed in
ordinary algebra are based upon Where 𝑝’s are constants and 𝑛 are
three laws: a positive integer. We are justified
in factorizing this or performing

61
UNIT-II
any other operations depending on 1
+ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑎𝑛−2 𝐷2 + ⋯ + 𝐷𝑛 }𝑉
the fundamental laws of algebra. 2

𝑭(𝑫)𝒆𝒂𝒙 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝑭(𝒂). Since, = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐹(𝐷 + 𝑎)𝑉.

𝐷𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , Similarly,

𝐷²𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎²𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , and so on, 𝐷𝑛−1 {𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑉} = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐷 + 𝑎)𝑛−1 𝑉,

and so on.
𝐹(𝐷) 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = (𝑝0 𝐷𝑛 + 𝑝1 𝐷𝑛−1 + ⋯
+ 𝑝𝑛−1 𝐷 + 𝑝𝑛 )𝑒 𝑎𝑥 Therefore

= (𝑝0 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑝1 𝑎𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑝𝑛−1 𝑎 𝐹(𝐷){𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑉} = (𝑝0 𝐷𝑛 + 𝑝1 𝐷𝑛−1

+ 𝑝𝑛 )𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐹(𝑎)
+ ⋯ + 𝑝𝑛−1 𝐷 + 𝑝𝑛 ){𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑉}
𝑭(𝑫){ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝑽} = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝑭(𝑫 + 𝒂)𝑽,
= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 {𝑝0 (𝐷 + 𝑎)𝑛 + 𝑝1 (𝐷 + 𝑎)𝑛−1
where 𝑽 is any function of 𝒙.
+ ⋯ + 𝑝𝑛−1 (𝐷 + 𝑎) + 𝑝𝑛 }𝑉
By Leibniz’s theorem for the 𝑛th
differential coefficients of a = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐹(𝐷 + 𝑎)𝑉.
product,

𝐷𝑛 {𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑉} = {𝐷𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 }𝑉
𝑭(𝑫²)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒙 = 𝑭(−𝒂²)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒙.
𝑛−1 𝑎𝑥 }(𝐷𝑉)
+ 𝑛{𝐷 𝑒 Since

1 𝐷² 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥 = −𝑎²𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥
+ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1){𝐷𝑛−2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 }(𝐷2 𝑉)
2
+ … + 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑛 𝑉 𝐷4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥 = (−𝑎²)²𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥

= 𝑎𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑉 + 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑉 And so on,

1 𝐹(𝐷²) = = (𝑝0 𝐷 2𝑛 + 𝑝1 𝐷2𝑛−2

+ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑎𝑛−2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐷2 𝑉 + ⋯
2
+ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐷 𝑛 𝑉 + ⋯ + 𝑝𝑛−1 𝐷² + 𝑝𝑛 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 {𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 𝐷 = {𝑝0 (−𝑎2 )𝑛 + 𝑝1 (−𝑎2 )𝑛−1

+ ⋯ + 𝑝𝑛−1 (−𝑎²) + 𝑝𝑛 }𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥

62
 UNIT-II
= 𝐹(−𝑎²)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥 𝐷²𝑉 = 0

Similarly, i.e. 𝑉 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥

𝐹(𝐷²)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥 = 𝐹(−𝑎²)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥 so that 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥)

Similarly, the equation

When the auxiliary equation has (𝐷 − 𝛼)𝑝 𝑦 = 0
equal roots 𝛼 and 𝛼, it may be Reduces to 𝐷𝑝 𝑉 = 0,
written
giving
𝑚² − 2𝑚𝛼 + 𝛼2 = 0
𝑉 = (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐴3 𝑥 2
The original differential equation
will then be + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑝 𝑥 𝑝−1 )

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 and
− 2𝛼 + 𝛼2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐴3 𝑥² + ⋯
i. e. (𝐷² − 2𝛼𝐷 + 𝛼²)𝑦 = 0 + 𝐴𝑝 𝑥 𝑝−1 ).
i. e. (𝐷 − 𝛼)2 𝑦 = 0 ← (8) When there are several repeated
roots as in
We have already found that
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝛼𝑥 is one of the solutions. (𝐷 − 𝛼)𝑝 (𝐷 − 𝛽)𝑞 (𝐷 − 𝛾)𝑟 𝑦 = 0
To find the more general one put ← (9)
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 𝑉, where 𝑉 is a function of
We note that as the operators are
𝑥.
commutative, we may rewrite the
By the above solution we get equation in the form

(𝐷 − 𝛼)2 {𝑒 𝛼𝑥 𝑉} (𝐷 − 𝛼)𝑝 (𝐷 − 𝛽)𝑞 {(𝐷 − 𝛾)𝑟 𝑦} = 0

= 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐷 − 𝛼 + 𝛼)²𝑉 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 𝐷²𝑉. Which is therefore satisfied by any

solution of the simpler equation
Thus equation (8) becomes
(𝐷 − 𝛼)𝑝 𝑦 = 0 ← (10)

63
UNIT-II
(𝐷 − 𝛽)𝑞 𝑦 = 0 ← (11) This suggestion is easily verified
for
or (𝐷 − 𝛾)𝑟 𝑦 = 0 ← (12)
1 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐹(𝑎)
The general solution of (9) is the 𝐹(𝐷) { 𝑒 }= = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 .
𝐹(𝑎) 𝐹(𝑎)
sum of the general solution of
(10), (11) and (12), containing (ii) If 𝐹(𝑎) = 0, (𝐷 − 𝑎) must be a
together (𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟) arbitrary factor of 𝐹(𝐷).
constants.
Suppose that
The following methods are a 𝐹(𝐷) = (𝐷 − 𝑎)𝑝 𝜑(𝐷),
development of the idea of treating where 𝜑(𝑎) ≠ 0.
the operator 𝐷 as if it were an Then
ordinary algebraic equation. We 𝐹(𝐷){ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑉} = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐹(𝐷 + 𝑎)𝑉,
shall proceed tentatively, at first
performing any operations that Suggests that the following may be
seem plausible, and then, when a true if 𝑉 is 1,
result has been obtained in this
1 1
manner, verifying it by direct 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝐹(𝐷) (𝐷 − 𝑎)𝑝 𝜑(𝐷)
differentiation. We shall use the
1 1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 . 1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 1
notation 𝑓(𝑥) to denote a = { } = .1
𝐹(𝐷)
(𝐷 − 𝑎)𝑝 𝜑(𝑎) 𝜑(𝑎) 𝐷𝑝
particular integral of the equation 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑝
= .
𝐹(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝜑(𝑎) 𝑝!

(i) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 adopting the very natural

1
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥 suggestion that is the operator
𝐹(𝐷) 𝑒 = 𝑒 𝐹(𝑎) 𝐷
inverse to 𝐷, that is the operator
Suggests that, as long as that integrates with respect to x,
1 𝑎𝑥 1
𝐹(𝑎) ≠ 0, 𝑒 while integrates 𝑝 times. Again,
𝐷𝑝
𝐹(𝑎)
the result obtained in this
1
may be a value of 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 . tentative manner is easily verified,
𝐹(𝐷)
for

64
 UNIT-II
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑝 In this case the tentative method is
𝐹(𝐷) { } 1
𝜑(𝑎) 𝑝! to expand in a series of
𝑎𝑥 𝑝 𝐹(𝐷)
𝑝
𝑒 𝑥
= (𝐷 − 𝑎) 𝜑(𝐷) { } ascending powers of 𝐷.
𝜑(𝑎) 𝑝!

𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑝
= 𝜑(𝐷) [(𝐷 − 𝑎)𝑝 { }]
𝜑(𝑎) 𝑝!
The Homogeneous Linear
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑥 𝑝 Equation.
= 𝜑(𝐷) [ 𝐷𝑝 ]
𝜑(𝑎) 𝑝!
This is the name given to the form
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
= 𝜑(𝐷) [ . 1] (𝑝0 𝑥 𝑛 𝐷𝑛 + 𝑝1 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝐷𝑛−1 + ⋯
𝜑(𝑎)
+ 𝑝𝑛 )𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
It reduces to the type considered
before if we put 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑧 .

Particular Integral when

𝑭(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒙

𝜑(𝐷²)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥 = 𝜑(−𝑎²)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥

This suggests that we may obtain

the particular integral by writing
– 𝑎² for 𝐷² whenever it occurs.

Particular Integral when

𝑭(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒎 ,

where 𝒎 is positive integer.

65
UNIT-II
Page 86 EXERCISE 11
𝑒 2𝑥 𝐷−
= 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
7 2
Solve the following: 11
𝐷2 − ( 7 )
𝟏. (𝐷² + 3𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
11
𝑒 2𝑥 𝐷 − 7
Solution: The given equation in = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
symbolic form is 7 −12 − 121
49
(𝐷² + 3𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 11
𝑒 2𝑥 𝐷 − 7
The A.E. is, 𝑚² + 3𝑚 + 2 = 0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
7 −170
49
⇒ (𝑚 + 2)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
−𝑒 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑚 = −1 or − 2 = (7𝐷 − 11) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
170
∴ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 −𝑒 2𝑥
= (7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 11𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
170
1
P. I. = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∴ The solution is
𝐷2
+ 3𝐷 + 2
1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 − 2𝑥
(𝐷 + 2) + 3(𝐷 + 2) + 2 𝑒 2𝑥
− (7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 – 11𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
1 170
= 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝐷2 + 7𝐷 + 12
1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝟐. (𝐷² − 2𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑥²𝑒 3𝑥
−12 + 7𝐷 + 12
1 Solution: The given equation is
2𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
7𝐷 + 11 (𝐷² − 2𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑥²𝑒 3𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 The A. E. is, 𝑚² − 2𝑚 + 1 = 0
7 𝐷 + 11
7 ⇒ (𝑚 − 1)² = 𝑚 = 1 or 1

∴ C. F. = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2𝑥)𝑒 𝑥

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 UNIT-II
1 3𝑥 𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
P. I. = 𝑥 2𝑒 𝑒 3𝑥 2 3
𝑓(𝐷) + (𝑥 − 2𝑥 + )
4 2
1
= 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑥²
𝑓(𝐷 + 3)

1 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=𝑒 3𝑥
𝑥² 𝟑. 2
−5 + 6𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑓(𝐷 + 3)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑒 3𝑥 2 𝑥² Solution: The given equation in
𝐷 + 4𝐷 + 4 symbolic form is
𝑒 3𝑥 1
= 𝑥2 (𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
4 𝐷2
1+𝐷+ 4
The A.E. is, 𝑚2 − 5𝑚 + 6 = 0
−1
𝑒 3𝑥 𝐷2 ⇒ (𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 − 3) = 0
= (1 + 𝐷 + ) 𝑥²
4 4
⇒ 𝑚 = 2 or 3
3𝑥 2
𝑒 𝐷
= {1 − (𝐷 + ) ∴ C.F. = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥
4 4
2 1
𝐷2 P. I. = (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 )
+ (𝐷 + ) + ⋯ } 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝐷)
4
1 1
3𝑥 2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑒 𝐷 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷)
= (1 − 𝐷 − + 𝐷2 + ⋯ ) 𝑥²
4 4
1 1
= 𝑥2
𝑒3𝑥
3 6 5 𝐷2
= (1 − 𝐷 + 𝐷2 + ⋯ ) 𝑥 2 1 − 6𝐷 + 6
4 4
1
𝑒 3𝑥 2 3 +𝑒 𝑥 𝑥
= (𝑥 − 2𝑥 + ) (𝐷 + 1)2 − 5(𝐷 + 1) + 6
4 2
∴ The solution is

67
UNIT-II
−1 ∴ The solution is
1 5 𝐷2 2
= (1 − ( 𝐷 − )) 𝑥
6 6 6 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥
1
+ 𝑒𝑥 𝑥 1 2 5𝑥 19 𝑒𝑥 3
𝐷2 − 3𝐷 + 2 + (𝑥 + + ) + (𝑥 + )
6 3 18 2 2
1 5 𝐷2
= {1 + ( 𝐷 − )
6 6 6
2
5 𝐷2
+ ( 𝐷 − ) + ⋯ } 𝑥2
6 6

𝑒𝑥 1
+ 𝑥
2 3 𝐷2
1 − (2 𝐷 − 2 )

1 5 𝐷2
= {1 + 𝐷 −
6 6 6

25 2
+ 𝐷 + ⋯ } 𝑥2
36
−1
𝑒𝑥 3 𝐷2
+ {1 − ( 𝐷 − )} 𝑥
2 2 2

1 5 19
= (1 + 𝐷 + 𝐷2 + ⋯ ) 𝑥 2
6 6 36

𝑒𝑥 3 𝐷2
+ (1 + 𝐷 − + ⋯)𝑥
2 2 2

1 2 5𝑥 19 𝑒𝑥 3
= (𝑥 + + ) + (𝑥 + )
6 3 18 2 2

68
 UNIT-II
Page 88 EXERCISE ∴ The solution is given by

1. Solve the following differential 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥

equations: 𝑥 2
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
3 9
𝑑2𝑦
𝑎) + 4𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
Solution: The given equation in 𝑑2𝑦
𝑏) − 4𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
symbolic form is 𝑑𝑥 2
(𝐷2 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 Solution: The given equation in
The A.E. is, 𝑚2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±2𝑖 symbolic form is
(𝐷2 − 4)𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
∴ C.F. = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
The A.E. is, 𝑚2 − 4 = 0
1 ⇒ 𝑚 = 2 or − 2
P. I. = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝐷2 + 4
∴ C.F. = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥
1
= 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1
𝐷2 + 4 P. I. = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑑 1 𝐷2 −4
+ ( 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝐷 𝐷 + 4 1
= 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
1 𝐷2 − 4
= 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
−12 +4 𝑑 1
−2𝐷 + ( 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
+( 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝐷 𝐷 − 4
(𝐷 + 4)2
1
1 −2𝐷 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 −(22 ) −4
3 (−12 + 4)2
−2𝐷
𝑥 2 +( 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝐷(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) (𝐷 − 4)2
3 9
−𝑥
𝑥 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 8
3 9
−2𝐷
+( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
(−(22 ) − 4)2

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UNIT-II
−𝑥 2 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝐷(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
8 64 −12 − 2𝐷 + 1
−𝑥 1 2𝐷 − 2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − (−2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥) −( 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
8 32 (𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 1)2
−𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 −𝑥 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
8 16 2 𝐷
∴ The solution is given by 2𝐷 − 2
−( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑥 (−12 − 2𝐷 + 1)2
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
8 𝑥 2 𝐷−1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − ( 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
+ 2 4 𝐷
16
𝑥 1 𝐷−1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2 2 −12
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑐) −2 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
2 2
Solution: The given equation in
∴ The solution is given by
symbolic form is
𝑥
(𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
2
1
The A.E. is, (𝑚 − 1)2 = 0 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
⇒ 𝑚 = 1 or 1 2

∴ C.F. = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥

2. The general solution of
1 (𝐷2 − 𝑚2 )𝑦 = 0 is
P. I. = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1
(a) 𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝑚𝑥
1
= 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (b) 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚 𝑥
𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1
𝑑 1 (c) 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
+ ( 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝐷 𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 1 (d) None of these

70
 UNIT-II
Solution: (d) None of these The given equation in symbolic
form is (5𝐷2 − 3𝐷)𝑦 = 0
The A.E. is 𝑘 2 − 𝑚2 = 0
⇒𝑘 = ±𝑚 The A.E. is, 5𝑚2 − 3𝑚 = 0

∴ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 ⇒ 𝐷 = 0 or
3
5

3
∴ 𝑦 = C.F. = 𝑐1 𝑒 0𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 5𝑥
3. State TRUE or FALSE in the
following with justification:

a) 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 is a solution to c) 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝐴 and

the differential equation 𝐵 are arbitrary constants, is a
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 solution to the differential equation
+ = 0 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 −2 +𝑦 = 0
for every pair of constants 𝑐1 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
and 𝑐2 .
Solution: TRUE
Solution: TRUE
The given equation in symbolic
The A.E. of the given equation is form is (𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 + 𝑚 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚(𝑚 + 1) = 0
The A.E. is, 𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑚 = 0 or −1 ⇒ (𝑚 − 1 )2 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 = 1 or 1

∴ 𝑦 = C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 0𝑥 ∴ C.F. = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥

= 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 So, the solution of the given
equation is 𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥

Or, 𝑦 = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
b) 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 (𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 𝑥
constants) is a general solution of
the differential equation
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
5 2−3 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4. Solve the equation

Solution: FALSE 𝑑2 𝑦
+ 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2

71
UNIT-II
Solution: The given equation in 1 1 𝑥
symbolic form is = 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
2𝐷 − 1 3 3
(𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
The solution is given by
The A.E. is , 𝑚2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥
∴ C.F. = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 3

P. I.
1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (case of failure) 6. Find the complete solution of the
𝐷2 + 1
equation
1 𝑥
=𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑2𝑦 𝑥
2𝐷 2 + 4𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑥 2 2
∴ The solution is given by
𝑥 Solution: The given equation in
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 symbolic form is
2 𝑥
(𝐷2 + 4)𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
The A.E. is, 𝑚2 + 4 = 0
𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝟓. Solve: 2 − − 2𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±2𝑖
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: The given equation in ∴ C.F. = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
symbolic form is
1 𝑥
(𝐷2 − 𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 P. I. = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝐷2 +4 2
The A.E. is, 𝑚2 − 𝑚 − 2 = 0 1 𝑥
= 3 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛
⇒ (𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 + 1) = 0 1 2
−(2 ) + 4
⇒ 𝑚 = −1 or 2
4 𝑥
∴ C.F. =𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛
15 2
P. I. 4 𝑥
1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 (case of failure) 5 2
𝐷 −𝐷−2

72
 UNIT-II
∴ The solution of the given ∴ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
equation is 𝑥 2
4 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 9
5 2

8. Solve (any one):

2
𝑑 𝑦
𝟕. Solve + 4𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥. (i) (𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
Solution: The given equation in Solution: The given equation is
symbolic form is
(𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
(𝐷2 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
The A. E. is, 𝑚2 + 2𝑚 + 2 = 0
2
The A.E. is, 𝑚 + 4 = 0
⇒ 𝑚 = ±2𝑖 −2 ± √−4
⇒𝑚=
2
∴ C.F. = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
−2 ± 2𝑖
⇒𝑚= ⇒ 𝑚 = −1 ± 𝑖
1 2
P. I. = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝐷2 +4
∴ C.F. = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
1
= 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 1
𝐷2 + 4 P. I. = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑 1 𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 2
+ ( 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝐷 𝐷 + 4 1
= 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥
1 (𝐷 − 1)2 + 2(𝐷 − 1) + 2
= 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
−12 + 4 1
−2𝐷 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥
+( 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝐷2 +1
(𝐷 + 4)2

1 −2𝐷 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (1 + 𝐷2 )−1 𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
3 (−12 + 4)2 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (1 − 𝐷2 + ⋯ )𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝐷(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) ∴ The solution is given by
3 9
𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
3 9 + 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥

73
UNIT-II
(ii) (𝐷2 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 (ii) (𝐷3 − 3𝐷2 + 4𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥

Solution: The given equation is Solution: The given equation is

(𝐷2 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 (𝐷3 − 3𝐷2 + 4𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥

The A.E. is, 𝑚2 + 4 = 0 The A.E., 𝑚3 − 3𝑚2 + 4𝑚 − 2 = 0

⇒ 𝑚 = ±2𝑖 ⇒ (𝑚 − 1)(𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 2) = 0
∴ C.F. = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
⇒ 𝐷 = 1 or 1±𝑖
P. I.
∴ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
1
= 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 (case of failure) + 𝑐3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
𝐷 +4
1
1 𝑥 P. I. = 𝑒𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝐷3 − 3𝐷2+ 4𝐷 − 2
2𝐷 4
(case of failure)
∴ The solution of the given 1
equation is =𝑥 𝑒𝑥
3𝐷2 − 6𝐷 + 4
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 1
𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 3(1)2 − 6(1) + 4
4
∴ The solution is given by

9. Solve (any two): 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)

+ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
(i) (𝐷2 + 5 − 2𝐷)𝑦 = 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

Solution: Same as example 3 (page

78) (iii) (𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 2

Solution: Same as example 6 (page

81)

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 UNIT-II
2
𝑑 𝑦 1𝑥 √3
𝟏𝟎. Solve: + 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 ∴ C. F. = 𝑒 − 2 (𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 2
Solution: The given equation in √3𝑥
+ 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
symbolic form is 2
(𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 1
P. I. = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝐷2 +𝐷+1
The A.E. is, 𝑚2 + 1 = 0
1
⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖 = 𝑒 −𝑥
(−1)2 + (−1) + 1
∴ C.F. = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1
= 𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
1 2−1
P. I. = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
𝐷2 +1 ∴ The solution of the given
1 1 equation is
= 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
−(2) + 1 3 1 √3𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2
∴ The solution of the given
√3𝑥
equation is + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) + 𝑒 −𝑥
2
1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
3
(ii) (𝐷3 − 𝐷2 − 6𝐷)𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑
where 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥
11. Solve (any one):
Solution: Same as example 5 (page
(i) (𝐷2 + 𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 80)

Solution: The given equation is

(𝐷2 + 𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 12. Solve any two:

The A.E. is, 𝑚2 + 𝑚 + 1 = 0 (i) (𝐷2 + 6𝐷 + 9)𝑦 = 2𝑒 −3𝑥

−1 ± √−3 −1 ± 𝑖√3 Solution: Same as example 10

⇒𝑚 = = (page 84)
2 2

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UNIT-II
(ii) (𝐷2 − 4)𝑦 = 𝑥 2 13. Solve the differential equation
(𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
Solution: The given equation is
(𝐷2 − 4)𝑦 = 𝑥 2 where 𝐷 =
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
2
The A.E. is, 𝑚 − 4 = 0 Solution: Same as example 11
⇒𝑚= ±2 (page 85)

∴ C.F. = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥
14. Solve:
1
P. I. = 2 𝑥2 (𝐷2 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 − sin 2 𝑥
𝐷 −4
−1 1 2 Solution: Same as example 7 (page
= 𝑥
4 𝐷2 82)
1− 4

−1
−1 𝐷2
= (1 − ) 𝑥2 𝑑2 𝑦
4 4 𝟏𝟓. Solve: − 𝑎2𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
−1 𝐷2 Solution: Same as example 8 (page
= (1 + + ⋯ ) 𝑥2
4 4 83)
−1 2 1
= (𝑥 + )
4 2
16. Solve any two:
∴ The solution of the given
equation is (i) (𝐷2 + 6𝐷 + 9)𝑦 = 2𝑒 −3𝑥

1 1 Solution: Same as example 10

𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (𝑥 2 + ) (page 84)
4 2

(iii) (𝐷3 + 5 − 2𝐷)𝑦 = 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (ii) (𝐷2 − 4)𝑦 = 𝑥 2

Solution: Same as example 3 (page Solution: Same as example 4 (page

78) 79)

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 UNIT-II
(iii) (𝐷2 + 5 − 2𝐷)𝑦 = 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

Solution: Same as example 3 (page

78)

17. Solve:
(𝐷3 − 𝐷2 − 6𝐷)𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 2

Solution: Same as example 5 (page

80)

18. Solve:
(𝐷3 + 6𝐷2 + 11𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 0
𝑑
where 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Same as example 1 (page

77)

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UNIT-II
Page 90 4. The complete solution of (𝐷2 −
𝑑
4)𝑦 = 𝑥 2 where 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥 is
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Solution: (D)
1. In the linear equation with 1 1
constant coefficient (𝑎0 𝐷𝑛 + 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (𝑥 2 + )
𝑛−1 4 2
𝑎1 𝐷 + ⋯ . . +𝑎𝑛 )𝑦 = 𝑋 , if the
auxiliary equation has three real Same as example 4 (page 79)
and equal roots say 𝑚, then the
corresponding complementary 5. In the equation (𝑎0 𝐷𝑛 +
function can be written as 𝑎1 𝐷𝑛−1 + ⋯ . +𝑎𝑛 )𝑦 = 𝑋, for 𝑋 =
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 and if 𝑓(𝑎) = 0, then the
Solution: (A) (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 2 )𝑒 𝑚𝑥 particular integral (P.I.) is given by
(see page no.77 for C.F.) Solution: (A)
1
2. The complete solution of 𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝐷)
(𝐷3 + 6𝐷2 + 11𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 0, (see page no. 81 CASE OF FAILURE)
𝑑
𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥 is
𝑑2 𝑦
6. The complete solution of −
𝑑𝑥 2
Solution: (B)
𝑎2 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 is
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −3𝑥
Solution: (D)
Same as example no. 1 (page 77) 𝑥 𝑎𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒
2𝑎
3. In the expression (𝑎0 𝐷𝑛 +
𝑎1 𝐷𝑛−1 + ⋯ . +𝑎𝑛 )𝑦 = 𝑋, for 𝑋 = Same as example 8 (page 83)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑥, then the particular integral
(P.I.) is given by 7. The complementary function of
the differential equation (𝐷3 −
Solution: (C) 3𝐷2 + 4𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑥 Solution:(B)
𝑓(−𝑎2 ) 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
(see page no. 78, CASE III)
Same as example 9 (page 83)

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 UNIT-II
8. The particular integral of the 𝑒 𝑥𝑥3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
differential equation − 2 𝑑𝑥 + 6
𝑑𝑥 2
4𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 is 1
P. I. = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
1 𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1
Solution: (C) 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
1
= 𝑒𝑥 𝑥
Same as example 12 (page 85) (𝐷 + 1)2 − 2(𝐷 + 1) + 1

9. In the equation (𝑎0 𝐷𝑛 + 1 1 𝑥2

= 𝑒𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑎1 𝐷𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 )𝑦 = 𝑋 if 𝑋 = 𝐷2 𝐷 2
𝑥. 𝑉 , where V is a function of 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑥𝑥3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥3
Then the particular integral is given = =
6 6
by
12. The complete solution of (𝐷2 +
Solution: (A) 6𝐷 + 9)𝑦 = 2𝑒 −3𝑥 , 𝐷 =
𝑑
is
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 1
𝑥. 𝑉+ [ ]𝑉
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑑𝐷 𝑓(𝐷) Solution: (D)
(see page no. 87 CASE VI) (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 −3𝑥
The A.E. is, 𝑚2 + 6𝑚 + 9 = 0
10. In the equation (𝑎0 𝐷𝑛 +
⇒ (𝑚 + 3)2 = 0
𝑎1 𝐷𝑛−1 + ⋯ . + 𝑎𝑛 )𝑦 = 𝑋, for
2) ⇒ 𝑚 = − 3 or − 3
𝑋 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑥 and if 𝑓(−𝑎 = 0, then
the particular integral is ∴ C.F. = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 −3𝑥
Solution: (B) 1
1 P. I. = 2𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑥 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑥 𝐷2
+ 6𝐷 + 9
𝑓 (−𝑎2 ) (case of failure)
1
(see page no. 81 CASE OF FAILURE) = 2𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥
2𝐷 + 6
11. The particular integral of the (case of failure)
1
differential equation (𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + = 2𝑥 2 𝑒 −3𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑 2
1)𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 where 𝐷 = is
𝑑𝑥
∴ The solution is given by
Solution: (C) 𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −3𝑥

79
UNIT-II
13. The general solution of (𝐷2 − The given equation in symbolic
𝑚2 )𝑦 = 0 is form is (𝐷2 + 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 0

Solution: (D) None of these The A.E. is, 𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 4 = 0

⇒ (𝑚 + 2)2 = 0
(same as question no. 2, page 88)
⇒ 𝑚 = − 2 or − 2
14. If the root of the auxiliary
∴ 𝑦 = C. F. = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥
equation of the differential
equation(𝐷3 + 𝑃1 𝐷2 + 𝑃2 𝐷 + Or 𝑦 = C. F. = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑃3 )𝑦 = 0 are 1,2,3; then the
general solution is (changing the arbitrary constants)

17. The particular integral (P.I.) of

Solution: (A)
the differential equation (𝐷2 + 𝐷 +
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑
Here, 𝑚 = 1,2,3 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 , where 𝐷 = is
𝑑𝑥

∴ 𝑦 = C. F. Solution: (D) 𝑒 −𝑥
= 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 3𝑥 1
P. I. = 𝑒 −𝑥
15. In the equation (𝑎0 𝐷𝑛 + 𝐷2 +𝐷+1
𝑎1 𝐷𝑛−1 + ⋯ . . +𝑎𝑛 )𝑦 = 𝑋, for 1
= 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑋 = 𝑒 ,𝑎𝑥
then the particular (−1)2 + (−1) + 1
integral (P.I.) is given by 1
= 𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
1−1+1
Solution: (B)
1 𝑎𝑥 ∴ P.I. = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒
𝑓(𝑎)
18. The general solution of (𝐷2 −
(see page no. 77 for PI, CASE II) 25)𝑦 = 0, where 𝐷 =
𝑑
is
𝑑𝑥
16. The general solution of the Solution: (A) 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −5𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
differential equation 𝑑𝑥 2
+ 4 𝑑𝑥 +
The A.E. is, 𝑚2 − 25 = 0
4𝑦 = 0 is
⇒𝑚 = ±5
Solution: (B) 𝑦 = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥 ∴ 𝑦 = C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −5𝑥

80
 UNIT-II
19. The particular integral (P.I.) of 21. The particular integral for the
the differential equation (𝐷2 + 𝐷 + equation (𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑧𝑒 𝑧
𝑑
1)𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 , where 𝐷 = is
𝑑𝑥 Solution: (B) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑧 (𝑧 − 0)
Solution: (B) 1
𝑒 −2𝑥 P. I. = 𝑧𝑒 𝑧
𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 2
3
1 1
P. I. = 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑒𝑧 𝑧
𝐷 +𝐷+1 (𝐷 + 1)2 − 2(𝐷 + 1) + 2

1 1
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑒𝑧 2
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 (1 + 𝐷2 )−1 𝑧
2
(−2) + (−2) + 1 𝐷 +1

1 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑧 (1 − 𝐷2 + ⋯ )𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 (𝑧 − 0)
−2𝑥
= 𝑒 =
4−2+1 3 22. The complete solution of the
20. The complementary for the equation (𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑧
equation (𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑧𝑒 𝑧 ,
𝑑
Solution: (A)
where 𝐷 = is 1
𝑑𝑧
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑧 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑧 + 𝑒 𝑧
2
Solution: (C) The A.E. is, m − 5m + 6 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑧 (𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧)
⇒ (𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
The A.E. is, 𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑚 = 2 or 3
2 ± √4 − 8
⇒𝑚 = ∴ C.F. = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑧 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑧
2
2 ± 2𝑖 1
⇒𝑚= P. I. = 𝑒𝑧
2 𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6
⇒𝑚 = 1±𝑖 1 𝑧
1 𝑧
= 𝑒 = 𝑒
12 − 5(1) + 6 2
∴ C.F. = 𝑒 𝑧 (𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧)
1
∴ 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑧 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑧 + 𝑒 𝑧
2

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UNIT-II
23. The complete solution of the The given equation is
equation (𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 2𝑒 2𝑧 ,
𝑑 [𝐷(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2) + 2𝐷(𝐷 − 1)
where 𝐷 = is 1
𝑑𝑧
− 𝐷 + 1]𝑦 = 𝑧
𝑒
Solution: (C)
⇒ (𝐷 − 1)[𝐷(𝐷 − 2)
𝑦 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 )𝑒 2𝑧 1
2 +2𝐷 − 1]𝑦 =
The A.E. is, 𝑚 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0 𝑒𝑧
⇒ (𝑚 − 2)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = 2 or 2 ⇒ (𝐷 − 1)[𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 2𝐷 − 1]𝑦
1
∴ C.F. = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑧)𝑒 2𝑧 = 𝑧
𝑒
1
P. I. ⇒ (𝐷 − 1)(𝐷2 − 1)𝑦 = 𝑧
1 𝑒
= 2𝑒 2𝑧 (case of failure)
𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 4 The A.E. is, (𝑚 − 1)(𝑚2 − 1) = 0
1 ⇒ 𝑚 = − 1 or 1 or 1
= 2𝑧 𝑒 2𝑧 (case of failure)
2𝐷 − 4
∴ C.F. = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑧)𝑒 𝑧 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −𝑧
1
= 2𝑧 2 𝑒 2𝑧 = 𝑧 2 𝑒 2𝑧
2 25. The particular integral for the
𝑑
∴ 𝑦 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑧)𝑒 2𝑧 + 𝑧 2 𝑒 2𝑧 equation, where 𝐷 = is
𝑑𝑧

⇒ 𝑦 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 )𝑒 2𝑧 [𝐷(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2) + 2𝐷(𝐷 − 1)

1
24. The complementary function − 𝐷 + 1]𝑦 = 𝑧
𝑒
𝑑
for the equation where, 𝐷 = 1
𝑑𝑧
Solution: (A) 4 𝑧𝑒 −𝑧
[𝐷(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2) + 2𝐷(𝐷 − 1)
1 P. I.
− 𝐷 + 1]𝑦 = 𝑧 1
𝑒 = 𝑒 −𝑧 (case of failure)
𝐷3 − 𝐷2−𝐷+1
Solution: (D)
1
𝑦 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑧)𝑒 𝑧 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −𝑧 = 𝑧 𝑒 −𝑧
3𝐷2 − 2𝐷 − 1

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 UNIT-II
1 1
= 𝑧 2
𝑒 −𝑧 = 2 𝑒 2𝑧
3(−1) − 2(−1) − 1 2 + 2 − 20

1 1 1
= 𝑧 𝑒 −𝑧 = 𝑧𝑒 −𝑧 + 2𝑒 𝑧
3+2−1 4 12 + 1 − 20

26. The particular integral for the 1 1

− (1)
equation [𝐷(𝐷 − 1) + 2𝐷 − 𝐷 𝐷2 20
1 − 20 − 20
𝑑
20]𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑧 + 1)2 , where 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑧 −1 2𝑧 1 𝑧 1
is = 𝑒 − 2𝑒 −
14 9 20
Solution: (B) 27. The complete solution of the
1 1 1 𝑧
𝑦 = − 𝑒 2𝑧 − 𝑒 𝑧 − equation (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑒 is
14 9 20
The given equation is Correction: The question and
answers do not match.
[𝐷(𝐷 − 1) + 2𝐷 − 20]𝑦
𝑧
= (𝑒 𝑧 + 1)2 If the equation is (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑒 ,
the answer should be
⇒ (𝐷2 − 𝐷 + 2𝐷 − 20)𝑦 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑒 𝑒
𝑧

= (𝑒 𝑧 + 1)2
If the equation is
⇒ (𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 20)𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑧 + 1)2 (𝐷 + 2)(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑒 ,
𝑧

1 then the answer should be

∴ P. I. = (𝑒 𝑧 + 1)2 𝑧
𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 20 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑧 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑧 + 𝑒 −2𝑧 𝑒 𝑒

1 Solution: First Case,

= (𝑒 2𝑧 + 2𝑒 𝑧 + 1)
𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 20 𝑧
(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑒
1
= 𝑒 2𝑧 The A.E. is, 𝑚 + 1 = 0
𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 20
1 ⇒𝑚 = −1
+ 2𝑒 𝑧
𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 20 ∴ C.F. = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑧
1 1 𝑧
+ (1) P. I. = 𝑒𝑒
𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 20 𝐷+1

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UNIT-II
1 𝑧 𝑧 1 𝑧 𝑧
Putting 𝑒𝑒 = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑒𝑒 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑒 𝑒
𝐷+1 𝐷+1
= (𝐷 + 1) 𝑣
Thus, the solution of the equation is
𝑧 𝑑𝑣
⇒ 𝑒𝑒 = +𝑣 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑒 𝑒
𝑧
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑣 𝑧 Second Case,
⇒ + 𝑣 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 (𝐷 + 2)(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑒

which is linear in 𝑣 The A.E. is, (𝑚 + 2)(𝑚 + 1) = 0

𝑧 ⇒ 𝑚 = −1 or − 2
Here, 𝑃 = 1 and 𝑄 = 𝑒 𝑒
∴ C.F. = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑧 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑧
∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑧 ∫ 𝑑𝑧
⇒ I. F. = 𝑒 = 𝑒
= 𝑒𝑧 1 𝑧
P. I. = 𝑒𝑒
(𝐷 + 1)(𝐷 + 2)
∴ The solution of the linear
equation is 1 1 𝑧
= ( − ) 𝑒𝑒
𝐷+1 𝐷+2
𝑣 × 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝐼𝐹 × 𝑄𝑑𝑧 (separation by partial fractions)

1 𝑧 1 𝑧
= 𝑒𝑒 − 𝑒𝑒
⇒ 𝑣𝑒 𝑧 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑧 𝑒 𝑑𝑧 𝑒𝑧 𝐷+1 𝐷+2
1 𝑧
Let 𝐼1 = 𝑒𝑒
For solving RHS, put 𝐷+1
𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑡 so that 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡
[ ] 1 𝑧
𝑧
⇒ ∫ 𝑒 𝑧 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 and 𝐼2 = 𝑒𝑒
𝐷+2

𝑧 𝐼1 is same as first case

⇒ 𝑣𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑒
1 𝑧
⇒ 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑒 𝑒
𝑧
Let 𝐼2 = 𝑒𝑒 = 𝑢
𝐷+2
1 𝑧
∴
𝑧
𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑒 𝑒
𝑧
⇒ 𝑒 𝑒 = (𝐷 + 2) 𝑢
𝐷+1

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 UNIT-II
𝑑𝑢 𝑧 ∴ The solution of the equation is
⇒ + 2𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑒
𝑑𝑧 𝑧
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑧 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑧 + 𝑒 −2𝑧 𝑒 𝑒
which is linear in 𝑢
𝑧
28. The complementary function
Here, 𝑃 = 2 and 𝑄 = 𝑒 𝑒 for the equation (𝐷3 − 𝐷2 + 2)𝑦 =
𝑑
∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑧 ∫ 2𝑑𝑧 10(𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 ), where 𝐷 = is
I. F. = 𝑒 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧

∴ The solution of the linear Solution: (A)

equation is
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑧 + 𝑒 𝑧 (𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧
𝑢 × 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝐼𝐹 × 𝑄𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧)

The A.E. is, 𝑚3 − 𝑚2 + 2 = 0

2𝑧 2𝑧 𝑒𝑧
⇒ 𝑢𝑒 = ∫𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑧 ⇒ (𝑚 + 1)(𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 2) = 0
⇒ 𝑚 = −1 or 1 ± 𝑖
[Put 𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑡 so that 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡]
∴ C. F. = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑧
= ∫ 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡 − 1) +𝑒 𝑧 (𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 + 𝐶3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧)
𝑧
= 𝑒 𝑒 (𝑒 𝑧 − 1)
29. The particular integral for the
𝑒𝑧
⇒ 𝑢𝑒 2𝑧 = 𝑒 (𝑒 𝑧 − 1) equation
(𝐷3 − 𝐷2 + 2)𝑦 = 10(𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 ),
𝑧
⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑒 −2𝑧 𝑒 𝑒 (𝑒 𝑧 − 1) where 𝐷 =
𝑑
is
𝑑𝑧
1 𝑧
∴ 𝑒𝑒 = 𝑢 Solution: (D) 𝑦 = 5𝑒 𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑒 −𝑧
𝐷+2
𝑧
= 𝑒 −2𝑧 𝑒 𝑒 (𝑒 𝑧 − 1) 1
P. I. = 10(𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 )
𝐷3 − 𝐷2 + 2
1 𝑧 𝑧
⇒ 𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑒 −2𝑧 𝑒 𝑒 (𝑒 𝑧 − 1) 1
𝐷+2 = 10𝑒 𝑧
𝐷3 − 𝐷2 + 2
𝑧
Thus, P. I. = 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑒 𝑒 1
𝑧
− 𝑒 −2𝑧 𝑒 𝑒 (𝑒 𝑧 − 1) + 10𝑒 −𝑧
𝐷3 − 𝐷2 + 2
P. I. = 𝑒 −2𝑧 𝑒 𝑒
𝑧
(case of failure for 𝑒 −𝑧 )

85
UNIT-II
1 Solution: (A)
= 10 𝑒𝑧
13 − 12 + 2 1 1
1 𝑦 = 𝑧𝑒 2𝑧 +
+ 10𝑧 2 𝑒 −𝑧 108 108
3𝐷 − 2𝐷
1 1 2𝑧
1 𝑃. 𝐼. = (𝑒 − 1)
= 5𝑒 𝑧 + 10𝑧 𝑒 −𝑧 𝐷2 − 4 27
2
3(−1) − 2(−1)
1 1 1 1
= 𝑒 2𝑧 − (1)
1 2
27 𝐷 − 4 2
27 𝐷 − 4
= 5𝑒 𝑧 + 10𝑧 𝑒 −𝑧
3+2
(case of failure for 𝑒 2𝑧 )
= 5𝑒 𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑒 −𝑧
1 1 2𝑧 1
= 𝑧 𝑒 −
30. The complementary function of 27 2𝐷 0 − 108
the equation 1 1
(𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑧𝑒 2𝑧 +
108 108
= 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑧 sin 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧
where 𝐷 =
𝑑
is 32. The complete solution of the
𝑑𝑧
equation
Solution: (B) [𝐷(𝐷 − 1) + 𝐷 + 1]𝑦 = 4 cos 𝑧
𝑑
𝑦 = (𝐶1 𝑒 √3𝑧 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −√3𝑧 )𝑒 2𝑧 where 𝐷 = is
𝑑𝑧

The A.E. is, 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 1 = 0 Solution: (D)

4 ± √12 4 ± 2√3 𝑦 = (𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧)
⇒𝑚= = + 2𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧
2 2
= 2 ± √3
The given equation is
∴ C. F. = 𝐶1 𝑒 2+√3𝑧 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2−√3𝑧 [𝐷(𝐷 − 1) + 𝐷 + 1]𝑦 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧
= (𝐶1 𝑒 √3𝑧 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −√3𝑧 )𝑒 2𝑧
⇒ (𝐷2 − 𝐷 + 𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧
31. The particular integral of the
⇒ (𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧
equation
1 2𝑧 The A.E. is, 𝑚2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖
(𝐷2 − 4)𝑦 = (𝑒 − 1)
27
where 𝐷 =
𝑑
is ∴ C.F. = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧
𝑑𝑧

86
 UNIT-II
P. I. 1
P. I. = 4 𝑒 −4𝑧
1 𝐷 − 2𝐷 2 + 1
= 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 (case of failure)
𝐷2 +1 1
= 𝑒 −4𝑧
1 (−4)4 − 2(−4)2 + 1
= 4𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 = 2𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧
2𝐷
1 −4𝑧
= 𝑒
∴ 𝑦 = (𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧) 225
+ 2𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧
35. The complete solution of the
33. The complementary function equation
for the equation (𝐷4 + 2𝐷2 + 𝑑2𝑦 2𝑧
𝑑 + 𝑦 = − is
1)𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑧 , where 𝐷 = is 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑎3
𝑑𝑧
Solution: (D)
Solution: (B) 2𝑧
𝑦 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑧) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 −
𝑎3
+ (𝐶3 + 𝐶4 𝑧) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧
The given equation in symbolic
4 2 form is
The A.E. is, 𝑚 + 2𝑚 + 1 = 0
2𝑧
Putting 𝑚2 = 𝑘, we get (𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = − 3
𝑎
𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1 = 0 ⇒ (𝑘 + 1)2 = 0 The A.E. is, 𝑚2 + 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖
⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖 or ± 𝑖
∴ C.F. = 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧
∴ C. F. = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑧) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧
+ (𝐶3 + 𝐶4 𝑧) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 1 −2𝑧
P. I. =
𝐷2 + 1 𝑎3
34. The particular integral for the
−2
equation = (1 + 𝐷2 )−1 𝑧
(𝐷4 − 2𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 −4𝑧 𝑎3
𝑑
where 𝐷 = is −2 −2𝑧
𝑑𝑧 = 3
(1 − 𝐷2 + ⋯ )𝑧 = 3
𝑎 𝑎
1
Solution: (C) 𝑦 = 𝑒 −4𝑧 2𝑧
225
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 −
𝑎3

87
UNIT-II
36. The complete solution of the ∴ The solution is
equation 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 √2𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −√2𝑧 + 𝑧 2
𝑑2 𝑦
− 2𝑦 = 2(1 − 𝑧 2 ) is 37. The particular integral for the
𝑑𝑧 2
equation
Solution: (A) (𝐷2 + 4𝐷 − 5)𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑡 + 3𝑒 2𝑡 ,
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 √2𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −√2𝑧 + 𝑧 2 where𝐷 =
𝑑
is
𝑑𝑡
The given equation in symbolic
Solution: (B)
form is (𝐷2 − 2)𝑦 = 2(1 − 𝑧 2 )
2 13 3 2𝑡
𝑥 = − 𝑡− + 𝑒
2
The A.E. is, 𝑚 − 2 = 0 5 25 7
⇒ 𝑚 = ±√2 1
P. I. = (1 + 2𝑡
𝐷2 + 4𝐷 − 5
∴ C.F. = 𝑐1 𝑒 √2𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −√2𝑧 + 3𝑒 2𝑡 )
1 1
P. I. = 2(1 − 𝑧 2 ) = (1 + 2𝑡)
𝐷2 − 2 𝐷2 + 4𝐷 − 5
1
1 0𝑥 )
1 +3 2 𝑒 2𝑡
= 2 2
(𝑒 − 2 2
𝑧2 𝐷 + 4𝐷 − 5
𝐷 −2 𝐷 −2
−2 1 2 1 1 1
=− (1 + 2𝑡)
= 2
(𝑒 0𝑥 ) + 𝑧2 5 4 𝐷2
2 0 2 𝐷2 1−( 𝐷+ )
1− 2 1− 2 5 5

{note: P.I. ah constant zawn tur a 1

+3 𝑒 2𝑡
1 (2)2 + 4(2) − 5
nih hian eg: D2 −2 2 ang ah te
−1
hian 2e0x ang a chawh tur not x 0 } 1 4 𝐷2
= − (1 − ( 𝐷 + ))
−1 5 5 5
𝐷2
= −1 + (1 − ) 𝑧2
2 1
(1 + 2𝑡) + 3 𝑒 2𝑡
4+8−5
𝐷2
= −1 + (1 + + ⋯ ) 𝑧2
2

= −1 + 𝑧 2 + 1 = 𝑧 2

88
 UNIT-II
1 4 𝐷2 ∴ C.F. = 𝐶1 𝑒 −3𝑧 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑧
= − (1 + 𝐷 + ) (1 + 2𝑡)
5 5 5
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −3𝑧 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑧
1
+ 3 𝑒 2𝑡
7 40. The complementary function
1 8 3 for the equation (4𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 −
= − (1 + 2𝑡 + ) + 𝑒 2𝑡 8𝐷 + 6)𝑥 = 2(4 − 3𝑡), where 𝐷 =
5 5 7
𝑑
is
1 13 3 𝑑𝑡
= − (2𝑡 + ) + 𝑒 2𝑡
5 5 7 Solution: (B)
3𝑡
2𝑡 13 3 2𝑡 𝑥 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑡)𝑒 𝑡 + 𝐶3 𝑒 − 2
= − − + 𝑒
5 25 7
The A.E. is,
38. The particular integral for the
4𝑚3 − 2𝑚2 − 8𝑚 + 6 = 0
function (𝐷2 − 3𝐷 − 10)𝑧 = 0,
𝑑 ⇒ 2𝑚3 − 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 3 = 0
where 𝐷 = is
𝑑𝑥
⇒ (𝑚 − 1)(2𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 3) = 0
Solution: (C) 0
−1 ± √25
⇒ 𝑚 = 1 or
Here, 𝑋 = 0 4
1 −1 ± 5
∴ P. I. = 2 (0) = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = 1 or
𝐷 − 3𝐷 − 10 4
3
39. The complementary function ⇒ 𝑚 = 1 or 1 or −
2
for the equation
3𝑡
(𝐷2 + 7𝐷 + 12)𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑧 + 6𝑒 𝑧 , ∴ C.F. = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑡)𝑒 𝑡 + 𝐶3 𝑒 − 2
𝑑
where 𝐷 = is
𝑑𝑧 Hence the general solution is given
Solution: (A)𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −3𝑧 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑧 by,
3𝑡
2 𝑥 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑡)𝑒 𝑡 + 𝐶3 𝑒 − 2
The A.E. is, 𝑚 + 7𝑚 + 12 = 0
⇒ (𝑚 + 3)(𝑚 + 4) = 0
⇒ 𝑚 = −3 or − 4 ~END UNIT-II~

89
UNIT-III
Differential Equations of First Order but Higher Degree
The general form of First order 1. Equation solvable for 𝒑:
with degree 𝑛>1 is,
Let 𝑃0 𝑝𝑛 + 𝑃1 𝑝𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑃𝑛−1 𝑝
𝑑𝑦 𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 +𝑃𝑛 = 0 ← (1)
𝑃0 ( ) + 𝑃1 ( )𝑛−1 + 𝑃2 ( )𝑛−2 be the given equation of first order
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 and degree 𝑛 > 1. Since it is
+ ⋯ + 𝑃𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑃𝑛 = 0
𝑑𝑥 solvable for 𝑝, it can be put in the
form,
where 𝑃0 , 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , … , 𝑃𝑛 are functions
of 𝑥 and 𝑦. Denoting
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑝, the [𝑝 − 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦)][𝑝 − 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦)] …
𝑑𝑥
[𝑝 − 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦)] = 0 ← (2)
above equation becomes,
Equating each factor of equation
𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2
𝑃0 𝑝 + 𝑃1 𝑝 + 𝑃2 𝑝 (2) to zero, we obtain ‘𝑛’ equations
+ ⋯ + 𝑃𝑛−1 𝑝 + 𝑃𝑛 = 0 of first order and first degree, i.e.,
Then, three cases arise: - 𝑝 = 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑝 = 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦), …,
𝑝 = 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦)
1. Equation solvable for 𝑝.
2. Equation solvable for 𝑦. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦), = 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦), …,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. Equation solvable for 𝑥. 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
By integrating, let the solution of
this ‘𝑛’ equations be respectively,

𝐹1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐1 ) = 0, 𝐹2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐2 ) = 0, …,
𝐹𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐𝑛 ) = 0

where 𝑐𝑖 |𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛 are arbitrary

constants of equation (1), since all
the 𝑐𝑖 ′s can have more than one

90
 UNIT-III
value or infinite number of values, Page 100
the above solution will remain
Example 4
general if we replace 𝑐𝑖 |𝑖 =
Solve
1,2, … , 𝑛 by a single arbitrary
2𝑦 𝑦2
constant 𝑐. Then, the ‘𝑛’ solutions 𝑝2 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 − ) 𝑝 + 𝑥𝑦 + 2 − 𝑦
can be written as, 𝑥 𝑥
2
𝑦
− =0
𝐹1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐) = 0, 𝐹2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐) = 0, …, 𝑥
𝐹𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐) = 0
Soln.; Rewriting the given equation
These can be combined into one as;
equation as, 2𝑦
𝑝2 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 − ) 𝑝 + 𝑥𝑦
𝐹1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐)𝐹2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐). . . 𝐹𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐) 𝑥
=0 𝑦2 𝑦2
−𝑦 − + =0
𝑥 𝑥2
Remark: Since the given equation
2𝑦 𝑦
is first order, its general solution ⇒ 𝑝2 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 − ) 𝑝 + 𝑥 (𝑦 − )
𝑥 𝑥
cannot have more than one
𝑦 𝑦
arbitrary constant. − (𝑦 − ) = 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
⇒ 𝑝2 + {(𝑥 − ) + (𝑦 − )} 𝑝
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
+ (𝑥 − ) (𝑦 − ) = 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
⇒ 𝑝2 + (𝑦 − ) 𝑝 + (𝑥 − ) 𝑝
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
+ (𝑥 − ) (𝑦 − ) = 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
⇒ 𝑝 {𝑝 + (𝑦 − )}
𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
+ (𝑥 − ) {𝑝 + (𝑦 − )} = 0
𝑥 𝑥

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UNIT-III
𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
⇒ {𝑝 + (𝑥 − )} {𝑝 + (𝑦 − )} ⇒ = ( − 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
=0
⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐|
The component equations are
given as; ⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑒 𝑥 | + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐|
𝑦
𝑝 + (𝑥 − ) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 = 0 ← (4)
𝑥
𝑦 Hence, combined equations (3) &
and 𝑝 + (𝑦 − ) = 0 (4) give the required solution;
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 (𝑦 − 𝑐𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑦 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑐𝑥) = 0
+ 𝑥 − = 0 ← (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
and + 𝑦 − = 0 ← (2) Example 5
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Solve
Solving (1);
𝑝3 + 2𝑥𝑝2 − 𝑦 2 𝑝2 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑝 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
− = −𝑥 (linear in 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 Soln.; Rewriting the given equation
as;
−1 1
∴ I. F = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑙𝑛|𝑥| =
𝑥 𝑝(𝑝2 + 2𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦 2 𝑝 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 ) = 0
∴ equation (1) solution is given by; ⇒ 𝑝{𝑝(𝑝 + 2𝑥) − 𝑦 2 (𝑝 + 2𝑥)} = 0
𝑦 1 ⇒ 𝑝(𝑝 + 2𝑥)(𝑝 − 𝑦 2 ) = 0
= ∫ −𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 = −𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
The component equations are
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑐𝑥 = 0 ← (3)
given as;
Now, solving (2); 𝑑𝑦
𝑝=0 ⇒ = 0 ← (1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 1
= − 𝑦 = 𝑦 ( − 1) and 𝑝 + 2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ + 2𝑥 = 0 ← (2)
𝑑𝑥

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 UNIT-III
and 𝑝 − 𝑦 2 = 0 Example 6
𝑑𝑦 Solve
⇒ − 𝑦 2 = 0 ← (3)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑝2 − 𝑥𝑦𝑝 − 𝑦 2 = 0
Solving (1);
𝑑𝑦 = 0 Soln.; The given equation is
quadratic in 𝑝.
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑐 = 0 ← (4)
∴𝑝
Solving (2);
𝑑𝑦 −(−𝑥𝑦) ± √(−𝑥𝑦)2 − 4. 𝑥 2 . (−𝑦 2 )
+ 2𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2

⇒ 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 𝑐 𝑥𝑦 ± √5𝑥 2 𝑦 2
⇒𝑝=
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑐 = 0 ← (5) 2𝑥 2

Solving (3); 𝑥𝑦 ± √5𝑥𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ⇒𝑝=
− 𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 2 = 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 ⇒𝑝= (1 ± √5)
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 − 2 = 0 2𝑥
𝑦
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 + − 𝑐 = 0 ← (6) ⇒ = (1 ± √5)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥

Hence, combined equation (4), (5) 2𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

⇒ = (1 ± √5)
& (6) gives the required solution; 𝑦 𝑥

1 ⇒ 2𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = (1 ± √5)𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐|

(𝑦 − 𝑐)(𝑦 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑐) (𝑥 + − 𝑐)
𝑦
=0 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥 (1±√5)

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UNIT-III
2. Equation solvable for 𝒚: In such cases, we ignore the
first factor 𝛷1 (𝑥, 𝑝) which do
Let the 𝑛th degree equation be, 𝑑𝑝
not contain 𝑑𝑥 and proceed with
𝑃0 𝑝𝑛 + 𝑃1 𝑝𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑃𝑛 = 0 ← (1) 𝑑𝑝
𝛷2 (𝑥, 𝑝, 𝑑𝑥 ) = 0.
If it can be in the form, 2. If instead of ignoring factor
𝛷1 (𝑥, 𝑝), we eliminate 𝑝
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑝) ← (2)
between equations (2) and (3)
Then equation (1) is said to be and we obtain an equation
solvable for 𝑦. involving no constant 𝑐. This is
Now, differentiating w.r.t. 𝑥, a singular solution of equation
(1).
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑝
⇒ = 𝛷(𝑥, 𝑝, )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝
⇒ 𝑝 = 𝛷(𝑥, 𝑝, ) ← (3)
𝑑𝑥
which is a function of 𝑥 and 𝑝.

Suppose the solution be,

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑝, 𝑐) = 0 ← (4)

Solving equations (2) and (4) for 𝑥

and 𝑦, we obtain the solution,

𝑥 = 𝑓1 (𝑝, 𝑐) ; 𝑦 = 𝑓2 (𝑝, 𝑐)

where 𝑝 is treated as a parameter.

Remarks:

1. In some problems, equation (3)

can be written as,
𝑑𝑝
𝛷1 (𝑥, 𝑝)𝛷2 (𝑥, 𝑝, ) = 0
𝑑𝑥

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 UNIT-III
Page 103 ⇒ 𝑝(1 − 𝑝2 ){1 − 𝑝2 − 2}

Example 4 𝑑𝑝
−2𝑥 {1 − 𝑝2 + 2𝑝2 } = 0
Solve 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑝2 + 2𝑝𝑥 ← (1) 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑝(1 − 𝑝2 ){−1 − 𝑝2 }
Soln.; 𝑑𝑝
𝑆𝐴𝑀𝐸 𝐴𝑆; 𝑃𝐴𝐺𝐸 104, 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 1 − 2𝑥 {1 + 𝑝2 } = 0
𝑑𝑥
(solvable for 𝑥 in a awl zawk ⇒ −𝑝(1 − 𝑝2 ){1 + 𝑝2 }
(easier) but solvable for 𝑦 pawn 𝑑𝑝
− 2𝑥 {1 + 𝑝2 } = 0
theih tho (can also), hetiang in 𝑑𝑥
(like this)): - 𝑑𝑝
⇒ (1 + 𝑝2 ) {𝑝(1 − 𝑝2 ) + 2𝑥 }
⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑝2 = 2𝑝𝑥 ← (2) 𝑑𝑥
=0
⇒ 𝑦(1 − 𝑝2 ) = 2𝑝𝑥 Neglecting the factor not
𝑑𝑝
2𝑝𝑥 containing 𝑑𝑥 ,
⇒𝑦= ← (3)
1 − 𝑝2
𝑑𝑝
𝑝(1 − 𝑝2 ) + 2𝑥 =0
Differentiating equation (3) w.r.t. 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 and denoting 𝑑𝑥 as 𝑝, 𝑑𝑥 2𝑑𝑝
⇒ + =0
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑝(1 − 𝑝2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑥 2𝑑𝑝
(1 − 𝑝2 ) (2𝑝 + 2𝑥 ) − 2𝑝𝑥(−2𝑝 ) ⇒ + =0
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑝(1 + 𝑝)(1 − 𝑝)
2
(1 − 𝑝 )²
𝑑𝑥 2 1 1
2 )2 2) ⇒ +[ − + ] 𝑑𝑝 = 0
⇒ 𝑝(1 − 𝑝 = (1 − 𝑝 (2𝑝 𝑥 𝑝 1+𝑝 1−𝑝
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
+ 2𝑥 ) + 4𝑝²𝑥 ⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑝 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑝)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑝) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
⇒ 𝑝(1 − 𝑝2 )2 − 2𝑝(1 − 𝑝2 )
𝑥𝑝²
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝 ⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ] = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
−2𝑥(1 − 𝑝2 ) − 4𝑝2 𝑥 =0 (1 + 𝑝)(1 − 𝑝)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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UNIT-III
𝑥𝑝2 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
⇒ =𝑐 ⇒ 𝑝 = 2𝑝 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑝
(1 − 𝑝2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝑥𝑝2 = 𝑐 − 𝑝²𝑐 𝑑𝑝
⇒ 𝑝 + 2(𝑥 − 𝑝) =0
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑝2 (𝑥 + 𝑐) = 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑐 ⇒𝑝 + 2(𝑥 − 𝑝) = 0
𝑑𝑝
⇒ 𝑝2 =
𝑥+𝑐
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
𝑐 ⇒ + =2 (linear in 𝑥)
⇒𝑝=√ 𝑑𝑝 𝑝
𝑥+𝑐
2
∫𝑝𝑑𝑝
Substituting this value of 𝑝 in ∴ 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 2𝑙𝑛|𝑝| = 𝑝2
equation (2),
∴ Required solution;
𝑐 𝑐
𝑦 −𝑦( ) = 2𝑥√ 2 3
𝑥+𝑐 𝑥+𝑐 𝑥𝑝2 = ∫ 2𝑝2 𝑑𝑝 + 𝑐 = 𝑝 +𝑐
3
𝑥 𝑐 2
⇒ 𝑦( ) = 2𝑥√ ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑝 + 𝑐𝑝−2 ←(2)
𝑥+𝑐 𝑥+𝑐

⇒ 𝑦 = 2 √𝑐 √𝑥 + 𝑐 Put equation (2) in equation (1),

we get;
⇒ 𝑦 2 = 4𝑐(𝑥 + 𝑐)
2
𝑦 = 2𝑝 ( 𝑝 + 𝑐𝑝−2 ) − 𝑝2
3
Example 5 4
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑝2 + 2𝑐𝑝−1 − 𝑝2
Solve 𝑦 = 2𝑝𝑥 − 𝑝2 ← (1) 3

Soln.; Differentiating the given 4

⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑝2 ( − 1) + 2𝑐𝑝−1
equation w.r.t. 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦 1
and denoting as 𝑝 ; ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑝2 + 2𝑐𝑝−1
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
= 2𝑝 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑝 (where 𝑝 is the parameter)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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 UNIT-III
3. Equation solvable for 𝒙: Page 105

Let the 𝑛th degree equation be, Example 2

Solve 𝑝3 − 𝑝(𝑦 + 3) + 𝑥 = 0
𝑃0 𝑝𝑛 + 𝑃1 𝑝𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑃𝑛 = 0 ← (1)
Soln.; Solving for 𝑥,
If it can be in the form,
𝑥 = 𝑝(𝑦 + 3) − 𝑝3 ← (1)
𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦, 𝑝) ← (2)
Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑦 and
Then equation (1) is said to be 𝑑𝑥 1
putting as 𝑝,
solvable for 𝑥. 𝑑𝑦

Now, differentiating w.r.t. 𝑦,

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
= 𝑝 + (𝑦 + 3) − 3𝑝2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝛷(𝑦, 𝑝, )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
⇒ = 𝑝 + (𝑦 + 3) − 3𝑝2
1 𝑑𝑝 𝑝 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝛷(𝑦, 𝑝, ) ← (3)
𝑝 𝑑𝑦
1 − 𝑝2 𝑑𝑝
⇒ = (𝑦 + 3 − 3𝑝2 )
which is a function of 𝑦 and 𝑝. 𝑝 𝑑𝑦

Suppose the solution be, 𝑑𝑦 𝑝

⇒ = {𝑦 + 3(1 − 𝑝2 )}
𝑑𝑝 1 − 𝑝2
𝐹(𝑦, 𝑝, 𝑐) = 0 ← (4)
𝑑𝑦 𝑝
Solving equations (2) and (4) for 𝑥 ⇒ −( ) 𝑦 = 3𝑝
𝑑𝑝 1 − 𝑝2
and 𝑦, we obtain the solution, (linear in 𝑦)
𝑥 = 𝑓1 (𝑝, 𝑐) ; 𝑦 = 𝑓2 (𝑝, 𝑐) −∫
𝑝
𝑑𝑝 1 2|
∴ I. F = 𝑒 1−𝑝2 = 𝑒 2𝑙𝑛|1−𝑝
where 𝑝 is treated as a parameter. 1
= (1 − 𝑝2 )2

So, its solution is;

1 1
𝑦(1 − 𝑝2 )2 = ∫ 3𝑝(1 − 𝑝2 )2 𝑑𝑝
+𝑐

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UNIT-III
−1
{Put 1 − 𝑝2 = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑝𝑑𝑝 = 𝑑𝑣}
2
1 3 1
∴ 𝑦(1 − 𝑝2 )2 = 𝑐 − ∫ 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣
2
1 3
⇒ 𝑦(1 − 𝑝2 )2 = 𝑐 − 𝑣 2
3
= 𝑐 − (1 − 𝑝2 )2
1
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐(1 − 𝑝2 )−2 − (1 − 𝑝2 )
← (2)

Put equation (2) in equation (1),

we get;
1
𝑥 = 𝑝 {𝑐(1 − 𝑝2 )−2 − 1 + 𝑝2 + 3}
− 𝑝3
1
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑝𝑐(1 − 𝑝2 )−2 + 𝑝3 + 2𝑝
− 𝑝3
1
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑝𝑐(1 − 𝑝2 )−2 + 2𝑝

(where 𝑝 is parameter)

98
 UNIT-III
Clairaut’s Equation. Orthogonal Trajectories.

An equation of the form, A curve which cuts every member

of given family of curves in
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑝) ← (1), =𝑝 accordance with some given laws
𝑑𝑥
is called trajectory of the given
is known as Clairaut’s Equation. family of curve.

Solution of Clairaut’s Equation: - If a curve cuts every member of a

given family at right angles, it is
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t.
called an orthogonal trajectory.
𝑥, we get,
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝 If a curve cuts every member of a
𝑝 =𝑝+𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑝) given family of curves at an angle
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
α, α≠90°, then it is called an
𝑑𝑝
[𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑝)] =0 oblique trajectory.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝 Working Rule: -
= 0 ⇒ 𝑝 = 𝑐 (constant) ← (2)
𝑑𝑥 For Cartesian equation, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
OR 𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑝) = 0 ← (3) or For Polar equation, 𝑟 = 𝑔(𝜃)

Results: - (i) Differentiate the given equation

w.r.t. 𝑥 or 𝜃 respectively,
(i) By eliminating 𝑝 from
equations (1) and (2), we get (ii) Eliminate the constant
the general solution, (parameter) from the above
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑐) equation.
(ii) By eliminating 𝑝 from
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
equations (1) and (3), we get (iii) Changing to − 𝑑𝑦 or
𝑑𝑥
the singular solution that does 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
not contain arbitrary constant. to − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 respectively and
𝑑𝜃
solving it, we get the required
family of orthogonal trajectories.

99
UNIT-III
Page 112 to 114 6. Given equation;
𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃
EXERCISE 𝑟𝑛
{⇒ 𝑎𝑛 = ← (1)}
1. (b) cos 𝑛𝜃
(refer to Clairaut ′ s equation) differentiating w. r. t. 𝜃;
𝑑𝑟
𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 = −𝑛𝑎𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
2. True (pg − 112, example − 7) 𝑑𝜃
𝑟 𝑛 𝑑𝑟
⇒𝑛
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
3. True 𝑟𝑛
(proceed as previous question) = −𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃 ( ) from(1)
cos 𝑛𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟
4. Soln.; ⇒ = − tan 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
Given equation; 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 2 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑦 convert to − 𝑟 2 , we get;
⇒ 𝑐 = 2 ← (1) 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟
𝑥 𝑑𝜃
Differentiating w. r. t. 𝑥 𝑟 = tan 𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑟
= 2𝑐𝑥 ⇒ cot 𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑟
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 ln sin 𝑛𝜃
⇒ = 2𝑥 ( 2 ) from (1) ⇒ = ln 𝑟 + ln 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑛
⇒ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑛
⇒ √sin 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟𝑐
proceed as; page 112, eg − 7 𝑛
√sin 𝑛𝜃
OR 𝑟 =
𝑐
5. Given equation;
𝑑𝑦 𝑎
𝑦= 𝑥+ 7. Given equation;
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥
𝑝𝑦 = 𝑝2 𝑥 + 𝑎
The given can be rewritten as;
This equation can be rewritten
𝑎 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 + (𝑝 ⇒ ) as;
𝑝 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑦
Proceed as; pg-105, eg-1 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 + (𝑝 ⇒ )
𝑝 𝑑𝑥
Proceed as; pg-105, eg-1

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8. Exactly same as; pg-109, eg-4 13. Exactly same as; pg-99, eg-2

9. Avbt!!! Hei pawh pg-109, eg-4… 14. Exactly same as; pg-108, eg-2

10. Exactly same as; pg-99, eg-2 15. Given equation;

𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑝𝑥) = 𝑦𝑝2 ← (1)
11. Given equation; 𝑝𝑥 3
⇒𝑦= 2
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑝2
differetiating w. r. t. 𝑥, differentiating w. r. t. 𝑥;
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −𝑦 𝑝=
𝑥 +𝑦=0⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 (𝑥 2 −𝑝2 )(3𝑝𝑥 2 +𝑥 3
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
)−𝑝𝑥 3 (2𝑥−2𝑝 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 −𝑝2 )2
convert to ;
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑝(𝑥 2 − 𝑝2 )2
𝑑𝑥 −𝑦 𝑑𝑝
⇒− = = 3𝑝𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 − 3𝑝3 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
−𝑝2 𝑥 3 − 2𝑝𝑥 4 + 2𝑝2 𝑥 3
⇒ 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2 2 )2
OR 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 2 ⇒ 𝑝(𝑥 + 𝑝 − 2𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑝
= 𝑝𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5
12. Given equation; 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑝3 + 𝐵𝑝2 𝑑𝑝
−3𝑝3 𝑥 2 + 𝑝2 𝑥 3
differentiating w. r. t. 𝑥; 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 4 4 )𝑝 2 3
𝑑𝑝 ⇒ +𝑦 +𝑥 𝑝
𝑝 = (3𝐴𝑝2 + 2𝐵𝑝) 𝑑𝑝 2 3
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑝𝑥 4 + (𝑝 𝑥 + 𝑥 5 )
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑥
⇒1= (3𝐴𝑝 + 2𝐵) ⇒ 𝑝3 (𝑝2 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
⇒ (3𝐴𝑝 + 2𝐵)𝑑𝑝 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑝
= 𝑥 3 (𝑝2 + 𝑥 2 )
integrating, we get; 𝑑𝑥
3 2 𝑑𝑝 𝑝3
𝐴𝑝 + 2𝐵𝑝 = 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ =
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3
3 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑥
Hence, 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑝2 + 2𝐵𝑝 − 𝑐 ⇒ 3− 3=0
2 𝑝 𝑥
and 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑝3 + 𝐵𝑝2 1 1
⇒ 2 = 2+𝑐
where 𝑝 is parameter. 2𝑝 2𝑥

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2
𝑥2 𝑑𝑦
⇒𝑝 = 2 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑥 𝑐+1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑐
OR 𝑝 = +( )=0
√𝑥 2 𝑐 + 1 𝑥
Putting values of 𝑝 and 𝑝2 in 𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑐
equation (1); ⇒ 2𝑦 = − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 + 𝑐
𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) ⇒2 =
√1 + 𝑐𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦
𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=𝑦 2 convert to − , we get;
𝑥 𝑐+1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2
𝑥 𝑦
⇒𝑦− = 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑐
√1 + 𝑐𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑐 + 1 2 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦
𝑥2 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑐 ⇒ 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 + 𝑐)𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇒ − =0
√1 + 𝑐𝑥 2 1 + 𝑐𝑥 2 ⇒ 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 2 + 𝑐)𝑑𝑦
⇒ √1 + 𝑐𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑐 = 0 =0
√1 + 𝑐𝑥 2 Dividing both sides by 𝑦 2 , we
⇒𝑦=
𝑐 get;
⇒ 𝑐 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 2 + 1
2 2
2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑐
1 1 2
+ 𝑑𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 2 + ) 𝑦 𝑦
𝑐 𝑐 =0
(can also be solved using 𝑥 2
𝑐
Clairaut’s form, same as page- ⇒ 𝑑 ( ) + 𝑑𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 𝑦
106, eg-2)
Intregrating, we get;

16. Exactly same as; pg-109, eg-3 𝑥2 𝑐

+𝑦− =𝑘
𝑦 𝑦
17. Given equation;
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ← (1) OR 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑐 = 𝑦𝑘
−𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑐
OR 2𝑔 = ← (2)
𝑥
Differentiating (1) w. r. t. 𝑥;
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑔 = 0
𝑑𝑥

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18. Given equation; Now, differentiating (2) w. r. t. 𝑐;
𝑥 3 𝑝2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑝 + 𝑎3 = 0 ← (1) 2𝑐 + 𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑎3 𝑥𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 = −𝑥𝑝 − 2 OR 𝑐 = − ← (3)
𝑥 𝑝 2
(Clairaut’s equation) Putting (3) in (2), we get;
differentiating w. r. t. 𝑥; 𝑥2𝑦2 𝑥2𝑦2
− + 𝑎3 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑝 4 2
𝑝 = −𝑝 − 𝑥 𝑥2𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑎3 𝑥
2 1 𝑑𝑝 4
+𝑎3 ( 3 + 2 2 ) 4𝑎3
𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 ⇒𝑦 = 2

𝑑𝑝 2𝑎3 𝑥
⇒ 2𝑝 = −𝑥 + this is the required singular solution.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑝
𝑎3 𝑑𝑝
+ 2 2 19. Exactly same as; pg-110, eg-5
𝑥 𝑝 𝑑𝑥
Multiplying both sides by 𝑥 3 𝑝2 ;
20. Exactly same as; pg-113, Q-11
2𝑥 3 𝑝3 − 2𝑎3 𝑝 soln.
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
= −𝑥 4 𝑝2 + 𝑎3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 21. Exactly same as; pg-106, eg-2
⇒ 2𝑝(𝑥 3 𝑝2 − 𝑎3 )
𝑑𝑝 3 2
= −𝑥 (𝑥 𝑝 − 𝑎3 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝
⇒ 2𝑝 + 𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑥
⇒ +2 =0
𝑝 𝑥
Integrating, we get;
𝑙𝑛|𝑝| + 2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐|
𝑐
⇒𝑝= 2
𝑥
Putting this value in (1);
𝑐2 𝑐
𝑥 3 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑎3 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 𝑐 2 + 𝑐𝑥𝑦 + 𝑎3 𝑥 = 0 ← (2)
this is the required general solution.

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Page 115 to 121 9. (c)
Pg-108, eg-1
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. (c) 10. (c)

sawi vak dan awm lo. ‘c’ kha Hei pawh, a nih dan hi a nih
answer ni deuh tawp. chhan a ni mai.
“Pawm tawp mai rawh!” “Pawm tawp mai rawh!”

2. (a) 11. (d)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 20 Pg-109, eg-3
given equation; 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 7
can be rewritten as; 12. (a)
1 20 𝑑𝑦 Hei pawh; Universal Truth….
𝑝+ = (𝑝 ⇒ )
𝑝 7 𝑑𝑥 Thinlung pheka ziah nghal chi.
∴clearly solvable for 𝑝. “Pawm tawp mai rawh!”

3. (b) 13. (d)

Refer to pg-114, Q-13 Given equation;
𝑝2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 0
4. (d) ⇒ 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑥) + 𝑦(𝑝 + 𝑥) = 0
Pg-103, eg-4 ⇒ (𝑝 + 𝑥)(𝑝 + 𝑦) = 0
Here; (𝑝 + 𝑦) = 0
5. (c) 𝑑𝑦
Pg-105, Clairaut’s equation ⇒ = −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ + 𝑑𝑥 = 0
6. (a) 𝑦
Pg-105, eg-1 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| − 𝑐 = 0
Also ; (𝑝 + 𝑥) = 0
7. (d) 𝑑𝑦
Pg-113, Q-2 ⇒ = −𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
⇒𝑦+ =𝑐
8. (b) 2
Pg-105, Clairaut’s Identity. OR 2𝑦 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑐 = 0

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∴ (2𝑦 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑐)(𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| − 𝑐) Pg-111, eg-6
=0
14. (b) 25. (c)
Pg-105, Clairaut’s Identity. Pg-112, eg-7

15. (a) 26. (d)

Pg-109, eg-4 Equation for concentric circles;
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
16. (c) differentiating w. r. t. 𝑥;
Pg-105, Clairaut’s Identity. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0⇒ =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
17. (c) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
convert to − ;
Pg-98, eg-1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ⇒ =
18. (a) 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
Pg-102, eg-3 integrating, we get;
𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑚|
19. (c) 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥
Pg-104, eg-1
27. (a)
20. (b) Pg-113, Q-11
Pg-106, eg-2
28. (b)
21. (c) Pg-114, Q-17
Pg-106, eg-2
29. (b)
22. (a) Pg-113, Q-5
Pg-108, eg-2
30. (c)
23. (b) Given equation;
Pg-110, eg-5 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑝2 𝑥 + 𝑎
𝑎
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 +
24. (c) 𝑝

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Proceed as; pg-105, eg-1 34. (b)
Heipawh 31 nen khan a inang
31. (a) chiah (same). In confuse theih
Hei pawh; a chung ami nan an rawn twist kual vel mai
reference tho aw. mai a ni (for confusion). Chumi
chu 33 ang hian in twist let leh
32. Heihi textbook hian a answer anga, Pg-105, Eg-1 ami nen a
dik tak hi option ah a dah lo va. chawh dan a inang tih in hre
Pg-113, Q-6 kha a ni a… thei ang.
A tawp lama integration ah
khan; 35. (a)
sin 𝑛𝜃 Given equation;
∫ cot 𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ln | |
𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
tiin a chawk a niang (maybe). ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 0
Heihi a dik lo va (wrong), a ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎𝑥
dikna zawk (right) tur chu; 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
ln|sin 𝑛𝜃| OR 2𝑎 =
∫ cot 𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑥
𝑛 Differentiating w. r. t. 𝑥;
tih tur a ni (it is). 𝑑𝑦
(In ngaihdan te, comment 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2𝑎
𝑑𝑥
section lamah inlo sawi ho 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =
dawn a nia…) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2
⇒2 =
33. (c) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦
Given equation; 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
⇒2 = −
𝑥 2 𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥 3 𝑝2 − 𝑎3 𝑥 2 = 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
⇒ 𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥𝑝2 − 𝑎3 = 0 (homogeneous equation)
𝑎3 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 + convert to − ;
𝑝 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Proceed as; pg-105, eg-1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
2 = − ← (1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
𝑥
put = 𝑣 or 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
𝑦

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Differentiate w. r. t. 𝑦; 37. (c)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 Given equation;
=𝑣+𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 5
+ − =0
∴ equation (1) becomes; 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑣 1 1 5 𝑑𝑦
2𝑣 + 2𝑦 =𝑣− ⇒𝑝+ = (𝑝 ≡ )
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑝 2 𝑑𝑥
2 solvable for 𝑝;
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 +1
⇒ 2𝑦 = −( )
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 pg − 98, eg − 1
2𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2 + =0 38. (b)
𝑣 + 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Integrating, we get; Given equation;
𝑙𝑛|𝑣 2 + 1| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐| 𝑥𝑦𝑝2 − (𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )𝑝 − 𝑦 = 0
⇒ (𝑣 2 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑐 Hemi tur hi a nia.
𝑥2 Textbook ah khan a dik lovin a
⇒ ( 2 + 1) 𝑦 = 𝑐 inziak a (wrong).
𝑦
Kohhran mipuite Correction
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑦
siam turin kan inngen a ni e XD
(make correction)
36. (b)
Given equation; I lo chawh chhunzawm ila
𝑥2 (let us continue);
+ 𝑦2 = 𝑘
2
Differentiating w. r. t. 𝑥; 𝑥𝑦𝑝2 − 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦 2 𝑝 − 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥𝑝(𝑦𝑝 − 1) + 𝑦(𝑦𝑝 − 1) = 0
𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0 ⇒ (𝑦𝑝 − 1)(𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦) = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 clearly;
⇒2 =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 (𝑦𝑝 − 1) = 0 & (𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦) = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
convert to − ; ⇒𝑦 =1 & 𝑥 = −𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 = ⇒ =2 ⇒ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 & + =0
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
integrating, we get;
𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 2𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐|
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥2𝑐

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Integrating, we get; 𝑑𝑣 1
∴ 2𝑣 + 2𝑥 =𝑣−
𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 𝑣
=𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑣 2
𝑣 +1
2 2𝑥 = −( )
& 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐| 𝑑𝑥 𝑣
⇒ 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 𝑐 = 0 2𝑣𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 2 + =0
& 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑥 = 0 𝑣 +1 𝑥
Hence, the required solution is Integrating,
given by; 𝑙𝑛|𝑣 2 + 1| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐|
(𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 𝑐)( 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑥) = 0 𝑦2
⇒ ( 2 + 1) 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑥
39. (a) ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥
2

Given equation;
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎)2 = 𝑎2 40. (c)
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎𝑦 Given equation;
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥
also, 2𝑎 =
𝑦 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
⇒𝑐=
Differentiating w. r. t. 𝑦; 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Differentiating w.r.t. 𝑥;
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2𝑎 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑦2 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
⇒2 = Hemi chin hi chu 35 nen khan a
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦
inang tawh (same).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
convert to − ; Lo chhunzawm ve tawh ru.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
(continue by yourself)
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 𝑦 𝑥
2 = = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 Kamsahamnida!
(homogeneous)
𝑦
Put = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 ~END UNIT-III~
⇒ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

108
UNIT-IV
Linear Differential Equation of Second Order
The general or standard form of which will be the complete
Linear Differential Equation of solution of the given equation.
Second order is given by,

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 + 𝑄𝑦 = 𝑅
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 Complete solution of the equation

Where 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅 are functions of 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

2
+𝑃 + 𝑄𝑦 = 𝑅 ← (1)
𝑥 only or constant. 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
in terms of one known integral to
Working Rule; -
the complementary function:
1) Reduce the given equation to
Let 𝒚 = 𝒖 be a part of
the standard form if the
𝑑2 𝑦 complementary function (C.F.).
coefficient 𝑑𝑥 2 of is not unity. Therefore,
2) Find the solution of part of C.F.
𝑑2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(Complementary Function) of + 𝑃 + 𝑄𝑢 = 0 ← (2)
the given equation by using the 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
standard result. If 𝒚 = 𝒖𝒗 is the complete solution,
3) Let 𝒚 = 𝒖𝒗 be the complete
solution of the given equation. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
then, =𝑢 +𝑣
Then, the standard form of the 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
given equation reduces to the
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
form; - and, = 𝑢 +
𝒅𝟐 𝒗 𝟐 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗 𝑹 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ (𝑷 + ) = 𝑑 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 +𝑣 2 +
4) Find the value of 𝑣 from the 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
above equation. Putting in equation (1), we get,
5) Substitute the value of 𝑣 in the
equation
𝒚 = 𝒖𝒗

109
UNIT-IV
𝑑 2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑2 𝑢
𝑢 2+ +𝑣 2+ ⇒ = 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
+𝑃 (𝑢 + 𝑣 ) + 𝑄𝑢𝑣 = 𝑅 Putting in equation (2),
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑2𝑣 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑃𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑄𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0
𝑣( 2 +𝑃 + 𝑄𝑢) + 𝑢 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑚2 + 𝑃𝑚 + 𝑄 = 0 (∵ 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ≠ 0)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
+2 + 𝑃𝑢 =𝑅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Hence, condition satisfied on
integral of C.F. is,
Using equation (2), we get,
𝒎𝟐 + 𝑷𝒎 + 𝑸 = 𝟎
2
𝑑 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑢 2
+2 + 𝑃𝑢 =𝑅 then, 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒎𝒙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑅
+ + 𝑃 =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 2. Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑚 be the solution of
𝒅𝟐 𝒗 𝟐 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗 𝑹 equation (2).
𝟐
+ (𝑷 + ) = 𝑑𝑢
𝒅𝒙 𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 Then, = 𝑚𝑥 𝑚−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑞 𝑑2 𝑣
Putting 𝑞 = ⇒ = , then, 𝑑2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 ⇒ = 𝑚(𝑚 − 1)𝑥 𝑚−2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑞 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑅
+ (𝑃 + )𝑞 = Putting in equation (2),
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑚(𝑚 − 1)𝑥 𝑚−2 + 𝑃𝑚𝑥 𝑚−1 + 𝑄𝑥 𝑚
which is a Linear Differential
=0
equation in 𝑞 and 𝑥. Continue
solving for 𝒗. 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) + 𝑃𝑚𝑥 + 𝑄𝑥 2 = 0
(∵ 𝑥 𝑚 ≠ 0)
Now, to find 𝒖,
Hence, condition satisfied on
1. Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be the solution of
integral of C.F. is,
equation (2).
𝑑𝑢 𝒎(𝒎 − 𝟏) + 𝑷𝒎𝒙 + 𝑸𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎
Then, = 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝑑𝑥
then, 𝒖 = 𝒙𝒎

110
 UNIT-IV
Page 130 𝑑𝑞 −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2
⇒ +( + )𝑞
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. (𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 2
− 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ,𝑞 ≡
+𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Which is linear in 𝑞,
𝑑2𝑦 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ − ( ) −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 I. F. = 𝑒 ∫(𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
+ 𝑦 = 𝑒 − log(𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)+2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) ← (1) 𝑥2
=
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
−𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Here, 𝑃 = ,
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∴ The solution is,
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑞𝑥 2
𝑄= ,
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑅 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑥
We see that +𝐶1
−𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑞𝑥 2
𝑃 + 𝑄𝑥 = ⇒
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
+ =0
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1

∴𝑢=𝑥 𝑞𝑥 2
⇒
is a part of C. F. of equation (1) 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶1
Thus, equation (1) reduces to
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2 ⇒𝑞=( )(−𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑅 𝑥2
+ (𝑃 + ) =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶1)

𝑑2𝑣 −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

⇒ +( + ) ⇒ 𝑞 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) +𝐶1 − +
= 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
+ 𝐶1 2
𝑥

111
UNIT-IV
𝑑𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
⇒ = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ⇒𝑣= −∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 4 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
+𝐶1 − + +𝐶1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 −
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
+ 𝐶1 2 +∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝐶1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
−𝐶1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2
⇒ 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥
cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
−∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⇒𝑣= − − 𝐶1
𝑥 4 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶2
+𝐶1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∴ The complete solution is 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
+𝐶1 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥( − − 𝐶1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 4 2𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 𝑣 = −∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2)
2 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
+𝐶1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
+𝐶1 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2. (1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 )2
⇒𝑣= −∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
+𝐶1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 2
+ −
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2
2
1
1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 )2 ← (1)
+ [ + 2∫ 𝑑𝑥]
2 𝑥 𝑥
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥
+𝐶1[ −∫ 𝑑𝑥] + 𝐶2 Here, 𝑃 = ,
𝑥 𝑥 1 − 𝑥2
−1
𝑄= , 𝑅 = 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2
1 − 𝑥2
We see that
𝑥 −1
𝑃 + 𝑄𝑥 = 2
+𝑥( )=0
1−𝑥 1 − 𝑥2

112
 UNIT-IV
∴𝑢=𝑥 √1 − 𝑥2 𝑥3

is a part of C. F. of equation (1) ⇒𝑞= ( + 𝐶1)

𝑥2 3
Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
solution of equation (1) ⇒𝑞= + 𝐶1
3 𝑥2
Then, equation (1) reduces to 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑑2 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑅
+ (𝑃 + ) = √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 +𝐶1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑥2
𝑑2𝑣 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣
⇒ 2 +( + ) 1 3
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑣 = − (1 − 𝑥 2 )2
9
𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2
=
𝑥 −√1 − 𝑥 2
+𝐶1 [ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥] + 𝐶2
𝑥
𝑑𝑞 𝑥 2
⇒ +( 2
+ ) 𝑞 = √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 1 2
3 √1 − 𝑥 2
where 𝑞 ≡ ⇒ 𝑣 = − (1 − 𝑥 ) − 𝐶1
2
𝑑𝑥 9 𝑥
Which is linear in 𝑞, − 𝐶1𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑥 2
∫( + )𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥 2 𝑥
∴ The complete solution is 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
I. F. = 𝑒

−1 𝑥2 1 3 √1 − 𝑥 2
=
2
𝑒 2 log(1−𝑥 )+2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑥 {− (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 −𝐶1
9 𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2
− 𝐶1𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐶2}
∴ The solution is,

𝑞𝑥 2 𝑥2
=∫ √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
+ 𝐶1

𝑞𝑥 2 𝑥3
⇒ = + 𝐶1
√1 − 𝑥 2 3

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UNIT-IV
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑞 2𝑥 + 5
3. (𝑥 + 2) 2 − (2𝑥 + 5) + 2𝑦 ⇒ + (− + 4) 𝑞
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+2
= (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 𝑥+1 1
=
𝑥 + 2 𝑒𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 2𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 𝑑𝑣
where 𝑞 ≡ 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 2
− +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑞 2𝑥 + 3 𝑥+1 1
𝑥+1 𝑥 ⇒ +( )𝑞 =
= 𝑒 ← (1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+2 𝑥 + 2 𝑒𝑥
𝑥+2
2𝑥 + 5 Which is linear in 𝑞,
Here, 𝑃 = − ,
𝑥+2 2𝑥+3
2 𝑥+1 𝑥 I. F. = 𝑒 ∫( 𝑥+2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑄= ,𝑅 = 𝑒 𝑒 2𝑥+4
𝑥+2 𝑥+2
= 𝑒 2(𝑥+2)−log (𝑥+2) =
(𝑥 + 2)
We see that,
∴ The solution is,
𝑚2 + 𝑃𝑚 + 𝑄
2𝑥 + 5 2 𝑒 2𝑥+4 𝑒 2𝑥+4 𝑥 + 1 1
= 𝑚2 − 𝑚+ =0 𝑞 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+2 𝑥+2 (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 + 2 𝑒 𝑥
(𝑚 = 2)
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 4
⇒ 𝑞
∴ 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)
is a part of C. F. of equation (1) 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 4 𝑥 + 1 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 + 2 𝑒 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete
solution of equation (1) 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)
⇒𝑞 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 2)²
Then, equation (1) reduces to
𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑2 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑅 ⇒𝑞
2
+ (𝑃 + ) = (𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
1 1
2 = ∫ 𝑒𝑥 { − } 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑣 2𝑥 + 5 2 2𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)²
⇒ + (− + 2𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 + 2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥+1 𝑒 (use ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 {𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)} 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑥 + 2 𝑒 2𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶)

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 UNIT-IV
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒𝑥 2𝑥 + 5
⇒𝑞 = + 𝐶1 Here, 𝑃 = − ,
(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 2) 𝑥+2
2 𝑥+1 𝑥
(𝑥 + 2) 𝑄= ,𝑅 = 𝑒
𝑥+2 𝑥+2
⇒ 𝑞 = 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶1
𝑒 2𝑥
Now consider,
(𝑥 + 2)
⇒ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ {𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶1} 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 2 𝑦 2𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
𝑒 2𝑥 − + =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 2
(𝑥 + 2)
⇒ 𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑥 + {− 𝑑2𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
𝑒 2𝑥 ⇒ 2 −( + 2) +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 2
1
+ 2𝑥 } 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 0 ← (2)
4𝑒
We see that,
∴ The complete solution is 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 𝑚2 + 𝑃𝑚 + 𝑄
2𝑥 + 5 2
(𝑥 + 2) = 𝑚2 − 𝑚+ =0
𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 [−𝑒 −𝑥 + {− 𝑥+2 𝑥+2
𝑒 2𝑥
(𝑚 = 2)
1
+ } 𝐶1 + 𝐶2]
4𝑒 2𝑥 ∴ 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝐶1 is a part of C. F. of equation (2)
⇒ 𝑦 = −𝑒 −𝑥 − (2𝑥 + 5)
4
So, let the complete C. F.
+ 𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥
= 𝐶1𝑢 + 𝐶2𝑣
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 + (2𝑥 + 5)𝐶3 − 𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑣
(can also be solved using Variation 𝑢 𝑣
Now, 𝑊𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑎𝑛, 𝑊 = | ′ |
of Parameter): - 𝑢 𝑣′
2𝑥
(same as example no. 6 page 189) ⇒ 𝑊 = | 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣′ |
2𝑒 𝑣
𝑑2 𝑦 2𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣 ′ − 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣 ← (∗)
− +
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 2 ⇒ 𝑊′ = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣′′ + 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣 ′ − 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣 ′
𝑥+1 𝑥
= 𝑒 ← (1) − 4𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣
𝑥+2
⇒ 𝑊′= 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣′′ − 4𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣

115
UNIT-IV
2𝑥 + 5 ′ 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥
⇒ 𝑊 ′ = 𝑒 2𝑥 ( 𝑣 − 𝑣) ⇒ 𝑣𝑒 −2𝑥
= (𝑥 + 2) −
𝑥+2 𝑥+2 −2 4
−4𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣
(2𝑥 + 5)
𝑒 2𝑥 ⇒𝑣=−
⇒ 𝑊′ = {(2𝑥 + 5)𝑣 ′ − 2𝑣 4
𝑥+2
− 4(𝑥 + 2)𝑣} So, the complete C. F.
(2𝑥 + 5)
′
𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 {− }
⇒𝑊 = {(2𝑥 + 5)𝑣 ′ − 2(2𝑥 4
𝑥+2 = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3(2𝑥 + 5)
+ 5)𝑣}
where, 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑣 = (2𝑥 + 5)
2𝑥 + 5 2𝑥 ′
⇒ 𝑊′ = {𝑒 𝑣 − 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣}
𝑥+2 Now, 𝑊𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑎𝑛,
𝑑𝑊 2𝑥 + 5 𝑢 𝑣
⇒ = 𝑊 𝑊=| ′ 𝑒 2𝑥 2𝑥 + 5|
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+2 ′| = |
𝑢 𝑣 2𝑒 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑊 2𝑥 + 5 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 2𝑥 (2𝑥 + 5)
⇒ = 𝑑𝑥
𝑊 𝑥+2 = −4𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)
⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑊 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 2) + 2𝑥 Thus, P. I. = 𝑢𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑣𝑔(𝑥)
⇒ 𝑊 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) 𝑣𝑅
where, 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣 ′ − 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) 𝑊
from (∗) (2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
′
⇒ 𝑣 − 2𝑣 = (𝑥 + 2) = −∫ 𝑑𝑥
−4𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)2
Which is linear in 𝑣, 1 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 5
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑒 (𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4)
I. F. = 𝑒 ∫(−2)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
1 (−𝑥 − 3)
∴ The solution is, = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 {2 + } 𝑑𝑥
4 (𝑥 + 2)²
1 1 1
𝑣𝑒 −2𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 {−
4 4 (𝑥 + 2)
1
− } 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 2)²

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 UNIT-IV
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(use ∫ 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 {𝑘𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)} 𝑑𝑥 4. 𝑥 2 − (2𝑥 − 1) + (𝑥 − 1)𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶) =0
2
𝑑 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1
−𝑒 −𝑥 1 𝑒 −𝑥 ⇒ − (2 − ) + (1 − )𝑦
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = + 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2 4 (𝑥 + 2) = 0 ← (1)
−(2𝑥 + 3)
= 𝑥 1
4𝑒 (𝑥 + 2) Here, 𝑃 = −2 + ,
𝑥
𝑢𝑅 1
and, 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑄 = 1− , 𝑅=0
𝑊 𝑥

𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 We see that 1 + 𝑃 + 𝑄 = 0

=∫ 𝑑𝑥
−4𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)2
So, 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 is a part of C. F.
1 (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
=− ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete
4 (𝑥 + 2)2
solution of equation (1)
1 1 1
= − ∫ 𝑒𝑥 { − } 𝑑𝑥 Then, equation (1) reduces to,
4 (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 2)2
𝑑2𝑣 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑅
(use ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 {𝑓(𝑥)
+𝑓 ′ (𝑥)}
𝑑𝑥 2
+ (𝑃 + ) +
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶) 𝑑2𝑣 1 2 𝑑𝑣
⇒ + (−2 + + 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 ) =0
1 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑔(𝑥) = −
4 (𝑥 + 2)
𝑑 2 𝑣 1 𝑑𝑣
⇒ + =0
−(2𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Hence, P. I. =
4𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑞 1 𝑑𝑣
𝑒𝑥 ⇒ + 𝑞 = 0 where 𝑞 =
− = −𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4(𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑥
∴ The complete solution is ⇒ + =0
𝑞 𝑥
𝑦 = C. F. +P. I.
Integrating, we get
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3(2𝑥 + 5) − 𝑒 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑞𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝐶1)

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UNIT-IV
𝐶1 𝑑2𝑣 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑅
⇒ 𝑞𝑥 = 𝐶1 ⇒ 𝑞 = + (𝑃 + ) =
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑣 𝐶1 𝑑2𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 2
⇒ = ⇒ + (−2 − + 2) = 1−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝐶1 𝑑 2 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 2
⇒𝑣= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 ⇒ − =1−
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 𝑣 = 𝐶1𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑑𝑞 2 2 𝑑𝑣
⇒ − 𝑞 = 1 − where 𝑞 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐶1𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐶2)
which is linear in 𝑞
−2 1
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 I. F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
5. 𝑥 2 − 2(𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 + 2)𝑦 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 − 2)𝑒 𝑥 Thus, the solution is,

𝑑2𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑞 1 2
⇒ − 2 (1 + ) + (1 + ) 𝑦 2
= ∫ 2 (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

2 𝑞 1 2
= (1 − ) 𝑒 𝑥 ← (1) ⇒ 2
= ∫( 2 − 3 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2 𝑞 1 1
Here, 𝑃 = −2 − , ⇒ 2
= − + 2 + 𝐶1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2 2
𝑄 = 1+ , 𝑅 = (1 − )𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑥 ⇒ = −𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶1𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
We see that 1 + 𝑃 + 𝑄 = 0
𝑥2 𝑥3
⇒𝑣=− + 𝑥 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
So, 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 is a part of C. F. 2 3

Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete 𝑥2 𝑥3

∴ 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 (− + 𝑥 + 𝐶1
solution of equation (1) 2 3

Then, equation (1) reduces to, + 𝐶2)

118
 UNIT-IV
2
𝑑3 𝑦 2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑣 6 𝑑𝑣 1
6. 𝑥(𝑥 − 4) 3 + 3(3𝑥 − 4) 2 ⇒ 2+ = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
+ 18𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑞 6 1 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 ⇒ + 𝑞 = 2 where 𝑞 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑜. 5, 𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒 164)
which is linear in 𝑞,
6
I. F. = 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 6𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑥 6
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
7. 𝑥 2 2
− 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Thus, the solution is,

𝑑2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 4𝑦 1
⇒ 2− − = 𝑥 2 ← (1) 𝑞𝑥 6 = ∫ 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥² 𝑥2
2 4 𝑥5
Here, 𝑃 = − , 𝑄 = − 2 , 𝑅 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑞𝑥 6 = + 𝐶1
𝑥 𝑥 5
We see that 1 𝐶1
⇒𝑞= +
5𝑥 𝑥 6
𝑚(𝑚 − 1) + 𝑃𝑚𝑥 + 𝑄𝑥 2 = 0
when 𝑚 = 4 𝑑𝑣 1 𝐶1
4
⇒ = +
So, 𝑢 = 𝑥 is a part of C. F. 𝑑𝑥 5𝑥 𝑥 6

Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete 1 𝐶1

⇒ 𝑑𝑣 = ( + 6 ) 𝑑𝑥
solution of equation (1) 5𝑥 𝑥
1 𝐶1
Then, equation (1) reduces to, ⇒𝑣= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 5 + 𝐶2
5 5𝑥
𝑑2 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑅
+ (𝑃 + ) = Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
1 𝐶1
𝑑2𝑣 2 2 𝑑𝑣 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 ( 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 5 + 𝐶2)
⇒ 2 + (− + 4 4𝑥 3 ) = 5 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 4
𝑥4 𝐶3
𝑑2𝑣 2 8 𝑑𝑣 1 ⇒𝑦= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + + 𝐶2𝑥 4
⇒ 2 + (− + ) = 2 5 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

119
UNIT-IV
(or by method of Homogeneous 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
8. (1 − 𝑥) 2 + 𝑥 −𝑦
Linear Differential equation 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
/Cauchy-Euler equation): - = (𝑥 − 1)2

Putting 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑧 or 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑2𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1

⇒ 2
+ − 𝑦
𝑑 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥
and denoting by 𝐷, we get = (1 − 𝑥) ← (1)
𝑑𝑧
𝑥
[𝐷(𝐷 − 1) − 2𝐷 − 4]𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑧 Here, 𝑃 = ,
1−𝑥
1
⇒ (𝐷2 − 3𝐷 − 4)𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑧 𝑄=− , 𝑅 =1−𝑥
1−𝑥
The Auxiliary equation is,
We see that 𝑃 + 𝑄𝑥 = 0
2
𝑚 − 3𝑚 − 4 = 0
So, 𝑢 = 𝑥 is a part of C. F.
⇒ (𝑚 − 4)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete
⇒ 𝑚 = −1 or 4
solution of equation (1).
∴ C. F. = 𝐶1𝑒 −𝑧 + 𝐶2𝑒 4𝑧
Then, equation (1) reduces to,
Now, P. I.
1 𝑑2𝑣 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑅
= 2 𝑒 4𝑧 (case of failure) 2
+ (𝑃 + ) =
𝐷 − 3𝐷 − 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢

𝑧 𝑧𝑒 4𝑧 𝑑2𝑣 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 1 − 𝑥
= 𝑒 4𝑧 = ⇒ 2
+( + ) =
2𝐷 − 3 5 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑞 𝑥 2 1−𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = C. F. +P. I. ⇒ +( + )𝑞 =
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑧𝑒 4𝑧
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 −𝑧 + 𝐶2𝑒 4𝑧 + 𝑑𝑣
5 which is linear in 𝑞, where 𝑞 =
𝑑𝑥
𝐶1 𝑥 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
⇒𝑦= + 𝐶2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2
𝑥 5 I. F. = 𝑒 ∫(1−𝑥+𝑥)𝑑𝑥

(1−𝑥)−log(1−𝑥)+2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥
=𝑒 =
1−𝑥

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 UNIT-IV
2
Thus, the solution is, 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
9. (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 2 − 4(𝑥 + 𝑎) + 6𝑦
𝑞𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫ . 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 =𝑥
1−𝑥 1−𝑥 𝑥
Which is a Homogeneous Linear
𝑞𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 Differential equation.
⇒ = ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1
1−𝑥
∴ Putting 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑧
2 −𝑥
𝑞𝑥 𝑒 or 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑎)
⇒ = −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶1
1−𝑥 𝑑
and denoting by 𝐷, we get
1−𝑥 1−𝑥 𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑞 = −( +
𝑥 𝑥² [𝐷(𝐷 − 1) − 4𝐷 + 6]𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑎
1−𝑥
− 𝐶1 2 −𝑥 ) ⇒ (𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑎
𝑥 𝑒
𝑑𝑣 1−𝑥 1−𝑥 The A. E. is
⇒ = −( +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥² 𝑚2 − 5𝑚 + 6 = 0
1−𝑥 ⇒ (𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
− 𝐶1 2 −𝑥 )
𝑥 𝑒 ⇒ 𝑚 = 2 or 3
1−𝑥 1−𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑣 = − ( + ∴ C. F. = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑧 + 𝐶2𝑒 3𝑧
𝑥 𝑥²
1−𝑥 1
− 𝐶1 2 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 Now, P. I. = (𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑎)
𝑥 𝑒 𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6
1 1 1
⇒ 𝑣 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥 + + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑒𝑧 − 𝑎 𝑒 0𝑧
𝑥 1−5+6 0−0+6
1 1
−𝐶1 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ( − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒𝑧 𝑎
𝑥 𝑥 = −
2 6
1 𝑒𝑥
⇒𝑣= 𝑥+ − 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ∴ 𝑦 = C. F. + P. I.
𝑥 𝑥
2𝑧 3𝑧
𝑒𝑧 𝑎
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + −
𝑥
2 6
1 𝑒
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 (𝑥 + − 𝐶1 + 𝐶2) ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝐶1(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + 𝐶2(𝑥 + 𝑎)3
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑎
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 − 𝐶1𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑥 + +
2 3

121
UNIT-IV
2
𝑑2𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 ∴ C. F. = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑥
10. 𝑥 − (𝑥 + 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
+ (𝑥 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 Now, P. I. = 𝑒𝑥
𝐷2
−𝐷
𝑑2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 1 2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 2
− (1 + ) + ( + 2) 𝑦 = 𝑒 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2𝐷 2
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ← (1)
∴ 𝑣 = C. F. + P. I.
2
Here, 𝑃 = −1 − , Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
𝑥
1 2 𝑥
𝑄 = + 2, 𝑅 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 (𝐶1 + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑥 𝑥 2
We see that 𝑃 + 𝑄𝑥 = 0
So, 𝑢 = 𝑥 is a part of C. F. Page 134
Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑥 2 2 + 𝑥 − 9𝑦 = 0,
solution of equation (1). 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
given that 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 is a solution.
Then, equation (1) reduces to,
The given equation can be written as
𝑑2 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑅
+ (𝑃 + ) = 𝑑 2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 9
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 + − 𝑦=0 ← (1)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
2 𝑥
𝑑 𝑣 2 2 𝑑𝑣 𝑥𝑒
⇒ 2
+ (−1 − + ) = 1 9
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 Here, 𝑃 = ,𝑄 = − 2,𝑅 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
⇒ − = 𝑒𝑥 Also, 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 is part of C. F.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete
⇒ (𝐷2 − 𝐷)𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 where 𝐷 ≡ solution of equation (1).
𝑑𝑥
The A. E. is Then, equation (1) reduces to,
𝑚2 − 𝑚 = 0
𝑑2𝑣 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑅
⇒ 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) = 0 + (𝑃 + ) =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
⇒ 𝑚 = 0 or 1

122
 UNIT-IV
𝑑2𝑣 1 2 2
𝑑𝑣 𝑑2𝑦 2 2
⇒ + ( + 3𝑥 ) =0 2. + (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 2 ) 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ← (1)
𝑑2 𝑣 7 𝑑𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
⇒ + =0 given that 𝑦 = is a solution.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑞 7 𝑑𝑣 Here, 𝑃 = 0,
⇒ + 𝑞 = 0 where 𝑞 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑑𝑞 7 𝑄 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 2 , 𝑅 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
⇒ + 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑥 𝑥
𝑞 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Integrating, we get Also, 𝑢 = is part of C. F.
𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑞| + 7 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝐶1| Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete
solution of equation (1).
𝐶1
⇒ 𝑞𝑥 7 = 𝐶1 ⇒ 𝑞 =
𝑥7 Then, equation (1) reduces to,
𝑑𝑣 𝐶1 𝑑2𝑣 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑅
⇒ = + (𝑃 + ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝐶1
⇒𝑣=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑑2𝑣
𝑥7 ⇒
𝑑𝑥 2
𝐶1 2𝑥 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑣
⇒𝑣=− + 𝐶2 +[ ( )]
6𝑥 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
=
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥/𝑥

𝐶1 𝑑2𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 (− + 𝐶2) ⇒ + (2𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − )
6𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝐶1
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝐶2𝑥 3 −
6𝑥 3 𝑑𝑞 2
⇒ + (2𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − ) 𝑞 = 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
which is the complete solution of 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
equation (1). 𝑑𝑣
which is linear in 𝑞, where 𝑞 =
𝑑𝑥

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UNIT-IV
2 1
I. F. = 𝑒 ∫(2𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥−𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑣 = − ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = +𝑐1 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
∴ the solution will be, 1
+ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐2
2
𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 2 1
= ∫ . 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1 ⇒ 𝑣 = (𝑐1 − ) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2 4
1
𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐2
⇒ = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1 2
𝑥2
Here, ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1
⇒ = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1 = −𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 2
2
𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1
⇒ 2
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐1 = −𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 2 (𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥 4
𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑥2 − ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 )
⇒𝑞=− + 𝑐1
4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
⇒𝑣 − 2 ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= − ∫𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 1
4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ∴ 𝑣 = (𝑐1 − )
4
+𝑐1 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐2 (−𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥3
−2 ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥) + + 𝑐2
1 6
⇒ 𝑣 = − ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
4 Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1
+𝑐1 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐2 ⇒𝑦= [(𝑐1 − ) (−𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑥 4
1 +2𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
⇒ 𝑣 = − ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 − 2)𝑑𝑥
4 𝑥3
+ + 𝑐2 ]
+𝑐1 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐2 6
which is the complete solution of
equation (1).

124
 UNIT-IV
Reduction to Normal Form Remarks:
• The success of solving the given
(Removal of First equation depends upon the
Derivatives) success of solving
𝑑2 𝑣
The main objective under this + 𝐼𝑣 = 𝑆
𝑑𝑥 2
method is to remove the first • If 𝐼 = 𝑐 (constant), then the
derivatives term from the second standard form can be solved by
order Linear Differential the methods of Linear
Equations. Equations with Constant
Coefficient from Unit II.
Working rule: - • If 𝐼 =
𝑐 (constant)
, the standard
𝑥²
1) Put the Differential Equation in form becomes a homogeneous
the standard form where the equation and can be solved by
𝑑2𝑦 the usual method of solving
coefficient of is unity. homogeneous equations.
𝑑𝑥 2
2) To remove the first derivative
𝟏
term, choose 𝒖 = 𝒆−𝟐 ∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒙 .
3) Assume that the given equation 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Let 2
+𝑃 + 𝑄𝑦 = 𝑅 ← (1)
reduces to the form, 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝟐 𝒗
+ 𝑰𝒗 = 𝑺 Let the complete solution of
𝒅𝒙𝟐
1 1 𝑑𝑃 equation (1) be 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 where
where 𝐼 = 𝑄 − 𝑃2 − 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑥),
4 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑅
and 𝑆 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 then, =𝑢 +𝑣
4) After finding the value of 𝑣 from 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
the above equation, the and,
complete solution is given by,
𝒚 = 𝒖𝒗. 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑢 +
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
+𝑣 +
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

125
UNIT-IV
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑2 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑2𝑢 1
⇒ 2 =𝑢 2+2 +𝑣 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑢 = − ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
1 𝑑𝑢 1
Putting in equation (1), we get, =− 𝑃
𝑢 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 1
𝑑2 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑2𝑢 ⇒ = − 𝑃𝑢
𝑢 + 2 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑑 𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑃
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 =− 𝑃 − 𝑢
+𝑃 (𝑢 + 𝑣 ) + 𝑄𝑢𝑣 = 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑢 1 2 1 𝑑𝑃
⇒
{ 𝑑𝑥 2 4= 𝑃 𝑢 − 𝑢 ← (∗)}
𝑑2𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥
⇒𝑢 2
+ (2 + 𝑃𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 Again, take from equation (2) and
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
+𝑣 ( 2 + 𝑃 + 𝑄𝑢) = 𝑅 put the value from (*),
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1 𝑑2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 ( 2+𝑃 + 𝑄𝑢)
⇒ +( + 𝑃) 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 1 1 1 𝑑𝑃 1
𝑣 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑅 = ( 𝑃2 𝑢 − 𝑢 − 𝑃2 𝑢
+ ( 2+𝑃 + 𝑄𝑢) = ← (2) 𝑢 4 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
+ 𝑄𝑢)
Now, in order to remove the first
𝑑𝑣 𝑢 1 1 𝑑𝑃
derivative i.e., 𝑑𝑥 from equation = (− 𝑃2 − + 𝑄)
𝑢 4 2 𝑑𝑥
(2), take
𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝑷
= 𝑸 − 𝑷𝟐 − = 𝑰 (𝐬𝐚𝐲)
2 𝑑𝑢 𝟒 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
+𝑃 =0
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑹
2 𝑑𝑢 and = 𝑺 (𝐬𝐚𝐲)
⇒ = −𝑃 𝒖
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Hence, substituting these values,
𝑑𝑢 1
⇒ = − 𝑃𝑑𝑥 equation (2) becomes,
𝑢 2
1 𝒅𝟐 𝒗
⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑢 = − ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑰𝒗 = 𝑺
2 𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝟏 which is known as the Normal
⇒ 𝒖 = 𝒆−𝟐 ∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒙 Form.

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 UNIT-IV
Page 139 𝑑
or (𝐷2 + 1)𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2
1. 2
− + (1 + 2 ) 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
← (1)
∴ C. F. = 𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2
Here, 𝑃 = − , 1 1
𝑥 Now, P. I. = 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥
2 𝐷2 +1 2
𝑄 = 1+ 2, 𝑅 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑥 Thus, 𝑣 = C. F. +P. I.
To remove the first derivative
term, we choose 1
⇒ 𝑣 = 𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
−1 −1 2 2
𝑃𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
𝑢=𝑒 2 ∫ =𝑒 2 ∫ 𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑥 (𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑒 log|𝑥| = 𝑥
1
Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete + 𝑒𝑥)
2
solution of equation (1).
Then, equation (1) reduces to,
𝑑2 𝑣 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝐼𝑣 = 𝑆 2. 2 − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ← (1)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑃 1 2 Here, 𝑃 = −2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑄 = 1, 𝑅 = 0
where 𝐼 = 𝑄 − − 𝑃
2 𝑑𝑥 4 To remove the first derivative
2 1 −1 1 4 term, we select
=1+ 2
− . −2. 2 − . 2
𝑥 2 𝑥 4 𝑥 −1
𝑃𝑑𝑥
−1
𝑢=𝑒 2 ∫ = 𝑒 2 ∫ −2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 1 1 = 𝑒 log |𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥| = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
=1+ 2
− 2− 2=1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete
𝑅 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
and, 𝑆 = = = 𝑒𝑥 solution of equation (1).
𝑢 𝑥
Then, equation (1) reduces to,
𝑑2𝑣
∴ 2 + 𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑑2𝑣
𝑑𝑥 + 𝐼𝑣 = 𝑆
𝑑𝑥 2

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UNIT-IV
1 𝑑𝑃 1 2 −1 −1 −2
𝑃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
where 𝐼 = 𝑄 − − 𝑃 𝑢=𝑒 2 ∫ =𝑒 2 ∫𝑥 =𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥 4
Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete
1 1
= 1 − (−2 sec 2 𝑥) − (4 tan2 𝑥) solution of equation (1).
2 4
Then, equation (1) reduces to,
= 1 + sec 2 𝑥 − tan2 𝑥 = 2
𝑑2𝑣
𝑅 + 𝐼𝑣 = 𝑆
and, 𝑆 = =0 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑢 1 𝑑𝑃 1 2
where 𝐼 = 𝑄 − − 𝑃
2
𝑑 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥 4
∴ + 2𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 2 1 2 1 4
=1+ − ( ) − ( )
𝑑 𝑥2 2 𝑥2 4 𝑥2
or (𝐷2 + 2)𝑣 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥 2 1 1
=1+ − − =1
The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 2 = 0 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖√2 𝑅
and, 𝑆 = =0
𝑢
∴ C. F. = 𝑣 = 𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠√2𝑥
+ 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑥 𝑑2𝑣
∴ + 𝑣 = 0 or (𝐷2 + 1)𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
Thus, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥(𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠√2𝑥
The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖
+ 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑥)
∴ C. F. = 𝑣 = 𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Thus, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
2
𝑑 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2
3. 2
− + (1 + 2 ) 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
← (1)
is the complete solution of
2 2 equation (1).
Here, 𝑃 = − , 𝑄 = 1 + 2 , 𝑅 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
To remove the first derivative
term, we select

128
 UNIT-IV
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ∴ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠√6𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛√6𝑥
4. 2 − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now,
← (1)
1 𝑥
1 𝑥
𝑒𝑥
P. I. = 𝑒 = 𝑒 =
Here, 𝑃 = −2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝐷2 + 6 1+6 7
𝑄 = 5, 𝑅 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥
∴ 𝑣 = 𝐶. 𝐹. +𝑃. 𝐼.
To remove the first derivative 𝑒𝑥
term, we select ⇒ 𝑣 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠√6𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛√6𝑥 +
7
−1 −1
𝑃𝑑𝑥
𝑢=𝑒 2 ∫ = 𝑒 2 ∫ −2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 (𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠√6𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛√6𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete
𝑒𝑥
solution of equation (1). + )
7
Then, equation (1) reduces to,
𝑑2 𝑣 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝐼𝑣 = 𝑆 5. 2 − 4𝑥 + (4𝑥 2 − 3)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑃 1 2 ← (1)
where 𝐼 = 𝑄 − − 𝑃
2 𝑑𝑥 4
Here, 𝑃 = −4𝑥,
1 1 2
= 5 − (−2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) − (4 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑄 = 4𝑥 2 − 3, 𝑅 = 𝑒𝑥
2 4
= 5 + sec 2 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 5 + 1 = 6 To remove the first derivative, we
select
𝑅 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 −1 −1
and, 𝑆 = = = 𝑒𝑥 𝑢=𝑒 2 ∫
𝑃𝑑𝑥
=𝑒 2 ∫
−4𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥
2
𝑢 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑2𝑣 Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete
∴ 2 + 6𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 solution of equation (1).
𝑑
or (𝐷2 + 6)𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 where 𝐷 ≡ Then, equation (1) reduces to,
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑣
The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 6 = 0 + 𝐼𝑣 = 𝑆
𝑑𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖√6

129
UNIT-IV
1 𝑑𝑃 1 2 Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete
where 𝐼 = 𝑄 − − 𝑃
2 𝑑𝑥 4 solution of equation (1).
1 1 Then, equation (1) reduces to,
= 4𝑥 2 − 3 − (−4) − (16𝑥 2 )
2 4
2 2
𝑑2𝑣
= 4𝑥 − 3 + 2 − 4𝑥 = −1 + 𝐼𝑣 = 𝑆
𝑑𝑥 2
2
𝑅 𝑒𝑥 1 𝑑𝑃 1 2
and, 𝑆 = = 𝑥 2 = 1 where 𝐼 = 𝑄 − − 𝑃
𝑢 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑2𝑣 2 1 2 1 4
∴ 2−𝑣 =1 = 𝑎2 + − ( ) − ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 2 𝑥2 4 𝑥2
𝑑
or (𝐷2 − 1)𝑣 = 1 where 𝐷 ≡ 2 1 1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2 + − 2 − 2 = 𝑎2
𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥
The A. E. is 𝑚2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±1
𝑅
𝑥 −𝑥 and, 𝑆 = =0
∴ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑒 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑢
1 𝑑2𝑣
Now, P. I. = (1)𝑒 0𝑥 = −1 ∴ + 𝑎2 𝑣 = 0
𝐷2 −1 𝑑𝑥 2
Thus, 𝑣 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1 𝑑
⇒ (𝐷2 + 𝑎2 )𝑣 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡
Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥
2
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1) The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 𝑎2 = 0
⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑎𝑖

∴ C. F. = 𝑣 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2
6. 2 − + (𝑎2 + 2 ) 𝑦 = 0 Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
← (1)
2 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥)
Here, 𝑃 = − , 𝑄 = 𝑎2 + 2 , 𝑅 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
To remove the first derivative
term, we select
−1 −1 2
𝑃𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
𝑢=𝑒 2 ∫ =𝑒 2 ∫ 𝑥 =𝑥

130
 UNIT-IV
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±2𝑖
7. 2 + 2𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 5)𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1 2
𝑥
∴ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
= 𝑥𝑒 2 ← (1)
Now,
−1 3 −1 2
(correction: 𝑥𝑒 2
𝑥
⟶ 𝑥𝑒 2
𝑥
) 1 1 1
P. I. = 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝐷2 + 4 4 𝐷2
(1 + )
Here, 𝑃 = 2𝑥, 4
−1 2 −1
𝑄 = 𝑥 2 + 5, 𝑅 = 𝑥𝑒 2
𝑥 1 𝐷2 1 𝐷2
= (1 + ) 𝑥= (1 − ) 𝑥
4 4 4 4
To remove the first derivative 𝑥
=
term, we select 4
−1
𝑃𝑑𝑥
−1
2𝑥𝑑𝑥
−1 2
𝑥
𝑥
𝑢=𝑒 2 ∫ =𝑒 2 ∫ =𝑒 2 ∴ 𝑣 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 +
4
Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
solution of equation (1).
−1 2
𝑥
Then, equation (1) reduces to, ⇒𝑦=𝑒 2 (𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑥
𝑑2 𝑣 + )
+ 𝐼𝑣 = 𝑆 4
𝑑𝑥 2
1 𝑑𝑃 1 2
where 𝐼 = 𝑄 − − 𝑃
2 𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
1 1 8. 2 + + 𝑛2 𝑦 = 0 ← (1)
= 𝑥 2 + 5 − (2) − (4𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 4
= 𝑥2 + 5 − 1 − 𝑥2 = 4 2
Here, 𝑃 = ,
−1 2
𝑥
𝑅 𝑥𝑒 2 𝑥 𝑄 = 𝑛2 , 𝑅=0
and, 𝑆 = = −1 = 𝑥
𝑢 2
To remove the first derivative
𝑒2𝑥
term, we select
𝑑2𝑣
∴ 2 + 4𝑣 = 𝑥 −1
𝑃𝑑𝑥
−1 2
𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑢=𝑒 2 ∫ =𝑒 2 ∫𝑥 =
𝑥
𝑑
⇒ (𝐷2 + 4)𝑣 = 𝑥 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥

131
UNIT-IV
Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
9. 2 − 4𝑥 + (4𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦
solution of equation (1). 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
Then, equation (1) reduces to, = 𝑒 𝑥 (5 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥) ← (1)
2 2
𝑑2 𝑣 (correction: 𝑒 −𝑥 ⟶ 𝑒 𝑥 )
+ 𝐼𝑣 = 𝑆
𝑑𝑥 2
Here, 𝑃 = −4𝑥, 𝑄 = 4𝑥 2 − 1,
1 𝑑𝑃 1 2
where 𝐼 = 𝑄 − − 𝑃
2 𝑑𝑥 4 2
𝑅 = 𝑒 𝑥 (5 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
1 −2 1 4 To remove the first derivative
= 𝑛2 − ( 2 ) − ( 2 )
2 𝑥 4 𝑥 term, we select
1 1 −1
𝑃𝑑𝑥
−1
−4𝑥𝑑𝑥 2
= 𝑛2 + − 2 = 𝑛2 𝑢=𝑒 2 ∫ =𝑒 2 ∫ = 𝑒𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑅 Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 be the complete
and, 𝑆 = =0 solution of equation (1).
𝑢
Then, equation (1) reduces to,
𝑑2𝑣
∴ 2 + 𝑛2 𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑2𝑣
+ 𝐼𝑣 = 𝑆
𝑑𝑥 2
⇒ (𝐷2 + 𝑛2 )𝑣 = 0
1 𝑑𝑃 1 2
2 2 where 𝐼 = 𝑄 − − 𝑃
The A. E. is 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 2 𝑑𝑥 4
⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑛𝑖 1 1
= 4𝑥 2 − 1 − (−4) − (16𝑥 2 )
2 4
∴ C. F. = 𝑣 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
= 4𝑥 2 − 1 + 2 − 4𝑥 2 = 1
Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
2
𝑅 𝑒 𝑥 (5 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
1 and, 𝑆 = =
⇒𝑦= (𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥) 𝑢 𝑒𝑥
2
𝑥 1
= (5 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)

𝑑2𝑣
∴ 2 + 𝑣 = 5 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⇒ (𝐷2 + 1)𝑣 = 5 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥

132
 UNIT-IV
𝑑 4
where 𝐷 ≡ 𝑄= ,𝑅 = 0
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
2
The A. E. is 𝑚 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖
By using method of changing the
∴ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 independent variable,
choose 𝑧 such that,
1
Now, P. I = (5 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
𝐷2 + 1 𝑑𝑧 2 4
( ) =𝑄=
1 1 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
0𝑥
= 5𝑒 − 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝐷2 + 1 𝐷2 + 1 𝑑𝑧 2 2
∴ = 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
=5−3 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
−22 + 1
⇒ 𝑧 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
1
=5−3 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 5 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 Now, changing the independent
−3
variable from 𝑥 to 𝑧 by the relation
Thus, 𝑣 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 5 𝑧 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥, we get,
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃1 + 𝑄1 𝑦 = 𝑅1 ← (2)
Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
2
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 5 𝑑2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑃 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥) where 𝑃1 =
𝑑𝑧 2
( )
𝑑𝑥
−4𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + ( )
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥 2
10. (1 + 𝑥 2 )2 2 + 2𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 ) = =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 2
+ 4𝑦 = 0 ( )
𝑑𝑥
𝑄
𝑑2𝑦 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 4 𝑄1 = =1
⇒ + +
𝑑𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
𝑦 𝑑𝑧 2
( )
𝑑𝑥
= 0 ← (1)
𝑅
2𝑥 and 𝑅1 = =0
Here, 𝑃 = , 𝑑𝑧 2
1 + 𝑥2 ( )
𝑑𝑥

133
UNIT-IV
∴ equation (2) becomes, and,

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)
+𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑧 2 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)
𝑑 𝑥
⇒ (𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡ = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 )
𝑑𝑧 √1 + 𝑥 2
The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 )
√1 + 𝑥 2
Thus, C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
2𝑥 1
=
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 √1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) 2𝑥
=
+ 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) 1 + 𝑥2
Hence,
Note:
(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 1 ) 1 − 𝑥2 2𝑥
√1+𝑥 2 √1+𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑐1 ( ) + 𝑐2 ( )
1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2
Here,
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦 = 𝑐1 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑐2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦 = 𝑐1 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑏𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) – 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)
where 𝑏 = 2𝑐2
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)]2 – [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)]2

=
1 2 𝑥 2
[𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 √1+𝑥 2)] – [𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √1+𝑥2 )]

1 𝑥2
= –
1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2
1– 𝑥 2
=
1 + 𝑥2

134
 UNIT-IV
Homogeneous Linear Working Rule: -
Differential Equation with 1) Put 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥 > 0
Variable Coefficients 2) Assume that 𝐷′ = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑

𝑑
(Cauchy-Euler equation) and 𝐷 = , then
𝑑𝑧
A Linear Differential equation of we have 𝑥𝐷′ = 𝐷 ,
the form, 𝑥 2 𝐷′2 = 𝐷(𝐷 − 1),
𝑥 3 𝐷′3 = 𝐷(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2)
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦 and so on.
𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1
+⋯
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 Then the above standard
𝑑𝑦 equation reduces to,
+𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑋
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑍 ← (1)
(𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 𝐷′ 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝐷′ 𝑛−1 + ⋯ where 𝑍 is a function of 𝑧 only.
3) Using methods of Linear
+ 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥𝐷′ + 𝑎𝑛 )𝑦
Equation with constant
𝑑
= 𝑋 where 𝐷′ = coefficients, solve equation (1).
𝑑𝑥
The solution will be 𝑦 = 𝜙(𝑧).
where 𝑎𝑖 |𝑖 = 0,1,2, … , 𝑛 are ∵ 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then the desired
constants and 𝑋 is a function of 𝑥 solution will be 𝑦 = 𝜙(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥).
alone or constant.
is called a Homogeneous Linear
Differential Equation or Cauchy-
Euler equation.

𝑑𝑛 𝑦𝑛
[∴ ∑(𝑎𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑋]
𝑑𝑥 𝑛

(Note that the index of 𝑥 and the

order of derivative associated with
it is same in each term in such
equations.)

135
UNIT-IV
Method of solution: Page 157

Putting 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦

1. 𝑥 3 3
+ 3𝑥 2
2
+𝑥 +𝑦
𝑑𝑧 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ = = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 1 Putting 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑧 or 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
Now, = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑥 𝑑
and denoting by 𝐷,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
the above equation reduces to,
{⇒ 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 }
⇒ 𝑥𝐷′ = 𝐷 [𝐷(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2) + 3𝐷(𝐷 − 1)
𝑑 𝑑 + 𝐷 + 1]𝑦 = 𝑧𝑒 𝑧
denoting 𝐷′ by and 𝐷 by
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
⇒ [𝐷3 − 𝐷2 + 𝐷 + 𝐷2 − 𝐷 + 1]𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑧 1 𝑑𝑦 −1 = 𝑧𝑒 𝑧
= + ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1 ⇒ (𝐷3 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑧𝑒 𝑧
= 2 2−
𝑑𝑧 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑥 2 The A. E. is 𝑚3 + 1 = 0
𝑑2𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2 = 2( 2 − ) ⇒ (𝑚 + 1)(𝑚2 − 𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑚 = −1
𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑥2 2 = 2 − 1 ± 𝑖√3 1 𝑖√3
{ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 } or 𝑚 = = ±
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝐷′2 = 𝐷(𝐷 − 1) 2 2 2
∴ C. F. = 𝐶1𝑒 −𝑧
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑥³ 3 = 3 − 3 2 + 2 𝑧 √3 √3
{ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 } +𝑒 2 (𝐶2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 + 𝐶3𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧)
3 3
⇒ 𝑥 𝐷′ = 𝐷(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2) 2 2

and so on… 1
Now, P. I. = 𝑧𝑒 𝑧
𝐷3 +1
1
= 𝑒𝑧 𝑧
(𝐷 + 1)3 + 1

136
 UNIT-IV
1 ⇒ (𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧
= 𝑒𝑧 3 2
𝑧
𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 2
The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
−1
𝑒𝑧 3 3 𝐷3 ⇒ (𝑚 + 2)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
= [1 + ( 𝐷 + 𝐷2 + )] 𝑧
2 2 2 2 ⇒ 𝑚 = −1 or − 2
𝑐1 𝑐2
𝑒𝑧 3 3 𝐷3 ∴ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑧 = +
= (1 − 𝐷 − 𝐷2 − + ⋯)𝑧 𝑥 𝑥2
2 2 2 2
Now,
𝑒𝑧
3 1
= (𝑧 − ) P. I. = (𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧 )
2 2 𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2

∴ 𝑦 = C. F. +P. I. 1
= 2
𝑒𝑧
𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 2
𝑧 √3 1
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 −𝑧 + 𝑒 2 (𝐶2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧
2 𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2
√3 𝑒𝑧 3 𝑒𝑧
+𝐶3𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧) + (𝑧 − ) =
2 2 2 1+3+2
1
𝐶1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧
√3 (𝐷 + 2)(𝐷 + 1)
⇒𝑦= + √𝑥 (𝐶2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑥 2
𝑒𝑧 1 1
√3 𝑥 3 = +( − ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧
+𝐶3𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − ) 6 𝐷+1 𝐷+2
2 2 2
𝑒𝑧 1 1
= + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧
6 𝐷+1 𝐷+2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
2. 𝑥 2
+ 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 here, let 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝐷+1

Putting 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑧 or 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ⇒ (𝐷 + 1)𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧

𝑑 𝑑𝑣
and denoting by 𝐷, we get ⇒ +𝑣
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧 (which is linear in 𝑣)
[𝐷(𝐷 − 1) + 4𝐷 + 2]𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧 I. F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧

137
UNIT-IV
Its solution is, 2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3. 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 𝑥 4
𝑣𝑒 𝑧 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Putting 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑧 or 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑧 𝑧
⇒ 𝑣𝑒 = −𝑐𝑜𝑧𝑒
𝑑
⇒ 𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑧 and denoting by 𝐷, we get,
𝑑𝑧
1
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧 = −𝑒 −𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑧 [𝐷(𝐷 − 1) − 2𝐷 − 4]𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑧
𝐷+1
Similarly, ⇒ (𝐷2 − 3𝐷 − 4)𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑧
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑒 −2𝑧 (−𝑒 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑧 The A. E. is 𝑚2 − 3𝑚 − 4 = 0
𝐷+2
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧 ) ⇒ (𝑚 − 4)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
⇒ 𝑚 = −1,4
So we can write,
[ 1 ] ∴ C. F. = 𝐶1𝑒 −𝑧 + 𝐶2𝑒 4𝑧
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝐶1
𝐷+𝑎 = + 𝐶2𝑥 4
𝑥
𝑒𝑧
∴ P. I. = − 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑧 1
6 Now, P. I. = 𝑒 4𝑧
2
𝐷 − 3𝐷 − 4
−𝑒 −2𝑧 (−𝑒 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧 )
𝑒𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 4𝑧 𝑥 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
= − 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −2𝑧 𝑒 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑧 = 4𝑧
𝑒 = 𝑒 =
6 2𝐷 − 3 5 5
−𝑒 −2𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧
𝐶1 𝑥 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑒𝑧 ∴𝑦= + 𝐶2𝑥 4 +
= − 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑧 𝑥 5
6
−𝑒 −2𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧
𝑒𝑧 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑2𝑦
= − 𝑒 −2𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑧 = − 2 4. 2𝑥 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 2
2
6 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Hence, 𝑦 = C. F. +P. I. 2
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 ( ) + 2𝑥𝑦
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒𝑦= + + − 2
𝑥 𝑥2 6 𝑥 (𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑜. 14, 𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑜. 154)
is the required solution.

138
 UNIT-IV
2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
5. (1 + 𝑥) + (1 + 𝑥) +𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥)

(𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑜. 13, 𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑜. 153)

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐟

𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆−𝒂𝒙 [∫ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝑫+𝒂
+ 𝑪]:

1
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑣
𝐷+𝑎
Then, (𝐷 + 𝑎)𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑑𝑣
⇒ + 𝑎𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
which is linear in 𝑣

I. F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥

∴ The solution is

𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

⇒ 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]

1
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐷+𝑎
+ 𝐶]

139
UNIT-IV
Exact Differential Equation The condition of exactness of the
above equation (*) is,
The Differential equation,
′ ′′ ′′′
𝑃𝑛 − 𝑃𝑛−1 + 𝑃𝑛−2 − 𝑃𝑛−3 +⋯
𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + (−1) 𝑃0𝑛 = 0
𝑛−1
𝑓 ( 𝑛 + 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + , 𝑦, 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑄(𝑥) Thus, if the equation is exact, its
first integral is,
is called an Exact Differential
𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑦 ′)
𝑑 𝑛−2 𝑦
equation if it can be obtained by 𝑃0 + (𝑃1 − 𝑃0
𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−2
differentiating once and without
any further process from an 𝑑 𝑛−3 𝑦
+(𝑃2 − 𝑃1′ + 𝑃0′′′ ) +⋯
equation of next lower order. 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−3
′ ′′
𝑛−1 𝑛−2
+{𝑃𝑛−1 − 𝑃𝑛−2 + 𝑃𝑛−3 −⋯
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑓 ( 𝑛−1 + 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + , 𝑦, 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +(−1)𝑛−1 𝑃0𝑛 }𝑦 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
= ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1
Working Rule: -
Condition of Exactness of Linear 1. First of all, write the given
equation of order n: equation in full (by writing 0 for
the missing coefficients, if
Let the Linear Differential
necessary).
equation of order 𝑛 be,
2. Write the values of
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−2 𝑦 𝑃0 , 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , … , 𝑃𝑛 by comparing
𝑃0 + 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 +⋯ the given equation with the
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−2
standard equation.
𝑑𝑦 3. Now check for exactness of the
+𝑃𝑛−1 + 𝑃𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥) ← (∗)
𝑑𝑥 equation by the condition,
where 𝑃0 , 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , … , 𝑃𝑛 , 𝑄 are all ′
𝑃𝑛 − 𝑃𝑛−1 ′′
+ 𝑃𝑛−2 ′′′
− 𝑃𝑛−3 +⋯
functions of 𝑥 only or constants. + (−1) 𝑃0𝑛 = 0
𝑛−1

4. If the equation is exact, we take

its first integral.

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 UNIT-IV
5. After taking the first integral, Page 169
we generally get a first order
Linear Differential equation of 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑥 5 2
+ 3𝑥 2 + (3 − 6𝑥)𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
the form, 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 which is 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 − 5
Linear and can be solved by the
usual method. Here, 𝑃0 = 𝑥 5 ,
𝑃1 = 3𝑥 2 , 𝑃2 = (3 − 6𝑥)𝑥 2
If we do not get the first order
Linear differential equation, we The condition of exactness is,
test this first integral for the
𝑃2 − 𝑃1′ + 𝑃0′′
exactness in a similar manner. If
the first integral is also exact, = (3 − 6𝑥)𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 20𝑥 3
we take its first integral of the = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 20𝑥 3 ≠ 0
previous one (second integral
for the given equation). which is not exact.
Proceeding in this way until we
get to the first order Linear
Differential equation. 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. 2 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥

Here, 𝑃0 = 1, 𝑃1 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑃2 = 3

The condition of exactness is,

𝑃2 − 𝑃1′ + 𝑃0′′
= 3 − 2 sec 2 𝑥 + 0 ≠ 0

which is not exact.

141
UNIT-IV
2
𝑑2𝑦 2𝑒 𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥
𝑥3
3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 2 = 2𝑦 ∴ 𝑦𝑒 = ∫𝑒 ( + 𝑐1 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3
+ 𝑐2
𝑑2𝑦2
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 2 + 0 − 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 which is the solution.
Here, 𝑃0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 , 𝑃1 = 0, 𝑃2 = −2

The condition of exactness is, 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦

5. 𝑥 2 2
+ (4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥)
𝑃2 − 𝑃1′ + 𝑃0′′ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ (2𝑥 − 3)𝑦 = 0
= −2 − 0 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 ≠ 0
Here, 𝑃0 = 𝑥 2 ,
which is not exact.
𝑃1 = 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥, 𝑃2 = 2𝑥 − 3

The condition of exactness is,

2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4. 2
+ 2𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑃2 − 𝑃1′ + 𝑃0′′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 − 3 − 8𝑥 + 3 + 2
Here, 𝑃0 = 1, 𝑃1 = 2𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑃2 = 2𝑒 𝑥
= −6𝑥 + 2 ≠ 0
The condition of exactness is,
which is not exact.
𝑃2 − 𝑃1′ + 𝑃0′′ = 2𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 0 = 0

So, the condition of exactness is satisfied.

The first integral is given by,

𝑑𝑦
𝑃0 + (𝑃1 − 𝑃0′ )𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝑥3
⇒ + 2𝑒 𝑦 = + 𝑐1
𝑑𝑥 3
which is linear in 𝑦.
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Now, I. F. = 𝑒 2 ∫ 𝑒 = 𝑒 2𝑒

142
 UNIT-IV
Transformation of Equation rejecting the negative sign, we
by Changing Independent get
𝑑𝑧
Variable = √𝐾𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
A second order equation, ⇒ 𝑧 = ∫ √𝐾𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ← (𝑖𝑖)
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
+𝑃 + 𝑄𝑦 = 𝑅 ← (𝑖) {Here, constant of integration is
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
neglected since we are only
can be solved by changing the interested in finding the
independent variable 𝑥. relation between 𝑥 and 𝑧.}
Working Rule: - 4. With the relation between 𝑥 and
𝑧, we transform the standard
1. Put the given equation in equation (𝑖) to get the equation
standard form where the of the form,
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
coefficient of as unity. + 𝑃 + 𝑄1 𝑦 = 𝑅1 ← (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑥 2 1
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
2. Suppose 𝑄 = ±𝐾𝑓(𝑥), then we where,
assume the relation between
𝑑2𝑧 𝑑𝑧
the new independent variable 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑃 𝑑𝑥
and the old independent 𝑃1 = ,
𝑑𝑧 2
variable 𝑥 as, ( )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑄 𝑅
( ) = 𝑄 = 𝐾𝑓(𝑥) 𝑄1 = , 𝑅 1 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 2
( ) ( )
{Note that we omit the negative 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sign of 𝑄 while writing this Now, by virtue of equation (𝑖𝑖),
relation. Sometimes we assume 𝐾𝑓(𝑥)
𝑄1 = ±
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑓(𝑥)
that (𝑑𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) whenever we
= ±𝐾(𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡),
anticipate complicated relation Then we calculate 𝑃1 .
between 𝑥 and 𝑧.}
3. Solve the relation ▸If 𝑃1 is also a constant, then
𝑑𝑧 2 equation (𝑖𝑖𝑖) can be solved
( ) = 𝐾𝑓(𝑥), because it will be a Linear
𝑑𝑥

143
UNIT-IV
differential equation with constant 𝑑2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑑 𝑦 2 2+𝑃
2 𝑑𝑥} 𝑑𝑦
coefficient. ⇒ ( ) [ 2 + {𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
( )
▸If 𝑷𝟏 is a variable, this method is 𝑑𝑥
not useful.
𝑄
+ 𝑦] = 𝑅
5. After solving equation (𝑖𝑖𝑖) by 𝑑𝑧 2
( )
usual method, the variable 𝑧 is 𝑑𝑥
replaced by 𝑥 by using the
𝑑2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
relation from equation (𝑖𝑖). 2 + 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 2 +{ }
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
( )
𝑑𝑥
Let the given equation be, 𝑄 𝑅
+ 2𝑦 =
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ( )
𝑑𝑥
( )
𝑑𝑥
2
+𝑃 + 𝑄𝑦 = 𝑅 ← (∗)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Let the independent variable be ⇒ 2 + 𝑃1 + 𝑄1 𝑦 = 𝑅1
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
changed from 𝑥 to 𝑧, where 𝑧 is a
function of 𝑥, where,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑2𝑧 𝑑𝑧
∴ = 2 +𝑃
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑃1 = 𝑑𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑧 2
( )
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑧 𝑑𝑥
and, = +
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑄 𝑅
𝑄1 = 2, 𝑅1 =
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 2
⇒ 2 = 2( ) + ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Now, substituting in equation (*),

𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
( ) + + 𝑃
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑄𝑦 = 𝑅

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 UNIT-IV
Page 177 𝑄
𝑄1 = =1
𝑑𝑧 2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ( )
1. 𝑥 + (4𝑥 2 − 1) + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑅 2𝑥 2 1
= 2𝑥 3 and 𝑅1 = = 2=
𝑑𝑧 2 4𝑥 2
( )
𝑑2𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 2
+ (4𝑥 − ) + 4𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∴The transformed equation is,
= 2𝑥 2 ← (1)
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
1 2
+2 +𝑦 =
Here, 𝑃 = 4𝑥 − , 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 2
𝑥 1
2
𝑄 = 4𝑥 , 𝑅 = 2𝑥 2 ⇒ (𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 1)𝑦 =
2
Choose 𝑧 such that 𝑑
where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
( ) = 𝑄 = 4𝑥 2 The A. E. is (𝑚 + 1)2 = 0
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑚 = −1, −1
𝑑𝑧
∴ = 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 ∴ C. F. = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑧)𝑒 −𝑧
2
Now, changing the independent = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 )𝑒 −𝑥
variable from 𝑥 to 𝑧 by the relation Now,
𝑧 = 𝑥², equation (1) becomes, 1 1 0𝑧 1
P. I. = ( 𝑒 ) =
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 1 2 2
2
+ 𝑃1 + 𝑄1 𝑦 = 𝑅1
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 Hence, 𝑦 = C. F. +P. I.
where,
2 1
𝑑2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ⇒ 𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 )𝑒 −𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑃1 =
𝑑𝑧 2
( )
𝑑𝑥
1
2 + (4𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 2𝑥
=
4𝑥 2
2 + 8𝑥 2 − 2
= =2
4𝑥 2

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UNIT-IV
4
𝑑2𝑦 3
𝑑𝑦 ∴The transformed equation is
2. 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑛2 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
2
𝑑 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑛 2 + 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ (𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑧 2
⇒ + + 𝑦 = 0 ← (1) 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 4
where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑧
2 𝑛2 The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖
Here, 𝑃 = ,𝑄 = 4,𝑅 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
Choose 𝑧 such that ∴ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
𝑛 𝑛
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑛2 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛
( ) =𝑄= 4 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑛
𝑑𝑧 𝑛 𝑛 Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑥 𝑥
∴ = 2⇒ 𝑧=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 which is the required complete
Now, changing the independent solution.
variable from 𝑥 to 𝑧 by the relation
𝑛
𝑧 = − 𝑥 , equation (1) becomes,
𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑎2 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3. (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) − + 𝑦
+ 𝑃1 + 𝑄1 𝑦 = 𝑅1 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 =0
𝑑2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑2𝑦 𝑎2 𝑑𝑦
where 𝑃1 = ⇒ −
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
−2𝑛 2 𝑛 + 𝑦=0
3 + 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑎(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )
= 𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑧 2 −𝑎2
( ) Here, 𝑃 = ,
𝑑𝑥
𝑥(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑄 𝑥2
𝑄1 = =1 𝑄= , 𝑅=0
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑎(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )
( )
𝑑𝑥
𝑅 Choose 𝑧 such that
and 𝑅1 = =0
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑥2
( ) ( ) =𝑄=
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑎(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )

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 UNIT-IV
𝑑𝑧 𝑥 𝑑
∴ = ⇒ (𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥 √𝑎(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑧

𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖
⇒ 𝑧 = −√
𝑎 ∴ C. F = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
Now, changing the independent
variable from 𝑥 to 𝑧 by the relation 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
⇒ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠√
𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎
𝑧 = −√ , the given equation
𝑎
becomes, 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
− 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛√
𝑎
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃1 + 𝑄1 𝑦 = 𝑅1
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠√
𝑎
𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑃 𝑑𝑥
where 𝑃1 =
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
( ) − 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛√
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
3
𝑎 2 𝑎2 𝑥
( 2 2 ) −
𝑎 −𝑥 𝑥(𝑎 − 𝑥 2 ) √𝑎(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )
2
=
𝑑𝑧 2
(
𝑑𝑥
) 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4. 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 3
𝑎 2 𝑎 2 ← (1)
( 2 2 ) − (𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 )
= 𝑎 − 𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑧 2 Here, 𝑃 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥,
( ) 𝑄 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 , 𝑅=0
𝑑𝑥
𝑄1 = 1 and 𝑅1 = 0 Choose 𝑧 such that
𝑑𝑧 2
∴ The transformed equation is ( ) = −𝑄 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑧
+𝑦 =0 ∴ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⇒ 𝑧 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

147
UNIT-IV
Now, changing the independent 2)
𝑑 2 𝑦 81 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2
5. (81 − 𝑥 − + 𝑦
variable from 𝑥 to 𝑧 by the relation 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 9
𝑧 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, equation (1) becomes, =0

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 81 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃1 + 𝑄1 𝑦 = 𝑅1 ⇒ 2
− 2
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑥(81 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑑2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑦=0
2 +𝑃
𝑑𝑥 9(81 − 𝑥 2 )
where 𝑃1 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 2 81
( ) Here, 𝑃 = − ,
𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥(81 − 𝑥 2 )
= 𝑥2
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑄= , 𝑅=0
( ) 9(81 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
=0 Choose 𝑧 such that
𝑄 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑥2
𝑄1 = 2 = = −1 ( ) =𝑄=
𝑑𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 9(81 − 𝑥 2 )
( )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 𝑥
and 𝑅1 = 0 ∴ =
𝑑𝑥 3√81 − 𝑥 2
∴The transformed equation is −1
𝑑2 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑧= √81 − 𝑥 2
−𝑦 =0 3
𝑑𝑥 2 Now, changing the independent
𝑑 variable from 𝑥 to 𝑧 by the relation
⇒ (𝐷2 − 1)𝑦 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑧 𝑧=
−1
√81 − 𝑥 2 , the given
3
The A. E. is 𝑚2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±1 equation becomes,

∴ C. F. = 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃1 + 𝑄1 𝑦 = 𝑅1
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
is the solution.

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 UNIT-IV
𝑑2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 +𝑃 6. 𝑥 2 − − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 = 8𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
where 𝑃1 = 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
( ) 𝑑 2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
3 ⇒ − − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 = 8𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2
9 2 81 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( ) − ← (1)
81 − 𝑥 2 𝑥(81 − 𝑥 2 ) 3√(81 − 𝑥 2 )
=
𝑑𝑧 2 −1
( ) Here, 𝑃 = ,
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
3 3 𝑄 = −4𝑥 2 , 𝑅 = 8𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2
9 2 9 2
( 2 ) −( 2 ) Choose 𝑧 such that
= 81 − 𝑥 2
81 − 𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑧
( ) 𝑑𝑧 2
𝑑𝑥 ( ) = −𝑄 = 4𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑄1 = 1 and 𝑅1 = 0 𝑑𝑧
∴ = 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
∴ The transformed equation is
Now, changing the independent
𝑑2 𝑦 variable from 𝑥 to 𝑧 by the relation
+𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 , equation (1) becomes,
𝑑
⇒ (𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡ 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑧 + 𝑃1 + 𝑄1 𝑦 = 𝑅1
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖
𝑑2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
2 +𝑃
𝑑𝑥
∴ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 where 𝑃1 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 2
( )
Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 𝑑𝑥
1
2 − 𝑥 (2𝑥)
1 = =0
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( √81 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑧 2
3 ( )
1 𝑑𝑥
−𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( √81 − 𝑥 2 )
3 𝑄1 = −1 and

8𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2
𝑅1 = = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
4𝑥 2

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UNIT-IV
∴ The transformed equation is 2 )2
𝑑2𝑦 2)
𝑑𝑦
7. (1 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥(1 + 𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑦 + 4𝑦 = 0
− 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
𝑑𝑥 2
(𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒 139 𝑄10)
𝑑
⇒ (𝐷2 − 1)𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 where =
𝑑𝑧 𝑑2𝑦 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 4
⇒ + + 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
The A. E. is 𝑚2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±1
= 0 ← (1)
∴ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑧
2 2 2𝑥
= 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 Here, 𝑃 = ,
1 + 𝑥2
1 4
Now, P. I. = 2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 𝑄= , 𝑅=0
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2
𝐷 −1
1
=2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 By using method of changing the
𝐷 −1
independent variable,
1 choose 𝑧 such that,
=2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
−12 − 1
𝑑𝑧 2 4
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2 ( ) =𝑄=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
Thus, 𝑦 = C. F. +P. I. 𝑑𝑧 2 2
∴ = 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑧 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥

Now, changing the independent

variable from 𝑥 to 𝑧 by the relation
𝑧 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥, we get,

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
+ 𝑃1 + 𝑄1 𝑦 = 𝑅1 ← (2)
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧

150
 UNIT-IV
𝑑2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 Here,
2 +𝑃
𝑑𝑥
where 𝑃1 = 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) – 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)
( )
𝑑𝑥
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)]2 – [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)]2
−4𝑥 2𝑥 2
2 2 + ( ) 2
(1 + 𝑥 ) 1 + 𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
2 1
= =0 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 )]
𝑑𝑧 2 √1 + 𝑥 2
( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
− [𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 )]
𝑄 √1 + 𝑥 2
𝑄1 = 2 =1 2
𝑑𝑧 1 𝑥
( ) = –
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2
𝑅
and 𝑅1 = =0 1– 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑧 2 =
( ) 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
and,
∴Equation (2) becomes,
𝑠𝑖𝑛(2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)
𝑑2 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)
+𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑥
𝑑 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 )
⇒ (𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡ √1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑧 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 )
The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖 √1 + 𝑥 2
2𝑥 1
=
Thus, C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 √1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 2𝑥
=
1 + 𝑥2
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)
Hence,
+ 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)
1 − 𝑥2 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 ( 2
) + 𝑐2 ( )
1+𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦 = 𝑐1 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑐2 𝑥
Note:
𝑥 1 2 2
(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ) ⇒ (1 + 𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑐1 (1 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑏𝑥
√1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2 where 𝑏 = 2𝑐2

151
UNIT-IV
Complementary Function (C.F.)
Method of Variation of be
Parameters 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑢 + 𝑐2 𝑣 ← (𝑖𝑖𝑖),
where 𝑐 1 and 𝑐2 are arbitrary
A second order Linear Differential constants.
equation, 3. The general solution of
equation (𝑖) is
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
+𝑃 + 𝑄𝑦 = 𝑅 𝑦 = C. F. +P. I.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
where
can be written as, C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑢 + 𝑐2 𝑣
𝑦2 + 𝑃𝑦1 + 𝑄𝑦 = 𝑅 from equation (𝑖𝑖𝑖) and
P. I. = 𝑢𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑣𝑔(𝑥)
where 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅 are functions of
where,
𝑥 only or constant.
𝑣𝑅
𝑓(𝑥) = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
Working Rule: - 𝑊
𝑢𝑅
1. Rewrite the given equation as and 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑊
𝑦2 + 𝑃𝑦1 + 𝑄𝑦 = 𝑅 ← (𝑖) where the 𝑊𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑎𝑛,
in which the coefficient of 𝑦2 𝑢 𝑣
𝑊=| |
must be unity, if necessary. 𝑢′ 𝑣′
2. Consider 4. In case of Linear differential
𝑦2 + 𝑃𝑦1 + 𝑄𝑦 = 0 ← (𝑖𝑖) equation with variable
which is obtained by taking coefficient, 𝑢 = a part of C.F. can
𝑅=0 be found by using the method
in equation (𝑖). used earlier in this unit (the
Solve equation (𝑖𝑖) by the first method). In case of not
methods of Linear differential known 𝑣, it can be found by,
equation with constant 𝑢 𝑣
coefficient (from Unit II) or 𝑊=| | = 𝑢𝑣′ − 𝑣𝑢′
𝑢′ 𝑣′
equation of first order but ⇒ 𝑊 ′ = 𝑢𝑣′′ + 𝑢′𝑣′ − 𝑣𝑢′′
higher degree (from Unit III) as − 𝑣′𝑢′
the case maybe. ⇒ 𝑊′ = 𝑢𝑣′′ − 𝑣𝑢′′
Let the solution of equation (𝑖𝑖),
i.e., the complete

152
 UNIT-IV
if 𝑢 and 𝑣 are parts of C. F.: − Note.
𝑢′′ + 𝑃𝑢′ + 𝑄𝑢 = 0 Variation of Parameters is an
⇒ 𝑢′′ = −𝑃𝑢′ − 𝑄𝑢 elegant but somewhat artificial
and 𝑣 ′′ + 𝑃𝑣 ′ + 𝑄𝑣 = 0 method for finding the complete
{ ⇒ 𝑣 ′′ = −𝑃𝑣 ′ − 𝑄𝑣 }
′ ′
primitive of a Linear equation
∴ 𝑊 = 𝑢(−𝑃𝑣 − 𝑄𝑣)
where C.F. is known.
− 𝑣(−𝑃𝑢′ − 𝑄𝑢)
⇒ 𝑊 ′ = −𝑃(𝑢𝑣 ′ − 𝑣𝑢′ ) This method is very effective to
−𝑄(𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣𝑢) find P.I. and it can be applied
where the earlier methods cease to
𝑑𝑊
⇒ = −𝑃𝑊 be applicable.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑊
⇒ = −𝑃𝑑𝑥
𝑊
Page 192
⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑊 = − ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑥 2 2
− 2𝑥(1 + 𝑥)
⇒ 𝑊 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ 2(𝑥 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑥 3
⇒ 𝑢𝑣 ′ − 𝑣𝑢′ = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑦 2(1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 2(1 + 𝑥)
which will be a first order ⇒ − + 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥²
Linear differential equation in 𝑣 = 𝑥 ← (1)
and can be solved by the usual
method. 2(1 + 𝑥)
Here, 𝑃 = − ,
𝑥
After attaining 𝑢 and 𝑣, the 2(1 + 𝑥)
𝑄= , 𝑅=𝑥
complete C.F. will be the same as 𝑥²
equation (𝑖𝑖𝑖) and can be Now consider,
continued with step 3 for P.I. and
𝑑 2 𝑦 2(1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 2(1 + 𝑥)
for the general solution. − + 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
= 0 ← (2)
We see that,
𝑚(𝑚 − 1) + 𝑃𝑚𝑥 + 𝑄𝑥 2

153
UNIT-IV
= 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) − 2(1 + 𝑥)𝑚 + 2(1 ⇒ 𝑊 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥²+2𝑥
+ 𝑥)
⇒ 𝑥𝑣 ′ − 𝑣 = 𝑥²𝑒 2𝑥 from (∗)
=0 (when 𝑚 = 1)
𝑣
⇒ 𝑣′ − = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
∴𝑢=𝑥 𝑥
is a part of C.F. of equation (2) which is linear in 𝑣,
So, let the complete C. F. 1 1
I. F. = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
= 𝐶1𝑢 + 𝐶2𝑣 = 𝐶1𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑣 𝑥
𝑢 𝑣 ∴ The solution is,
Now 𝑊𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑎𝑛, 𝑊 = | ′ |
𝑢 𝑣′ 1 1
𝑥 𝑣 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒𝑊=| | = 𝑥𝑣 ′ − 𝑣 ← (∗) 𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑣′
1
⇒ 𝑊′= 𝑥𝑣′′ + 𝑣 ′ − 𝑣 ′ ⇒𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
⇒ 𝑊 ′ = 𝑥𝑣 ′′ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
⇒𝑣=
2(1 + 𝑥) ′ 2
⇒ 𝑊′ = 𝑥 ( 𝑣
𝑥 So, the complete
2(1 + 𝑥) 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
− 𝑣) C. F. = 𝐶1𝑥 + 𝐶2 ( )
𝑥² 2

𝑣 = 𝐶1𝑥 + 𝐶3𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑊 ′ = 2(1 + 𝑥) (𝑣 ′ − )
𝑥 where, 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑣 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
2(1 + 𝑥)
⇒ 𝑊′ = {𝑥𝑣 ′ − 𝑣} 𝑢′ = 1, 𝑣 ′ = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑊 2(1 + 𝑥) Now 𝑊𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑎𝑛,
⇒ = 𝑊
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑢 𝑣 𝑥 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
𝑊=| ′ ′| = | |
𝑑𝑊 2(1 + 𝑥) 𝑢 𝑣 1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
⇒ = 𝑑𝑥
𝑊 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑥²𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 = 2𝑥²𝑒 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑊 = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥) + 2𝑥
Thus, P. I. = 𝑢𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑣𝑔(𝑥)

154
 UNIT-IV
𝑣𝑅 We see that 𝑃 + 𝑄𝑥 = 0
where, 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑊 So, 𝑢 = 𝑥
𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 1 is a part of C.F. of equation (2).
= −∫ 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥
2𝑥²𝑒 2 So, let the complete C.F.
= 𝐶1𝑢 + 𝐶2𝑣 = 𝐶1𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑣
𝑢𝑅
and, 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑣
𝑊 Now 𝑊𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑎𝑛, 𝑊 = | ′ |
𝑢 𝑣′
𝑥𝑥 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑣
2
2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 2 ⇒𝑊=| | = 𝑥𝑣 ′ − 𝑣 ← (∗)
1 𝑣′
1
= − 𝑒 −2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑊′= 𝑥𝑣′′ + 𝑣 ′ − 𝑣 ′
4
Hence, ⇒ 𝑊 ′ = 𝑥𝑣 ′′
1 1
P. I. = − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 (− 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
2 4 1 1
2 ⇒ 𝑊 ′ = 𝑥 (− 𝑣 ′ + 2 𝑣)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
=− −
2 4
1
∴The complete solution is ⇒ 𝑊 ′ = − (𝑥𝑣 ′ − 𝑣)
𝑦 = C. F. +P. I. 𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑑𝑊 1
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑥 + 𝐶3𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 − − ⇒ =− 𝑊
2 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑊 1
⇒ = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑊 𝑥
2
2. 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥2𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑊 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1 ⇒ 𝑊 = 𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
⇒ + − 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ← (1)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
1
1 −1 ⇒ 𝑥𝑣 ′ − 𝑣 = from (∗)
Here, 𝑃 = , 𝑄 = 2 , 𝑅 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
Consider 𝑣 1
⇒ 𝑣′ − =
𝑥 𝑥²
𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1
+ − 𝑦 = 0 ← (2)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 which is linear in 𝑣,

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UNIT-IV
1 1 𝑢𝑅
I. F. = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥 = and, 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑊
∴ The solution is, 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1 (− 𝑥)
𝑣 = ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥2𝑒 𝑥
=− + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥
1 1 2
⇒𝑣 =−
𝑥 2𝑥² Hence, P. I.
1 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 1 𝑥2𝑒 𝑥
⇒𝑣=− = + (− + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 )
2𝑥 2 𝑥 2
So, the complete C.F. 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
1 1 = − +𝑒 − =𝑒 −
= 𝐶1𝑥 + 𝐶2 (− ) = 𝐶1𝑥 + 𝐶3 2 2 𝑥 𝑥
2𝑥 𝑥
1 ∴The complete solution is
where, 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑣= 𝑦 = C. F. +P. I.
𝑥
1 1 𝑒𝑥
𝑢′ = 1, 𝑣′ = − ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑥 + 𝐶3 +𝑒 𝑥 −
𝑥² 𝑥 𝑥
Now 𝑊𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑎𝑛,
1
𝑢 𝑣 𝑥 𝑑2𝑦 2
𝑊=| ′ |=| 𝑥 | 3. −𝑦 = ← (1)
2 1 + 𝑒𝑥
𝑢 𝑣′ 1 𝑑𝑥
1 −
𝑥² 2
1 1 2 Here, 𝑃 = 0, 𝑄 = −1, 𝑅 =
=− − =− 1 + 𝑒𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
Thus, P. I. = 𝑢𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑣𝑔(𝑥) Consider −𝑦 =0 ← (2)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑣𝑅
where, 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑
𝑊 ⇒ (𝐷2 − 1)𝑦 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥 The A. E. is 𝑚2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±1
= −∫ 𝑑𝑥 =
2 2
𝑥 (− 𝑥 ) ∴ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥

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Then, 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒𝑥
= −∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑢′ = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑣 ′ = −𝑒 −𝑥
Hence, P. I.
Now, 𝑊𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑎𝑛, = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) − 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 1
𝑢 𝑣 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑊=| ′ ′| = | 𝑥 |
𝑢 𝑣 𝑒 −𝑒 −𝑥
= −1 − 1 = −2 ∴The complete solution is
𝑦 = C. F. +P. I.
Thus, P. I. = 𝑢𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑣𝑔(𝑥)
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1
𝑣𝑅
where, 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 +𝑒 𝑥 ) − 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑊
𝑒 −𝑥 2
= −∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑2𝑦
−2(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
4. + 9𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑥 ← (1)
𝑑𝑥 2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑒𝑥) Here, 𝑃 = 0, 𝑄 = 9, 𝑅 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑥
By putting 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑢
𝑑2𝑦
[ 1 ] Consider + 9𝑦 = 0 ← (2)
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑢 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑢 𝑑
⇒ (𝐷2 + 9)𝑦 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡
1 𝑑𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢2 (1 + 𝑢) The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±3𝑖
1 1 1
= ∫( − + ) 𝑑𝑢 ∴ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
1 + 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢²
1 Then, 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥, 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑢) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑢 −
𝑢 𝑢′ = −3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥, 𝑣 ′ = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) − 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 Now, 𝑊𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑎𝑛,
𝑢𝑅 𝑢 𝑣
𝑊=| ′ |
and, 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑣′
𝑊
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
𝑒𝑥2 =| |
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 −3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 3𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
−2(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
= 3(𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥)2 + 3(𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)2 = 3

157
UNIT-IV
Thus, P. I. = 𝑢𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑣𝑔(𝑥)

𝑣𝑅
where, 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑊
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑥
= −∫ 𝑑𝑥
3
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
=− ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥)
9
𝑢𝑅
and, 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑊
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
3
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥
=
3
Hence, P.I.
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥) +
9 3
∴The complete solution is
𝑦 = C. F. +P. I.

⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥) +
9 3

158
 UNIT-IV
Simultaneous Differential all rational integral functions of 𝐷
Equation with constant coefficients.
Multiplying equation (𝑖) by 𝑔2 (𝐷)
A set of differential equations in
and equation (𝑖𝑖) by 𝑓2 (𝐷) and
which there is one independent
subtracting them, we get,
and two or more dependent
variables are called Simultaneous 𝑓1 (𝐷)𝑔2 (𝐷)𝑥 + 𝑓2 (𝐷)𝑔2 (𝐷)𝑦
Differential equation.
−𝑓2 (𝐷)𝑔1 (𝐷)𝑥 − 𝑓2 (𝐷)𝑔2 (𝐷)𝑦
To solve such equations
= 𝑔2 (𝐷)𝑇1 − 𝑓2 (𝐷)𝑇2
completely, we shall require as
many simultaneous equations as ⇒ [𝑓1 (𝐷)𝑔2 (𝐷) − 𝑓2 (𝐷)𝑔1 (𝐷)]𝑥
the numbers of dependent
= 𝑔2 (𝐷)𝑇1 − 𝑓2 (𝐷)𝑇2
variables.
which is a Linear Differential
Method of solving Simultaneous
equation in 𝑥 and can be solved for
Differential equation with
𝑥. Substituting these values of x in
Constant coefficient: -
equation (𝑖) or (𝑖𝑖), we get 𝑦.
1st Method.
2nd Method.
Symbolic Method (use of operator
Method of Differentiation.
𝐷)
Sometimes 𝑥 or 𝑦 can be
Let 𝑥 and 𝑦 be the two dependent
variables and 𝑡 be the independent eliminated by equation (𝑖) or (𝑖𝑖).
variable. Let,

𝑓1 (𝐷)𝑥 + 𝑓2 (𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑇1 ← (𝑖)

𝑔1 (𝐷)𝑥 + 𝑔2 (𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑇2 ← (𝑖𝑖)

𝑑
where 𝐷 denotes the operator 𝑑𝑡,
𝑇1 and 𝑇2 are functions of the
independent variable ‘𝑡’ and
𝑓1 (𝐷), 𝑓2 (𝐷), 𝑔1 (𝐷) and 𝑔2 (𝐷) are

159
UNIT-IV
Page 210 (𝐷 − 3)[𝑐1 𝑒 (3+√10)𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 (3−√10)𝑡 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 0
1. = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 and = 5𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝑐1 (3 + √10)𝑒 (3+√10)𝑡
𝑑
Denoting 𝐷 ≡ , we get, +𝑐2 (3 − √10)𝑒 (3−√10)𝑡
𝑑𝑡
(𝐷 − 3)𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 ← (1) −3𝑐1 𝑒 (3+√10)𝑡 − 3𝑐2 𝑒 (3−√10)𝑡
−5𝑥 + (𝐷 − 3)𝑦 = 0 ← (2) −2𝑦 = 0
Multiplying equation (1) by
⇒ 2𝑦 = 𝑐1 (3 + √10)𝑒 (3+√10)𝑡
(𝐷 − 3) and equation (2) by 2 and
then adding them to eliminate 𝑦, +𝑐2 (3 − √10)𝑒 (3−√10)𝑡
we get,
−3𝑐1 𝑒 (3+√10)𝑡 − 3𝑐2 𝑒 (3−√10)𝑡
(𝐷 − 3)2 𝑥 − 2(𝐷 − 3)𝑦 = 0
1
−10𝑥 + 2(𝐷 − 3)𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = [𝑐1 (3 + √10)𝑒 (3+√10)𝑡
2
(𝐷2 − 6𝐷 + 9 − 10)𝑥 = 0
+𝑐2 (3 − √10)𝑒 (3−√10)𝑡
⇒ (𝐷2 − 6𝐷 − 1)𝑥 = 0
−3𝑐1 𝑒 (3+√10)𝑡 − 3𝑐2 𝑒 (3−√10)𝑡 ]
Its A. E. is 𝑚² − 6𝑚 − 1 = 0
1
⇒ 𝑦 = [𝑐1 √10𝑒 (3+√10)𝑡
−6 ± √36 + 4 6 ± 2√10 2
⇒𝑚= = − 𝑐2 √10𝑒 (3−√10)𝑡 ]
2 2
= 3 ± √10

∴C.F. is
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑒 (3+√10)𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 (3−√10)𝑡 2. = 3𝑥 − 𝑦 and =𝑥+𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑
Substituting this in equation (1), Denoting 𝐷 ≡ , we get
𝑑𝑡
we get,
(𝐷 − 3)𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ← (1)
−𝑥 + (𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 0 ← (2)

160
 UNIT-IV
Multiplying equation (1) by 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
3. +2 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑡 and
−(𝐷 − 1) and then adding to 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
equation (2) to eliminate 𝑦, we get, 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
3 + + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4𝑒 2𝑡
−(𝐷 − 3)(𝐷 − 1)𝑥 − (𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑
−𝑥 + (𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 0 Denoting 𝐷 ≡ , we get
𝑑𝑡
(𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 4)𝑥 = 0
(𝐷 − 2)𝑥 + 2(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑡
The A. E. is 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0 ← (1)
⇒ (𝑚 − 2)2 = 0
(3𝐷 + 2)𝑥 + (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 4𝑒 2𝑡
⇒ 𝑚 = 2, 2
← (2)
∴ C. F. is 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡 (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑡)
Multiplying equation (2) by -2, we
Putting the value of 𝑥 in equation have,
(1), we get (𝐷 − 2)𝑥 + 2(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑡

(𝐷 − 3)[𝑒 2𝑡 (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑡)] + 𝑦 = 0 −2(3𝐷 + 2)𝑥 − 2(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = −8𝑒 2𝑡

⇒ 2𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑐2 (𝑒 2𝑡 + 2𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 ) −(5𝐷 + 6)𝑥 = −8𝑒 2𝑡 + 3𝑒 𝑡

−3𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑡 − 3𝑐2 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ (5𝐷 + 6)𝑥 = 8𝑒 2𝑡 − 3𝑒 𝑡
⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑡 + 2𝑐2 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 6
The A. E. is 5𝑚 + 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = −
− 3𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑡 − 3𝑐2 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 5
−6
⇒ 𝑦 = (𝑐1 − 𝑐2 )𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 ∴ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑒 5
𝑡

Hence, 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡 (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑡) 1
Now, P. I. = (8𝑒 2𝑡 − 3𝑒 𝑡 )
5𝐷 + 6
and 𝑦 = (𝑐1 − 𝑐2 )𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡
1 1
are the required solutions. =8 𝑒 2𝑡 − 3 𝑒𝑡
5𝐷 + 6 5𝐷 + 6
8 2𝑡 3 𝑡 𝑒 2𝑡 3
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 = − 𝑒𝑡
16 11 2 11

161
UNIT-IV
𝑒 2𝑡 3 8 1 −6 15 1
∴ P. I. = − 𝑒𝑡 = 𝑐1 𝑒5𝑡+ 𝑒𝑡
2 11 5 𝐷+1 11 𝐷 + 1
8 1 −6 15 1
Thus, 𝑥 = C. F. +P. I. = 𝑐1 𝑒5𝑡+ 𝑒𝑡
−6 𝑒 2𝑡 3 𝑡 5 −6 + 1 11 1 + 1
= 𝑐1 𝑒 5 𝑡 + − 𝑒 5
2 11 8 1 −6𝑡 15 𝑡
= 𝑐1 𝑒5 + 𝑒
Putting this value in equation (1), 5 −1 22
5
we get, −6 15
−6 𝑒 2𝑡 3 ∴ P. I. = −8𝑐1 𝑒 5 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡
(𝐷 − 2) (𝑐1 𝑒 5 𝑡 + − 𝑒𝑡) 22
2 11
Thus, 𝑦 = C. F. +P. I
+ 2(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑡 −6
𝑡 15 𝑡
= 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑡 − 8𝑐1 𝑒 5 + 𝑒
6 −6 3 22
⇒ − 𝑐1 𝑒 5 𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡
5 11
−6 6
−6
𝑡 𝑒 2𝑡 3
−2𝑐1 𝑒 5 𝑡 − 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 Hence, 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑒 5 + − 𝑒𝑡
11 2 11
+ 2(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑡 −6
𝑡 15 𝑡
and 𝑦 = 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑡 − 8𝑐1 𝑒 5 + 𝑒
22
16 −6
are the required solutions.
⇒ 2(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 5 𝑡
5
3
− 𝑒 𝑡 + 3𝑒 𝑡
11
𝑑2𝑥
8 −6 15 𝑡 4. 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 and
⇒ (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 5 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
5 11 𝑑2𝑦
+ 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
Again, A. E. of 𝑦 is 𝑛 + 1 = 0 𝑑𝑡 2
⇒ 𝑛 = −1 𝑑
Denoting 𝐷 ≡ , we get
𝑑𝑡
∴ C. F. = 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑡
(𝐷2 + 4)𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 ← (1)
Now,
1 8 −6 15 𝑡 −2𝑥 + (𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 ← (2)
P. I. = ( 𝑐1 𝑒 5 𝑡 + 𝑒 )
𝐷+1 5 11 Multiplying equation (1) by
(𝐷² + 1), we get,

162
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(𝐷2 + 4)(𝐷2 + 1)𝑥 + (𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 6 3𝑡 1
= 𝑒 + 10 [𝑡 4 𝑒 3𝑡
132 𝐷 + 5𝐷2 + 6
= (𝐷2 + 1)𝑡𝑒 3𝑡
𝑑 1
+ ( 4 ) 𝑒 3𝑡 ]
2𝑥 − (𝐷2 2
+ 1)𝑦 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝐷 𝐷 + 5𝐷2 + 6
1 1
(𝐷4 + 𝐷2 + 4𝐷2 + 4 + 2)𝑥 −
20 + 0 +6
= 6𝑒 3𝑡 + 10𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
1 1
⇒ (𝐷4 + 5𝐷2 + 6)𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
2 (−2 )² + 5(−22 ) + 6
2
= 6𝑒 3𝑡 + 10𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
6 3𝑡 𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 138 3𝑡
The A. E. is 𝑚4 + 5𝑚2 + 6 = 0 = 𝑒 + 10 [ − 𝑒 ]
132 132 (132)2
−5 ± √1
⇒ 𝑚2 = = −3, −2 𝟏 𝟏
2 − − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
⇒ 𝑚 = ±√3𝑖, ±√2𝑖 𝟏𝟐 𝟒
𝑒 3𝑡 3 69 3𝑡 1
∴ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠√3𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛√3𝑡 = + 𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 − 𝑒 −
22 44 968 12
+𝑐3 𝑐𝑜𝑠√2𝑡 + 𝑐4 𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑡 1
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
4
Now, P. I.
1 6𝑒 3𝑡 + 10𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 ) ∴ 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠√3𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛√3𝑡
= 4 (
𝐷 + 5𝐷2 + 6 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 𝑒 3𝑡
+𝑐3 𝑐𝑜𝑠√2𝑡 + 𝑐4 𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑡 +
1 22
= 4 2
(6𝑒 3𝑡 + 10𝑡𝑒 3𝑡
𝐷 + 5𝐷 + 6 3 3𝑡 69 3𝑡
1 1 + 𝑡𝑒 − 𝑒
− − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡) 44 968
2 2
1 1
1 − − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
=6 4 𝑒 3𝑡 12 4
𝐷 + 5𝐷2 + 6
1 Putting this in equation (1), we get
+10 4 𝑡𝑒 3𝑡
𝐷 + 5𝐷2 + 6
1 1 0𝑡
− 4 ( 𝑒 )
𝐷 + 5𝐷2 + 6 2
1 1
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
2 𝐷 + 5𝐷2 + 6
4

163
UNIT-IV
1 𝑑𝑥
(𝐷2 + 4) { 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠√3𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛√3𝑡 5. + 2𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0 ← (1) and
1 𝑑𝑡
𝑒 3𝑡
+𝑐3 𝑐𝑜𝑠√2𝑡 + 𝑐4 𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑡 + 𝑑𝑦
22 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 0 ← (2)
3 3𝑡 69 3𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡
+ 𝑡𝑒 − 𝑒 −
44 968 12 Using method of Differentiation,
1
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡} + 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t.
4
𝑡, we get,
⇒ −3𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠√3𝑡 − 3𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛√3𝑡
𝑑2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
9 3𝑡 2
+2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 0
−2𝑐3 𝑐𝑜𝑠√2𝑡 − 2𝑐4 𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
22
3 27 621 3𝑡 𝑑2 𝑥
+ 𝑒 3𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 − 𝑒 ⇒ + 2(2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 0
44 44 968 𝑑𝑡 2
+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 4𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠√3𝑡 + 4𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛√3𝑡 (Using equation (2))
4 3𝑡
+4𝑐3 𝑐𝑜𝑠√2𝑡 + 4𝑐4 𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑑2 𝑥
22 ⇒ + 4𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 0
12 276 3𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡 2
+ 𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 − 𝑒 − − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
44 968 3 𝑑2 𝑥
+𝑦 = 𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 ⇒ + 4𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2
⇒ 𝑦 = −𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠√3𝑡 − 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛√3𝑡 𝑑
Denoting 𝐷 ≡ , we get
−2𝑐3 𝑐𝑜𝑠√2𝑡 − 2𝑐4 𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
71 3𝑡 5 1 (𝐷2 + 4)𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
− 𝑒 + 𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 +
968 44 3
The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±2𝑖
Hence, 𝑥 and 𝑦 are the required
solutions. ∴ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡

1
Now, P. I. = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝐷2 +4
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 =
−12 +4 3

164
 UNIT-IV
Thus, 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 6. 2 = 2 = 2
𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑦 − 𝑧𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 +
3
We can also write,
Putting this value in equation (1),
we get, 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑥2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧
(𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 + )
𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧
+ 2𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0 =
𝑦2
− 𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧𝑥
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑧
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 2
⇒ −2𝑐1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 + 2𝑐2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 𝑥 − 𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧
3
+ 2𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦
⇒
⇒ 2𝑦 = 2𝑐1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 − 2𝑐2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
3 (𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑧
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 − 𝑐2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − (𝑥 − 𝑧)(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
3
Hence, 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑧
⇒ = =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑥−𝑦 𝑦−𝑧 𝑥−𝑧
+
3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 From 1st and 2nd fraction,
and 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 − 𝑐2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 −
3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧
=
are the required solutions. 𝑥−𝑦 𝑦−𝑧

Integrating, we get,

𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑦 − 𝑧) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐1

𝑥−𝑦
⇒ = 𝑐1 ← (1)
𝑦−𝑧

From 1st and 3rd fraction,

165
UNIT-IV
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑧 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
= ⇒ = 𝑐1 ← (1)
𝑥−𝑦 𝑥−𝑧 𝑧

Integrating, we get, From 2nd and 3rd fraction,

𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑧) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

= ⇒ =
−2𝑥𝑦 −2𝑥𝑧 𝑦 𝑧
𝑥−𝑦
⇒ = 𝑐2 ← (2)
𝑥−𝑧 Integrating, we get
Hence, equation (1) and equation 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐2
(2) give the required solutions.
𝑦
⇒ = 𝑐2 ← (2)
𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 Hence, equation (1) and equation
7. = =
𝑦2 2
+𝑧 −𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑦 −2𝑥𝑧 (2) give the required solutions.

Taking the multipliers 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, we

get,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
8. = 2
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑥2 + 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧
2

𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦
=
= each fraction 𝑧(𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 Taking the multipliers 1,-1,-1, we

⇒ =
3 2
−𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 2 −2𝑥𝑧 get,

𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧

⇒ =
2 2 2
−𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) −2𝑥𝑧 𝑥2+ 𝑦2
+ 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧
2(𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 =
⇒ = 0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 𝑧
∴ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧 = 0
Integrating, we get,
Integrating, we get,
2 2 2)
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐1
𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 𝑐1 ← (1)

166
 UNIT-IV
Taking the multipliers 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, we 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
get, = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐2
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 ⇒ = 𝑐2 ← (2)
𝑧2
𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑦𝑧 2
Hence, equation (1) and equation
=each fraction (2) give the required solutions.
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧
⇒
𝑥3 + 𝑦3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑦𝑧 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑧 9. = =
= 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦2𝑧2
𝑧(𝑥 + 𝑦)
From 1st and 2nd fraction
Here, the denominator 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= ⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦2 𝑥2
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑦𝑧 2
Integrating, we get,
= 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑐1
+𝑦𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − =
3 3 3
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 + 𝑧 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) ⇒ 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = 𝑐1 ← (1)
− 2𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)
From 1st and 3rd fraction
2 2
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)[(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
=
𝑦2 𝑥2𝑦2𝑧2
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
𝑑𝑧
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 ⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =
∴ 𝑧2
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
𝑑𝑧 Integrating, we get,
=
𝑧(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑥3 1
+ = 𝑐2 ← (2)
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 3 𝑧
⇒ =
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 𝑧
Hence, equation (1) and equation
Integrating, we get (2) give the required solutions.

167
UNIT-IV
Total Differential Equations Now,
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
An equation of the form (𝜆𝑃) = ( )=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 + 𝑅𝑑𝑧 = 0 𝜕²𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕
where 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅 are functions of = = ( )= (𝜆𝑄)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is called Total Differential
equation in three variables 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧. 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜆 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝜆
⇒𝜆 +𝑃 =𝜆 +𝑄
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
Condition of integrability of the
equation: - 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝜆 𝜕𝜆
⇒ 𝜆( − )=𝑄 −𝑃
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Consider the differential equation
← (3)
𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 + 𝑅𝑑𝑧 = 0 ← (1)
Similarly, we can obtain,
where 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅 are functions of
𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧. 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑅 𝜕𝜆 𝜕𝜆
⇒ 𝜆( − )=𝑅 −𝑄
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Let 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐 ← (2) be its ← (4)
solution. and,
We know that, 𝜕𝑅 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜆 𝜕𝜆
⇒ 𝜆( − )=𝑃 −𝑅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦 + ( ) 𝑑𝑧 ← (5)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Multiplying equations (3), (4), (5)
Since equation (2) is an integral of
by 𝑅, 𝑃, 𝑄 respectively and adding,
equation (1), then 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅 must be
we get,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
proportional to (𝜕𝑥 ) , (𝜕𝑦) , ( 𝜕𝑧 ).
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑅
So, 𝜆𝑅 ( − ) + 𝜆𝑃 ( − )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑅 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜆 𝜕𝜆
= = = 𝜆 (say) +𝜆𝑄 ( − ) = 𝑄𝑅 − 𝑃𝑅
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝜆 𝜕𝜆 𝜕𝜆 𝜕𝜆
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 +𝑃𝑅 𝜕𝑦 − 𝑃𝑄 𝜕𝑧 + 𝑃𝑄 𝜕𝑧 − 𝑄𝑅 𝜕𝑥
or 𝜆𝑃 = , 𝜆𝑄 = , 𝜆𝑅 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑅
⇒ 𝜆𝑅 (𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) + 𝜆𝑃 ( 𝜕𝑧 − 𝜕𝑦 )
𝜕𝑅 𝜕𝑃
+𝜆𝑄 (𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑧 ) = 0

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 UNIT-IV
𝝏𝑸 𝝏𝑹 𝝏𝑹 𝝏𝑷 suitable function of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 and
⇒ 𝑷( − )+ 𝑸( − )
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛 the outcome will be the
𝝏𝑷 𝝏𝑸 required solution.
+𝑹 ( − )=𝟎
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 Method II. The equation 𝑃𝑑𝑥 +
which is the condition of 𝑄𝑑𝑦 + 𝑅𝑑𝑧 = 0 is called
integrability of equation (1). homogeneous equation if 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅
are homogeneous functions of the
In matrix form, this can be written same degree.
as, Working Rule 1: -
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅 If 𝑷𝒙 + 𝑸𝒚 + 𝑹𝒛 ≠ 𝟎
|𝜕 𝜕 𝜕|=0 Use of Integrating Factor,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
1. As usual, verify that the given
equation is integrable.
Methods of solving Total 2. Calculate 𝑃𝑥 + 𝑄𝑦 + 𝑅𝑧.
If 𝑃𝑥 + 𝑄𝑦 + 𝑅𝑧 ≠ 0 then
Differential equation: - 1
is taken as Integrating
𝑃𝑥+𝑄𝑦+𝑅𝑧
Method I. By inspection,
Factor. So
Working Rule: - 1 1
IF = =
1. Take out the given Differential 𝑃𝑥 + 𝑄𝑦 + 𝑅𝑧 𝐷
equation and compare with the where 𝐷 = 𝑃𝑥 + 𝑄𝑦 + 𝑅𝑧
standard equation and write the 3. Multiply the given equation by
values of 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅. IF.
2. Test for the integrability of the 4. Find 𝑑(𝐷) i.e., the Total
given Differential equation i.e., Differential of 𝐷.
𝝏𝑸 𝝏𝑹
check whether 𝑷 ( 𝝏𝒛 − 𝝏𝒚 ) + 5. Now add and subtract 𝑑(𝐷)
from the numerator.
𝝏𝑹 𝝏𝑷 𝝏𝑷 𝝏𝑸
𝑸 ( 𝝏𝒙 − 𝝏𝒛 ) + 𝑹 ( 𝝏𝒚 − 𝝏𝒙 ) = 𝟎 6. Write the given equation in the
or not. form
3. If the given equation is 𝑑(𝐷) ± ⋯ 𝑑(𝐷)
= 0 or ±⋯=0
integrable, integrate it after 𝐷 𝐷
rearranging the terms of given and then integrate it.
equation or after dividing by a

169
UNIT-IV
Note. Remember that several in first term. Finally integrate.
terms in the resulting equation After integration, 𝑢 and 𝑣 are
𝑥 𝑦
will be Exact Differential and thus replaced by 𝑧 and 𝑧 respectively
we can use the previous method so as to get the desired solution
while regrouping the remaining in 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧.
terms.
Method III. If the variables of the
Working Rule 2: - given equation can be separated,
If 𝑷𝒙 + 𝑸𝒚 + 𝑹𝒛 = 𝟎, 1. As usual, check for the
integrability of the given
1. Verify that the given equation is
equation by usual method.
integrable.
2. Now, taking any one of the
2. Put 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑧, 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑧
variables as constant so that its
So that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑑𝑧 + 𝑧𝑑𝑢
and 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑧 + 𝑧𝑑𝑣 differential is zero so as to make
the reduced equation be easily
Substituting these in the given
separated.
equation, two cases arise,
Example. Taking 𝑧 as constant
Case 1. If the coefficient of 𝑑𝑧 is
so that 𝑑𝑧 = 0
zero, we shall have an equation
∴ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 0
in only two variables 𝑢 and 𝑣.
3. Integrate the separated
By regrouping, it is integrable.
variables as (keeping 𝑧 as
Case 2. If the coefficient of 𝑑𝑧 is constant),
not zero, then separate 𝑧 from 𝑢 ∴ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝜙(𝑧) (say)
and 𝑣. Then, the resulting 4. Again, totally differentiate it as,
equation will be of the form, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑑𝑥, 𝑑𝑦, 𝑑𝑧) = 𝜙 ′ (𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝑓1 (𝑢, 𝑣)𝑑𝑢 + 𝑓2 (𝑢, 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧 5. Now rearrange it so as to
+ =0 compare with the given
𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝑧
equation. In this case compare
Denote 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) by 𝐷 and find the term of 𝑑𝑧.
𝑑(𝐷). 6. Solve for the unknown function
Add and subtract 𝑑(𝐷) as done as in this case 𝜙 ′ (𝑧). If
in step 5 of Working Rule 1. necessary, substitute some
Remember, all this is done only value to put in the form 𝜙(𝑧)

170
 UNIT-IV
from step 3 and solve it by Page 226
integrating or in most case by
the method of Linear 1. 𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑧𝑥)𝑑𝑦
Differential equation. +(𝑥 2 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑧 = 0 ← (1)
7. Substitute back the value of
The given equation satisfies the
𝜙(𝑧) and this will be the desired
condition of integrability.
equation.
Taking 𝑧 as constant so that
𝑑𝑧 = 0, we have,
𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑧𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇒ 𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥 − 𝑧𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇒ −𝑧(𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥) + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥
⇒ −𝑧 ( ) + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥2
𝑦
⇒ −𝑧𝑑 ( ) + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥
Integrating , we get,
𝑧𝑦 𝑦 2
− + = 𝜙(𝑧) (say) ← (2)
𝑥 2
Differentiating, we get
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑦
−𝑧 ( ) − 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑥² 𝑥
′ (𝑧)𝑑𝑧
=𝜙
𝑧𝑦 𝑧 𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝜙 ′ (𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝑧𝑦 𝑧
⇒ 2
𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
+ [− − 𝜙 ′ (𝑧)] 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑥

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UNIT-IV
⇒ 𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧)𝑑𝑦 2. (1 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦
−(1 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑧 = 0 ← (1)
+[−𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝜙 ′ (𝑧)]𝑑𝑧 = 0 ← (3)
The given equation satisfies the
Comparing equation (1) and (3),
condition of integrability.
we get,
Taking 𝑥 as constant so that
𝑥 2 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 = −𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝜙 ′ (𝑧)
𝑑𝑥 = 0, we have,
⇒ 𝜙 ′ (𝑧) + 𝑧 = 0
𝑥(𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 − (1 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝜙
⇒ +𝑧 =0 𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 − =0
1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑧−𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝜙 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 0
Integrating, we get
Integrating, we get
𝑧2 𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 + 𝑥𝑦| − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑧 − 𝑥|
𝜙(𝑧) + = = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝜙(𝑥)| (say)
2 2
𝑧𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑐 1 + 𝑥𝑦
⇒− + + = ⇒ = 𝜙(𝑥) ⇒ 𝑧 − 𝑥
𝑥 2 2 2 𝑧−𝑥
(from equation 2) 1 + 𝑥𝑦
= ← (2)
𝜙(𝑥)
⇒ −2𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑧 2 = 𝑐𝑥
Differentiating, we get
Hence,
(𝑧 − 𝑥)(𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥) − (1 + 𝑥𝑦)(𝑑𝑧 − 𝑑𝑥)
𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑧 2 − 2𝑦𝑧 = 𝑐𝑥 (𝑧 − 𝑥)2
= 𝜙 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
is the required solution.
⇒ 𝑥(𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
−(1 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑧 + (1 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥
= (𝑧 − 𝑥)2 𝜙 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

⇒ [𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1 + 𝑥𝑦
−(𝑧 − 𝑥)2 𝜙 ′ (𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
+𝑥(𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 − (1 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑧 = 0

172
 UNIT-IV
Comparing equations (1) and (3), +(𝑧 − 𝑥)(𝑧 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦)
we get, [(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 𝑥 − 𝑦)
−(−𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧)]
1 + 𝑦𝑧 = 𝑦𝑧 + 1 − (𝑧 − 𝑥)2 𝜙 ′ (𝑥)
+(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧)
⇒ (𝑧 − 𝑥)2 𝜙 ′ (𝑥) = 0 [(𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧)
−(−𝑧 − 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑥)]
⇒ 𝜙 ′ (𝑥) = 0 [∵ (𝑧 − 𝑥)2 ≠ 0]
= (𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2𝑥)(0)
Integrating, we get
+(𝑧 − 𝑥)(𝑧 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦)(0)
1 + 𝑥𝑦 +(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧)(0)
𝜙(𝑥) = 𝑐 ⇒ =𝑐
𝑧−𝑥
= 0 = RHS.
⇒ 1 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐(𝑧 − 𝑥)
So, the condition of integrability is
which is the required solution. satisfied.
Now, the given equation can be
written as
3. (𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧)𝑑𝑥
+(𝑧 − 𝑥)(𝑧 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 +(𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦
+(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 0 +(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 0
⇒ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑧
Here, 𝑃 = (𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2𝑥),
+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑧
𝑄 = (𝑧 − 𝑥)(𝑧 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦), −𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 − 2𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑅 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧) =0
The condition of integrability is ⇒ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦 2 ) − 𝑑(𝑥𝑧 2 ) + 𝑑(𝑥 2 𝑧)
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑅 𝜕𝑅 𝜕𝑃 +𝑑(𝑦𝑧 2 ) − 𝑑(𝑦 2 𝑧) − 𝑑(𝑥 2 𝑦) = 0
𝑃( − )+𝑄( − )
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 Integrating, we get
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
+𝑅( − ) = 0 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑧
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
− 𝑥2𝑦 = 𝐶
LHS = (𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2𝑥)
[(𝑧 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑥) which is the required solution.
−(−𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 𝑥 − 𝑦)]

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UNIT-IV
4. Derivation of condition of Page 228
integrability:
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑅 𝜕𝑅 𝜕𝑃
𝑃( − )+𝑄( − ) 1. (𝐴)Page 125 SUMMARY no. (𝑖)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
+𝑅( − ) = 0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2. (𝐶) 𝑦 = 𝑥 6 ⇒ 𝑚 = 6
See Textbook Page 212 Putting 𝑚 = 6 in
or Guidebook Page 168 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) + 𝑃𝑚𝑥 + 𝑄𝑥 2 = 0
⇒ 6(5) + 6𝑃𝑥 + 𝑄𝑥 2 = 0
⇒ 30 + 6𝑃𝑥 + 𝑄𝑥 2 = 0
which is not same as (𝐶),
so (𝐶) is the wrong statement.

3. (𝐶)
The given equation can be written
as,
𝑑2𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1 1
2
− 2 ( + 1) + 2( 2 + )𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
=𝑥
2 2 2
𝑃 = − − 2, 𝑄= 2+
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2 2
∴ 𝑃 + 𝑄𝑥 = − − 2 + + 2 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
So, 𝑦 = 𝑥 is as part of C. F.

4. (𝐴)Page 135 Reduction to

normal form.

5. (𝐵) Page 135 Reduction to

normal form.

174
 UNIT-IV
6. (𝐷)Page 136 Reduction to 9.(𝐶) Page 140 Method of Solution
normal form: eqn. (3) 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑧 or 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

7.(𝐵)The given equation can be 10. (𝐵)Page 140 Method of

written as, Solution.
𝑑2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 4
2
− 2 (3 − ) + 3 (3 − ) 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥 11. (𝐶)
= 2 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑥 2 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 𝑥
4 12 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 = −6 + , 𝑄 =9− Putting 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑧 or 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑
Putting 𝑃 and 𝑄 in and denoting 𝐷 as , we get
𝑑𝑧
𝑚2 + 𝑚𝑃 + 𝑄 = 0, we get
[𝐷(𝐷 − 1) − 4𝐷 + 6]𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑧
4 12
𝑚2 + 𝑚 ( − 6) + (9 − ) = 0
𝑥 𝑥 ⇒ (𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑧
∴𝑚 The A. E. is 𝑚2 − 5𝑚 + 6 = 0
2
4 4 12
(6 − 𝑥) ± √(𝑥 − 6) − 4 (9 − 𝑥 ) ⇒ (𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
=
2 ⇒ 𝑚 = 2 or 3

4 16
(6 − 𝑥) ± √ 2 6 − 4 ± 4 ∴ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑧
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= =
2 2 = 𝑐1 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 𝑥 3
4 1
= 3 or 3 − P. I. = 𝑒𝑧
𝑥 𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6
Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 is a part of C. F.
1 𝑒𝑧 𝑥
= 𝑒𝑧 = =
1−5+6 2 2

8.(𝐴) Since powers of 𝑥 and order ∴The solution is

of the derivatives are equal. 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 𝑥 3 +
2

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UNIT-IV
12. (𝐴) ∴ P. I.
1
Putting 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑧 or 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 2 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 (case of failure)
𝐷 +1
𝑑
and denoting 𝐷 as , we get 4𝑧
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 = 2𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
2𝐷
[𝐷(𝐷 − 1) − 3𝐷 + 1]𝑦
𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 + 1 = 2 log(1 + 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥)
=
𝑒𝑧
𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 + 1 14. (𝐶)Page 158 Exact differential
⇒ (𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 1)𝑦 =
𝑒𝑧 equation.
The A. E is 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 1 = 0

4 ± √16 − 4 4 ± 2√3 15. (𝐷)Page 159 Exact diff. eqn. no.

⇒𝑚= = (4).
2 2
= 2 ± √3
16. (𝐴)
∴ C. F. = 𝑐1 𝑒 (2+√3)𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑒 (2−√3)𝑧
𝑃0 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ,
Hence, 𝑦 = (𝑐1 𝑒 √3𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −√3𝑧 )𝑒 2𝑧 𝑃1 = 3 + 6𝑥, 𝑃2 = 6
1st integral is,
⇒ 𝑦 = (𝑐1 𝑥 √3 + 𝑐2 𝑥 −√3 )𝑥 2 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑃0 2 + (𝑃1 − 𝑃0′ )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+(𝑃2 − 𝑃1′ + 𝑃0′′ )𝑦 = 𝑐1
13. (𝐷)
𝑑2 𝑦
Putting ⇒ (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) + (3 + 6𝑥 − 1
1 + 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑧 or 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑑 −2𝑥) + (6 − 6 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑐1
𝑑𝑥
and denoting 𝐷 as , we get
𝑑𝑧
𝑑2 𝑦
2)
𝑑𝑦
[𝐷(𝐷 − 1) + 𝐷 + 1]𝑦 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 ⇒ (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + (2 + 4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
+ 2𝑦 = 𝑐1
⇒ (𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧

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 UNIT-IV
17. (𝐵) 20. (𝐶) Page 172 example 1
𝑃0 = 1 + 𝑥 2 ,
𝑃1 = 3𝑥, 𝑃2 = 1 21. (𝐵) Page 178 no. (𝑖𝑖)
1st integral is
𝑑𝑦 22. (𝐶) Page193 Simultaneous diff.
𝑃0 + (𝑃1 − 𝑃0′ )𝑦 = 𝑐1 eqn. Introduction
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 ) + (3𝑥 − 2𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑐1 23. (𝐴)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑦 =𝑦 and = 2𝑦 + 𝑧
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
Denoting 𝐷 as , we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑐1 𝑑𝑥
⇒ + =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥 2 (𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 0 ← (1) and
which is linear in 𝑦
(𝐷 − 1)𝑧 = 2𝑦 ← (2)
1 2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
I. F. = 𝑒 2 1+𝑥 2 = √1 + 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 (from equation (1))

∴ 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 2 Now,
𝑐1 (𝐷 − 1)𝑧 = 2𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥
= ∫ √1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐2
1 + 𝑥2 (Using 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 in eqn. (2))
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑐1 ∫ + 𝑐2 1
√1 + 𝑥 2 ⇒𝑧= 2𝑐 𝑒 𝑥
𝐷−1 1
⇒ 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑒 𝑥 [2𝑐1 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐2 ]
= 𝑐1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐2
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 )
18. (𝐵) Same as example 1, page 1
167. (Since 𝑓(𝑥)
𝐷+𝑎

19. (𝐴) Page 171 Transformation = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶])

of eqn. by changing the
Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥
independent variable.
and 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 )

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UNIT-IV
24. (𝐶) 𝐷2 𝑥 + 𝐷𝜔𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= −3𝑧 − 𝑦 and = 4𝑧 − 2𝑦 𝜔2 𝑥 − 𝐷𝜔𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 (𝐷2 + 𝜔2 )𝑥 = 0
Denoting 𝐷 as , we get
𝑑𝑥 The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 𝜔2 = 0
(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0 ← (1) and ⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖𝜔
2𝑦 + (𝐷 − 4)𝑧 = 0 ← (2)
∴ 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
Multiplying equation (1) by − 2 Putting 𝑥 value in equation (1),we
and equation (2) by (𝐷 + 1) get
−2(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 0 𝐷(𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡) + 𝜔𝑦 = 0

2(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 + (𝐷2 − 3𝐷 − 4)𝑧 = 0 ⇒ −𝐴𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝜔𝑦

=0
(𝐷2 − 3𝐷 − 10)𝑧 = 0
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
The A. E. is 𝑚2 − 3𝑚 − 10 = 0
3 ± √9 + 40 3 ± 7 Hence, 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
⇒𝑚= = and 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
2 2
= 5 or − 2
∴ C. F. = 𝑧 = 𝐶1 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 27. (𝐵) Page 208 Simultaneous
eqn.

25.(𝐵) Same as example 5, page

199 28. (𝐴)Page 208 First Method.

29.(𝐴)Page 211 Total diff. eqn.

26. (𝐴)
𝑑 Definition.
Denoting 𝐷 as , we get
𝑑𝑡
𝐷𝑥 + 𝜔𝑦 = 0 ← (1) 30.(𝐵)Page 212 Condition of
−𝜔𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 = 0 ← (2) Integrability.

Multiplying equation (1) by 𝐷

and equation (2) by − 𝜔 31. (𝐶)Page 213 Same as example1

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 UNIT-IV
32. (𝐷) Page 214 No. (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 40. (𝐴)
Taking the multipliers
33. (𝐴) Page 214 No. (𝑖𝑣) 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
, ,
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
we get,
34. (𝐵) Page 215 same as 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧
example3 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐−𝑎 𝑎−𝑏
( ) 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + ( ) 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + ( ) 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

35. (𝐷) Page 216 same as =each fraction

example5 Here,

𝑏−𝑐 𝑐−𝑎
36. (𝐴) Page 221 same as ( ) 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + ( ) 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑎 𝑏
example15 𝑎−𝑏
+( ) 𝑥𝑦𝑧 ≠ 0
𝑐
So,
37. (𝐵) Page 215 No. (𝑥𝑖) 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
, ,
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
are not suitable multipliers.
38. (𝐶) Page 225 same as
example18
41. (𝐵) Page 125 No. (𝑖𝑖)

39. (𝐷) XieXie!

𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑐
Differentiating, we get
~END UNIT-IV~
𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 0

179
UNIT-V
Partial Differential Equations
Origin or Formation of P.D.E. of arbitrary constant shall give
rise to a unique partial
Working Rule-I: - differential equation of order
Let a function be one.
III. When the number of arbitrary
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑎, 𝑏) = 0 ← (𝑖)
constants is more than the
where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are arbitrary
number of independent
constants.
variables, then the elimination
1. Differentiate equation (𝑖) of arbitrary constants leads to a
partially w.r.t. the independent P.D.E. of order usually greater
variables 𝑥 and 𝑦. than one.
2. Eliminate 𝑎 & 𝑏 from the
relation
Working rule-II: -
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑎, 𝑏) = 0,
Elimination of arbitrary function.
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
=0 & =0 Let the given function be
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜙(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0 ← (𝑖)
Three cases may arise: where 𝑢 & 𝑣 are functions of
𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧.
I. When the number of arbitrary
constants is less than the Treating 𝑧 as dependent variable
number of independent and 𝑥 & 𝑦 as independent
variables, then the elimination variables, so that
of arbitrary constants usually
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
gives rise to more than one = 𝑝, = 𝑞, = 0, =0
partial differential equation of 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
order one. After differentiating 𝜙(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0
II. When the number of arbitrary partially w.r.t. 𝑥 & 𝑦, we get,
constants is equal to the
number of independent
variables, then the elimination

180
 UNIT-V
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧 where,
{ + }
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝑣 𝜕 𝑧 𝑃 = −
+ { + } = 0 ← (𝑖𝑖) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑄 = −
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
{ + }
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝑣 𝜕 𝑧 𝑅 = −
+ { + } = 0 ← (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
and = 𝑝, =𝑞
Taking the determinants from 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
(𝑖𝑖) & (𝑖𝑖𝑖) and removing &
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 Eqn. (𝑖𝑣) is a Linear P.D.E. of first
we get, order and first degree in 𝑝 & 𝑞.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧
+ + Remark: If the given equation
|𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 |
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧 = 0 between 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 contains two
+ + arbitrary functions, then in
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
general, their elimination give rise
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧 to equation of higher order.
⇒( + )( + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧
−( + )( + )=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
⇒( − )𝑝
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+( − )𝑞
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
=( − )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

⇒ 𝑷𝒑 + 𝑸𝒒 = 𝑹 ← (𝑖𝑣)

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UNIT-V
Page 246 Putting (4) in (3) we get,

1. (𝑖) 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑏 ← (1) 𝜕𝑧 𝜕²𝑧

𝑞 = 𝑡𝑦 or =𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦²
Differentiating eqn. (1) partially
w.r.t. 𝑥 and 𝑦, we get,
2
(𝑖𝑣) 𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑝 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑥 ← (1)
𝑝 = 𝑎 and 𝑞 = 𝑏
Putting these in eqn.(1) we get, Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥
and 𝑡, we get
𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑝𝑞
which is the required P.D.E 𝜕𝑧 2
= −𝑝𝑒 −𝑝 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑥 ← (2)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 2
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 2 + 𝑏 ← (1) and = −𝑝2 𝑒 −𝑝 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑥 ← (3)
𝜕𝑡
Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥 partially differentiating (2) w.r.t. 𝑥
and 𝑦, we get, we get,
𝑝 = 𝑎 ← (2) and 𝑞 = 2𝑎2 𝑦 ← (3) 𝜕 2𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧
2
= −𝑝2 𝑒 −𝑝 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑥 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
∴ 𝑞 = 2𝑝2 𝑦 (Using (2) in (3))
𝜕 2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧
∴ =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑧 = 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑦 2 + 𝑐3 ← (1)

Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥 (𝑣)(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑐 2

and 𝑦, we get ← (1)
{although it is not given, 𝑐 must be
𝑝 = 𝑐1 ← (2) and 𝑞 = 2𝑐2 𝑦 ← (3)
a constant}
Again, differentiating equation (3)
Differentiating eqn. (1) partially
partially w.r.t. 𝑦, we get,
w.r.t. 𝑥 and 𝑦, we get,
𝜕𝑞 𝜕(2𝑐2 𝑦)
= = 2𝑐2 ← (4) 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2(𝑥 − ℎ) + 2𝑧 =0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑞
{ = 𝑡}
𝜕𝑦

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 UNIT-V
𝜕𝑧 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑧 = 𝑦𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑥𝜙(𝑦) ← (1)
and 2(𝑦 − 𝑘) + 2𝑧 =0
𝜕𝑦
Differentiating eqn. (1) partially
𝜕𝑧 w.r.t. 𝑥 and 𝑦, we get,
⇒ (𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑧 =0
𝜕𝑥
𝑝 = 𝑦𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝜙(𝑦) ← (2)
𝜕𝑧
and (𝑦 − 𝑘) + 𝑧 =0
𝜕𝑦 𝑞 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑥𝜙 ′ (𝑦) ← (3)

𝜕𝑧 2 From (2): 𝜙(𝑦) = 𝑝 − 𝑦𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

2 2
∴ (𝑥 − ℎ) = 𝑧 ( )
𝜕𝑥 From (3): 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑞 − 𝑥𝜙 ′ (𝑦)
𝜕𝑧 2 Putting these values in eqn. (1), we
and (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑧 2 ( )
𝜕𝑦 get,
Putting these in eqn. (1) 𝑧 = 𝑦𝑞 − 𝑥𝑦𝜙 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑥𝑝 − 𝑥𝑦𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝑧 ( ) + 𝑧 ( ) + 𝑧2 = 𝑐2
2 2
− 𝑥𝑦{𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝜙 ′ (𝑦)}
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Now, differentiating equation (2)
𝑧 2 (𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 + 1) = 𝑐 2
partially w.r.t. 𝑦, we get,
which is the required P.D.E
𝜕𝑝
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝜙 ′ (𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
𝑦 ⇒ 𝑠 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝜙 ′ (𝑦)
2. (𝑖) 𝑧 = 𝑓 ( )
𝑥
∴ 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 − 𝑥𝑦𝑠
Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑠 − 𝑥𝑝
and 𝑦,
𝑦 𝑦 1 𝑦 which is the required P.D.E
𝑝 = − 2 𝑓 ′ ( ) and 𝑞 = 𝑓 ′ ( )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑝𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑞𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑦 ← (1)
⇒ 𝑝𝑥 = − 𝑓 ′ ( )
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 ′ 𝑦 Partially differentiating (1) w.r.t.
and 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑓 ( )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑡, we get,
∴ 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑧
which is the required P.D.E = −𝐴𝑞𝑒 −𝑝𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑞𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑦 ← (2)
𝜕𝑥

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𝜕𝑧 𝑙 + 𝑛𝑝 = (2𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑝)𝜙 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒 −𝑝𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑞𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 ← (3)
𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 2 ) ← (1)
𝜕𝑧 𝑚 + 𝑛𝑞 = (2𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑞)𝜙 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= −𝐴𝑝𝑒 −𝑝𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑞𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑦 ← (4)
𝜕𝑡 + 𝑧 2 ) ← (2)
Again, partially differentiating Dividing eqn. (1) by (2), we get
equations (2), (3) & (4)
𝑙 + 𝑛𝑝
respectively, we get,
𝑚 + 𝑛𝑞
𝜕 2𝑧 (2𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑝)𝜙 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
= −𝐴𝑞 2 𝑒 −𝑝𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑞𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 2 (2𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑞)𝜙 ′(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2+𝑧 2)
= −𝑧𝑞 2
𝜕 2𝑧 𝑙 + 𝑛𝑝 𝑥 + 𝑧𝑝
= −𝐴𝑟 2 𝑒 −𝑝𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑞𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑦 ⇒ =
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑚 + 𝑛𝑞 𝑦 + 𝑧𝑞
= −𝑧𝑟 2 ⇒ 𝑦(𝑙 + 𝑛𝑝) + 𝑙𝑧𝑞 + 𝑛𝑧𝑝𝑞
𝜕 2𝑧
= 𝐴𝑝2 𝑒 −𝑝𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑞𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑦 = 𝑧𝑝2 = 𝑥(𝑚 + 𝑛𝑞) + 𝑚𝑧𝑝 + 𝑛𝑧𝑝𝑞
𝜕𝑡 2
⇒ 𝑦(𝑙 + 𝑛𝑝) + 𝑧(𝑙𝑞 − 𝑚𝑝)
𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
∴ 2 + 2 = −𝑧(𝑟 2 + 𝑞 2 ) = (𝑚 + 𝑛𝑞)𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
which is the required P.D.E
𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
⇒ 2 + 2 = −𝑧𝑝2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
[∵ 𝑝2 = 𝑞 2 + 𝑟 2 ] (𝑣) 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑛𝑦 𝜙(𝑥 − 𝑦) ← (1)
𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧 Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥
⇒ 2+ 2+ 2 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 and 𝑦, we get,
which is the required P.D.E
𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑛𝑦 𝜙 ′ (𝑥 − 𝑦) ← (2) and
𝑞 = 𝑛𝑒 𝑛𝑦 𝜙(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑒 𝑛𝑦 𝜙 ′ (𝑥 − 𝑦)
(𝑖𝑣) 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 ← (3)
= 𝜙(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) Substituting eqn. (1) and (2) in
Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥 eqn. (3), we get,
and 𝑦, we get, 𝑞 = 𝑛𝑧 − 𝑝 ⇒ 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 𝑛𝑧
which is the required P.D.E.

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(𝑣𝑖) 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑝 ′ 𝑥𝑦
𝑝 𝑦 ( 𝑧2 ) 𝑓 ( 𝑧 )
∴ = 𝑧 − 𝑦𝑞 𝑥𝑦
Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥 𝑞 𝑥( ) 𝑓′ ( 𝑧 )
𝑧 2
and 𝑦, we get,
𝑝𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑝
⇒ =
𝑝 = 2𝑥𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑞𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑦𝑞
and 𝑞 = −2𝑦𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) ⇒ 𝑝𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦𝑝𝑞 = 𝑞𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦𝑝𝑞
𝑝 2𝑥𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) −𝑥 ⇒ 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑞𝑦
= =
𝑞 −2𝑦𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑞𝑦 = 0
𝑝 𝑥 which is the required P.D.E
⇒ + =0
𝑞 𝑦
∴ 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑞𝑥 = 0 𝑦
which is the required P.D.E (𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑓 ( ) ← (1)
𝑥
Differentiating eqn. (1) partially
𝑥𝑦 w.r.t. 𝑥 and 𝑦, we get,
(𝑣𝑖𝑖) 𝑧 = 𝑓 ( )
𝑧 𝑦 −𝑦 𝑦
𝑝 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑓 ( ) + 𝑥 𝑛 ( 2 ) 𝑓 ′ ( )
Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
and 𝑦, we get, 𝑛 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑥 𝑛 𝑓 ( ) − 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑓 ′ ( ) ← (2)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝜕 𝑥 ′ 𝑥𝑦
𝑝=𝑦 ( )𝑓 ( ) 𝑥𝑛 ′ 𝑦 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝑧 𝑧 𝑞= 𝑓 ( ) = 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑓 ′ ( ) ← (3)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑥𝑝 𝑥𝑦
= 𝑦 ( − 2 ) 𝑓′ ( ) Substituting eqn. (1) and (3) in
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 − 𝑥𝑝 𝑥𝑦 (2), we get,
= 𝑦 ( 2 ) 𝑓′ ( )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑛 𝑦
𝑝= 𝑧− 𝑞
𝜕 𝑦 ′ 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
𝑞=𝑥 ( )𝑓 ( )
𝜕𝑦 𝑧 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑛𝑧 − 𝑦𝑞
1 𝑦𝑞 𝑥𝑦 ∴ 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑛𝑧
= 𝑥 ( − 2 ) 𝑓′ ( )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 which is the required P.D.E
𝑧 − 𝑦𝑞 𝑥𝑦
= 𝑥 ( 2 ) 𝑓′ ( )
𝑧 𝑧

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3. (𝑖) 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 4. (𝑖) 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) ← (1)

Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥 Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥

and 𝑦, we get and 𝑦, we get,
𝑝 = 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑝 = 𝑦𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
and 𝑞 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) +𝑥𝑦(2𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑝)𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
𝑝 − 𝑦 2𝑥𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥𝑝 = 𝑥𝑦𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
∴ = =
𝑞 − 𝑥 2𝑦𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑦 +𝑥 2 𝑦(2𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑝)𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
⇒ 𝑝𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑞𝑥 − 𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑥𝑝 = 𝑧 + 𝑥 2 𝑦(2𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑝)𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑞𝑥 − 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) ← (2)
which is the required P. D. E (using eqn. (1))
and
𝑞 = 𝑥𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )
+𝑥𝑦(2𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑞)𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑥𝑦𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
and 𝑦, we get,
+𝑥𝑦 2 (2𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑞)𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
𝑝 = −2𝑥𝑓 ′ (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )
⇒ 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦 2 (2𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑞)𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2
′ 2 2
and 𝑞 = 2𝑦𝑓 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) ← (3)
𝑝 −2𝑥𝑓 ′ (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 ) (using eqn. (1))
∴ = Dividing eqn. (2) by (3), we get,
𝑞 2𝑦𝑓 ′ (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑝 𝑥 𝑥𝑝 − 𝑧
⇒ + =0
𝑞 𝑦 𝑦𝑞 − 𝑧
𝑥 2 𝑦(2𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑝)𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
⇒ 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑞𝑥 = 0 = 2
which is the required P.D.E 𝑥𝑦 (2𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑞)𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑧𝑝) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑧𝑝
= =
𝑦(𝑦 + 𝑧𝑞) 𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧𝑞
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑝 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑝𝑞 − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑞
= 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑞 − 𝑥 2 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑝𝑞 − 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑝

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⇒ 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑝 + 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑝 − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑞 − 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑞 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑎𝑡)
= 𝑦2𝑧 − 𝑥2𝑧 +𝑔(𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑎𝑡)
⇒ 𝑥(𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝑝 − 𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝑞 Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥, 𝑦
= 𝑧(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 ) and 𝑡, we get,
which is the required P.D.E 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑎𝑡)
𝜕𝑥
+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑔′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑎𝑡)
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 ) = 0
𝜕𝑧
We have, 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑎𝑡)
𝜕𝑦
where 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑣 +𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑔′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑎𝑡)
= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑧2
𝜕𝑧
Now, = −𝑎𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑎𝑡)
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑡
= − +𝑎𝑔′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑎𝑡)
𝜕(𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
= −2𝑧 − 2𝑦 Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥, 𝑦
and 𝑡 respectively again, we get,
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= − 𝜕 2𝑧
𝜕(𝑧, 𝑥) 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝜕𝑥 2
= 2𝑥 + 2𝑧
−𝑎𝑡) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 𝑔′′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 + 𝑎𝑡)
= −
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕 2𝑧
= 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 ⇒ 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 [𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝜕𝑥
+𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑎𝑡) + 𝑔′′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
∴The required P.D.E is given by
+𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑎𝑡)] ← (1)
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣)
𝑝+ 𝑞=
𝜕(𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕(𝑧, 𝑥) 𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2𝑧
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝜕𝑦 2
⇒ −2𝑝(𝑧 + 𝑦) + 2𝑞(𝑥 + 𝑧)
−𝑎𝑡) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼𝑔′′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
= 2(𝑦 − 𝑥)
+ 𝑎𝑡)
⇒ 𝑝(𝑦 + 𝑧) − 𝑞(𝑥 + 𝑧) = 𝑥 − 𝑦

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𝜕 2𝑧
⇒ 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 [𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝜕𝑦
+𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑎𝑡) + 𝑔′′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
+𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑎𝑡)] ← (2)

𝜕 2𝑧
2
= 𝑎2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑎𝑡)
𝜕𝑡
+𝑎2 𝑔′′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑎𝑡)

𝜕 2𝑧
⇒ 2 = 𝑎2 [𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝜕𝑡
−𝑎𝑡) + 𝑔′′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑎𝑡)]
← (3)

Adding eqn. (i) and (2), we get,

𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
+
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼)[𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
+ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑎𝑡)
′′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
+𝑔 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑎𝑡)]

𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
⇒ 2+ 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
′′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
=𝑓 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑎𝑡)
′′ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
+𝑔 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑎𝑡)

𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧 1 𝜕 2𝑧
⇒ 2+ 2= 2 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑎 𝜕𝑡

(Using eqn. (3))

𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧 1 𝜕 2𝑧
∴ + =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑎2 𝜕𝑡 2
is the required P. D. E.

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Lagrange’s Linear Equation: Page 264

Working Rule for solving 1. Solve (𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑝 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑞

𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅 + 2𝑧𝑥 = 0
by Lagrange’s Method.
Same as example 9, page 255
Step 1: Put the eqn. in the
standard form
𝑦2𝑧
𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅 2. 𝑝 + 𝑧𝑥𝑞 = 𝑦 2
𝑥
Step 2: Write down Lagrange’s The Lagrange's auxiliary eqn. are
Auxiliary equation for (𝑖), namely
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= = ← (𝑖) 2 = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅 𝑦 𝑧 𝑧𝑥 𝑦 2
𝑥
Step 3: Solve (𝑖), let
From 1st and 2nd fraction,
𝑢 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐶1
and 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐶2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2 = ⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
be two independent solutions of 𝑦 𝑧 𝑧𝑥
𝑥
(𝑖)
Integrating, we get
Step 4: The general solution (or
𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑐1
integral) is then written in one of − = ⇒ 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = 𝑐1
3 3 3
the following three ways,
𝜙(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0, From 1st and 3rd fraction,

𝑢 = 𝜙(𝑣), 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
= ⇒ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑧𝑑𝑧
𝑦2𝑧 𝑦2
𝑣 = 𝜙(𝑢) 𝑥
Integrating, we get
𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑐2
− = ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 = 𝑐2
2 2 2
Hence, the required solution is
𝜙(𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 , 𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 ) = 0

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3. 𝑥𝑧𝑝 + 𝑦𝑧𝑞 = 𝑥𝑦 5. Solve (𝑥 + 2𝑧)𝑝 + (4𝑧𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑞
= 𝑥2 + 𝑦
Same as page 248, example 1.
Same as example 17, page 262

4. 𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑞𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧

The Lagrange's auxiliary eqn. are

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧

From 1st and 2nd fraction,

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦

Integrating, we get
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
⇒ = 𝑐1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦

From 2nd and 3rd fraction, we get

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 𝑑𝑧
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧

Integrating, we get

𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧) = −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐2

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
⇒ = 𝑐2 = 𝜙(𝑐1 ) = 𝜙 ( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦

Hence, the required solution is,

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝜙( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦

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 UNIT-V
Integral Surface passing Page 270
through given Curve: 1. (2𝑥𝑦 − 1)𝑝 + (𝑧 − 2𝑥 2 )𝑞
Let 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅 be the given = 2(𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧); 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0
equation. The Lagrange's auxiliary eqn. are
1. Write its Lagrange’s Auxiliary 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= =
eqn. and find its two solutions. 2𝑥𝑦 − 1 𝑧 − 2𝑥 2 2(𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧)
Let the solution be
Taking 𝑧, 1, 𝑥 as the multipliers, we
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐1 and 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐2 get,
← (𝑖) 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 − 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦
Suppose we want to find the =0
integral surface which passes ∴ 𝑧𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑑𝑧 = 0
through the curve whose
equation in parametric form is Integrating, we get
given by 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦 = 𝑐1 ← (1)
𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡) and 𝑧 = 𝑧(𝑡)
where 𝑡 is a parameter. Again, taking 𝑥, 𝑦, 1⁄2 as the
2. Substitute the values of 𝑥, 𝑦 and multipliers, we get
𝑧 in (𝑖) i.e.
2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧
𝑢(𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡), 𝑧(𝑡)) = 𝑐1 and =0
1
𝑣(𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡), 𝑧(𝑡)) = 𝑐2 ← (𝑖𝑖) ∴ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 0
2
3. Eliminate 𝑡 from (𝑖𝑖) and get a Integrating, we get
relation involving 𝑐1 & 𝑐2.
4. Substitute the values of c1 & c2 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑐2
+ + =
using (𝑖) and the resulting 2 2 2 2
equation is the required ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 = 𝑐2 ← (2)
integral surface.
Also, we are given that
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0
Putting these in eqn. (1) and (2),
we get,

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𝑧 = 𝑐1 and 𝑧 + 1 = 𝑐2 1 1
⇒ + = 𝑐2 ← (2)
𝑦 𝑧
⇒ 𝑐1 + 1 = 𝑐2 ⇒ 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 = 1
Also, 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑧=1
Substituting the values of eqn. (1)
and (2), we get, Adding eqn. (1) and (2), we get
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦 = 1
1 1 2
which is the required surface. + + = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑥+𝑦 2
⇒ + = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2
2. 𝑥 2 𝑝 + 𝑦 2 𝑞 + 𝑧 2 = 0; 𝑥𝑦 𝑧
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑧=1 Substituting
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 and 𝑧 = 1, we get,
The Lagrange' s auxiliary eqn. are
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 1 + 2 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2
2
= 2=
𝑥 𝑦 −𝑧 2
⇒ 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 = 3
From 1st and 3rd fraction,
Substituting the values of eqn. (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
= and (2), we get,
𝑥 2 −𝑧 2
Integrating, we get 1 1 2
+ + =3
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
−1 1
= − 𝑐1
𝑥 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
1 1
⇒ + = 𝑐1 ← (1) which is the required surface.
𝑥 𝑧
From 2nd and 3rd fraction,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
=
𝑦 2 −𝑧 2
Integrating, we get

−1 1
= − 𝑐2
𝑦 𝑧

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 UNIT-V
Orthogonal Surfaces Page 274

Surfaces Orthogonal To a Given 1. The given surface is

Family of Surfaces. (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑝 + (𝑧 + 𝑥)𝑞 = 𝑥 + 𝑦

Case I: If the given family has the This is of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅

differential equation 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅,
Here, 𝑃 = 𝑦 + 𝑧,
then the orthogonal surface will be
𝑄 = 𝑧 + 𝑥, 𝑅 =𝑥+𝑦
given by 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 + 𝑅𝑑𝑧 = 0
∴The required orthogonal surface
Case II: If the given family of
is given by,
surfaces is 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0 then it
will have direction ratios 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 + 𝑅𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
, , ⇒ (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑧 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Also, if the desired orthogonal + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑧 = 0
family is 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0, then its ⇒ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑧 + 𝑧𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑧
normal will have direction ratios + 𝑧𝑑𝑦 = 0
∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
, ,
∂x ∂y ∂z ⇒ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑑(𝑥𝑧) + 𝑑(𝑦𝑧) = 0
or 𝑝, 𝑞, −1.
Integrating, we get
But two surfaces 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐶 and
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 = 𝐶
𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0 are orthogonal, so
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 This is the required orthogonal surface.
( ) 𝑝 + ( )𝑞 + (−1) = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 2. (𝑖)𝑥 2 𝑝 + 𝑦 2 𝑞 + 𝑧 2 = 0
or ( ) 𝑝 + ( )𝑞 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
this is the partial differential Same as Exercise 2, page 270
equation of orthogonal surface.
Solving it, we can find the desired
(𝑖𝑖) The given surface is
surface.
𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑧

The Lagrange's auxiliary eqn. are

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𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 3. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝐶𝑥𝑦
= =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
From 1st and 2nd fraction, The given surface is,
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = =𝐶
= 𝑥𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑓 1 𝑦 𝑧2
Then, = − − ,
Integrating, we get, 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐1 𝜕𝑓 −𝑥 1 𝑧2 𝜕𝑓 2𝑧
= 2 + − 2, =
𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥𝑦
⇒ = 𝑐1 ← (1)
𝑦 The differential equation of the
From 2nd and 3rd fraction, orthogonal surface is given by,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 𝑝 +𝑞 =
𝑦 𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Integrating, we get
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 − 𝑧2
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐2 ⇒( )𝑝
𝑥2𝑦
𝑦 −𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 2𝑧
⇒ = 𝑐2 ← (2) +( )𝑞 =
𝑧 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦
Also, we have 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥, 𝑧 = 1
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 − 𝑧2
Putting these in eqn. (1) and (2), ⇒( )𝑝
𝑥
we get,
−𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2
𝑦2 𝑦 +( ) 𝑞 = 2𝑧
= 𝑐1 and = 𝑐2 𝑦
4𝑦 1
⇒ 𝑦 = 4𝑐1 and 𝑦 = 𝑐2 The Lagrange's auxiliary eqn. are,
∴ 4𝑐1 = 𝑐2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦
=
Substituting the values of eqn. (1) 𝑥2 2
−𝑦 −𝑧 2 −𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2
2

and (2), we get 𝑑𝑧

=
2𝑧
4𝑥 𝑦
= ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 4𝑧𝑥 Now, we have
𝑦 𝑧
which is the required surface.

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𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝐶𝑥𝑦
4. 𝑧 = 2 ; 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 , 𝑧 = 0
𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 2
2 2 𝑥 + 𝑦2
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 The given surface is
=
0 𝑧(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = =𝐶
∴ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 0 𝑥𝑦

Integrating, we get 𝜕𝑓 𝑧 𝑦2
Then, = (1 − 2 ),
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑐1 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑥

Also, we have 𝜕𝑓 𝑧 𝑥2
= (− 2 + 1) ,
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 𝜕𝑓 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 2 2 2
−𝑧 +𝑥 −𝑦 +𝑧 2 2𝑧 =
𝜕𝑧 𝑥𝑦
𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ∴ The differential eqn. of the
⇒ =
2(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 2𝑧 orthogonal surface is given by,
2(𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦) 2𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
⇒ = 𝑝+ 𝑞=
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Integrating, we get 𝑧(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑧(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )

⇒ 𝑝+ 𝑞
𝑥2𝑦 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 | = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐2
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
=
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑥𝑦
⇒ = 𝑐2
𝑧2
𝑧(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑧(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )
Hence, ⇒ 𝑝+ 𝑞
𝑥 𝑦
= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 2
𝜙( , 𝑥 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2) = 0
𝑧2 It's Lagrange's auxiliary eqn. are,

is the required surface. 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦

=
𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦 ) 𝑧(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )
2 2

𝑑𝑧
= 2
𝑥 + 𝑦2

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We have, Putting 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 , 𝑧 = 0,

𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 we get

𝑧(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑧(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎2 = 𝜙(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝜙(𝑐1 ) = 𝑐2
=
0 2𝑧 2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) −
∴ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

Integrating, we get ⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎2

2𝑧 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐1 ← (1) = 2
𝑥 + 𝑦2
Also, we have 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 2𝑧 2
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) =
𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
= 2
2𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦 ) 𝑥 + 𝑦 2
2 2
is the required surface.
2(𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦) 4𝑧𝑑𝑧
⇒ =
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑐1
(using eqn. (1))

Integrating, we get

2 2)
2𝑧 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑦 = + 𝑐2
𝑐1

2𝑧 2
⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − = 𝑐2
𝑐1

= 𝜙(𝑐1 ) = 𝜙(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

2
2𝑧 22)
⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2
𝑥 + 𝑦2
= 𝜙(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

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Compatible 𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
And, = −
𝜕(𝑦, 𝑞) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑦
(See text page 275 for detailed
condition to check the = [2𝑥(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) − 𝑝𝑧][−𝑦]
compatibility) − [4𝑥𝑦𝑞 − 𝑥𝑧][−𝑞]

Page 281 = −2𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) + 𝑦𝑧𝑝 + 4𝑥𝑦𝑞 2

− 𝑥𝑧𝑞
1. Show that the equations
2𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) = 𝑧(𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥𝑞) and 𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
And, = −
𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 are compatible and 𝜕(𝑧, 𝑞) 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑧
find their solution.
= −(𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥𝑞)(−𝑦)
Soln: Let − (4𝑥𝑦𝑞 − 𝑥𝑧)(1)
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 2𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 )
= 𝑦 2 𝑝 + 𝑥𝑦𝑞 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑞 + 𝑥𝑧
= 𝑧(𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥𝑞) = 0 ← (1)
= 𝑦 2 𝑝 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑞 + 𝑥𝑧
and 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 𝑧 − 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑞𝑦
𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔)
= 0 ← (2) ∴ [𝑓, 𝑔] = +𝑝
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑝) 𝜕(𝑧, 𝑝)
𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔)
Now, = − + +𝑞
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑝) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑥 𝜕(𝑦, 𝑞) 𝜕(𝑧, 𝑞)

= [2𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) − 𝑧𝑞][−𝑥] = −2𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) + 𝑥𝑧𝑞 + 4𝑥𝑦𝑝2

− [4𝑥𝑦𝑝 − 𝑦𝑧][−𝑝] −𝑦𝑧𝑝 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑝2 + 𝑥 2 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑦𝑧𝑝
−2𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) + 𝑦𝑧𝑝 + 4𝑥𝑦𝑞 2
= −2𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) + 𝑥𝑧𝑞 + 4𝑥𝑦𝑝2
−𝑥𝑧𝑞 + 𝑦 2 𝑝𝑞 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑞 2 + 𝑥𝑧𝑞
− 𝑦𝑧𝑝
= −4𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) + 4𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 )
𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
And, = − +𝑧(𝑥𝑞 + 𝑦𝑝) + 𝑝𝑞(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝜕(𝑧, 𝑝) 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑧
−3𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 )
= −(𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥𝑞)(−𝑥)
− (4𝑥𝑦𝑝 − 𝑦𝑧)(1) = 𝑧(𝑥𝑞 + 𝑦𝑝) + 𝑝𝑞(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
− 3𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 )
= 𝑥𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥 2 𝑞 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑝 + 𝑦𝑧
= −3𝑥𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥 2 𝑞 + 𝑦𝑧

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Substituting eqn. (2) Thus [𝑓, 𝑔] = 0. Hence, the two
𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦, we get, given eqn. are compatible

[𝑓, 𝑔] = (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦)(𝑥𝑞 + 𝑦𝑝) Solving (1) & (2) we get,

+𝑝𝑞(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 3𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑦𝑧
𝑝= and 𝑞 =
= 𝑝𝑞(𝑥 2 + 𝑞 2 ) + 𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
+𝑝𝑞(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 3xy(p2 + q2 )
Putting in 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦, we get
= 2𝑝𝑞(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑦𝑧
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑦2
= 2[𝑝𝑞(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 )]
← (3) 𝑑𝑧 2(𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦)
⇒2 =
𝑧 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
From equations (1) and (2),
Integrating, we get
2𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) = 𝑧(𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥𝑞)
2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
and 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦
⇒ 𝑎𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
∴ 2𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 )
which is the required solution.
= (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦)(𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥𝑞)

⇒ 2𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 )
2. Show that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 0 and
= 𝑥𝑦𝑝2 + 𝑥 2 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑦 2 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑥𝑦𝑞 2
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 0 are compatible if
⇒ 2𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) 𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔)
= 𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) + 𝑝𝑞(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + =0
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑝) 𝜕(𝑦, 𝑞)
⇒ 𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) = 𝑝𝑞(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) Soln: We have,
← (4)
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 0
Substituting eqn. (4) in eqn. (3), and 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 0

[𝑓, 𝑔] = 2[𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
Here, = =0
− 𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 )] = 0 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
since 𝑓 and 𝑔 are not functions of
𝑧.

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Now, [𝑓, 𝑔] = 0 𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
Now, = −
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑝) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔)
⇒ +𝑝 +
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑝) 𝜕(𝑧, 𝑝) 𝜕(𝑦, 𝑞) 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑃
=( − ) (0)
𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
+𝑞 =0 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑄
𝜕(𝑧, 𝑞) − (1 − 0) ( − )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
⇒ +𝑝[ − ] 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑄
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑝) 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑧 =− +
𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
+ +𝑞[ − ]=0
𝜕(𝑦, 𝑞) 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑧 𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
And, = −
𝜕(𝑧, 𝑝) 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑧
𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔)
⇒ + 𝑝(0) + + 𝑞(0)
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑝) 𝜕(𝑦, 𝑞) = 0.0 − (1 − 0)(0) = 0
=0
𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) And, = −
𝜕(𝑦, 𝑞) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑦
⇒ + =0
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑝) 𝜕(𝑦, 𝑞)
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑃
=( − ) (1 − 0)
Hence, 𝑓 and 𝑞 are compatible if 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑄
𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) − (0) ( − )
+ =0 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑝) 𝜕(𝑦, 𝑞)
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑃
= −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
3. Verify that the equation
𝑝 = 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑞 = 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
And, = −
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕(𝑧, 𝑞) 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑧
are compatible if =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧: = 0(1 − 0) − 0.0 = 0

𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔)
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 𝑝 − 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) ∴ [𝑓, 𝑔] = +𝑝
= 0 ← (1) 𝜕(𝑥, 𝑝) 𝜕(𝑧, 𝑝)
𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔) 𝜕(𝑓, 𝑔)
+ +𝑞
and 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 𝑞 − 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕(𝑦, 𝑞) 𝜕(𝑧, 𝑞)
= 0 ← (2)

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𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑃
=− + + 𝑝(0) + −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝑞(0)

𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞
= − + −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
Here, = ( )=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑞 𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
and = ( ) =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞
Thus, = ⇒ − =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
Therefore, [𝑓, 𝑔] = −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Thus, equations (1) and (2) are

compatible if,

[𝑓, 𝑔] = 0

𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
i. e, − =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
or =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Hence, proved.

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Special types of Equations 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐥:
Differentiating eqn. (1) partially
(text page 282-290 for formulae) w.r.t. 𝑎 and 𝑏, we get
Page 286 𝑥
0 = 𝑥 + 2𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎 = − ← (2)
2
1. Find the complete integral of and
(𝑝 − 𝑞)(𝑧 − 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑞𝑦) = 1 𝑦
0 = 𝑦 + 2𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = − ← (3)
2
Soln: The given eqn. can be written
as Substituting eqn. (2) and (3) in
1 eqn. (1), we get,
𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 +
𝑝−𝑞 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑧=− − + +
This eqn. is of the form 2 2 4 4
𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞) 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 −(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
=− − =
4 4 4
whose solution is given by
which is the singular integral.
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏)

∴The complete integral is

3. Solve 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 2√𝑝𝑞
1
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧: The given is
𝑎−𝑏
𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 2√𝑝𝑞
2. Find the complete and singular
This eqn. is of the form
integral of
𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞)

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧: The given eqn. is of the form whose solution is given by

𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞) 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏)

𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐥: ∴ The complete integral is

The complete integral is 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 2√𝑎𝑏
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ← (1)

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Page 289 2. 𝑝(1 + 𝑞 2 ) = 𝑞(𝑧 − 𝛼)

1. 4𝑧 = 𝑝𝑞 The eqn. is of the form

𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑧) = 0
The eqn. is of the form
𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑧) = 0 Putting
𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑋)
Putting
𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑋) so that
𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧
so that 𝑝= = and 𝑞 = =𝑎
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑋 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑋
𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑝= = and 𝑞 = =𝑎
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑋 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑋 The given eqn. reduces to
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
The equation reduces to, [1 + (𝑎 ) ] = 𝑎 (𝑧 − 𝛼)
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑧 2
4𝑧 = 𝑎 ( ) 𝑑𝑧 2
𝑑𝑋 ⇒ 𝑎2 ( ) = 𝑎𝑧 − 𝑎𝛼 − 1
𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑧
⇒ 2 √𝑧 = √𝑎 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑧 𝛼 1
𝑑𝑋 ⇒( ) = − − 2
𝑑𝑋 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎
⇒ √ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑧 𝑧 𝛼 1
𝑧 ⇒ =√ − − 2
𝑑𝑋 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Integrating, we get,
𝑑𝑧
2√𝑎𝑧 = 2𝑋 + 2𝑏 ⇒ = 𝑑𝑋
√ 𝑧 − 𝛼 − 12
⇒ √𝑎𝑧 = 𝑋 + 𝑏 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

Hence, the complete integral is Integrating, we get

𝑧 𝛼 1
𝑎𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏)2 2𝑎 √ − − 2 = 𝑋 + 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

𝑧 𝛼 1
⇒ 4𝑎2 ( − − 2 )
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
= (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏)2

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Hence, 4. 𝑝(1 + 𝑞) = 𝑞𝑧
4[𝑎(𝑧 − 𝛼) − 1] = (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏)2 Putting
is the complete solution. 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑋)

so that
3. 𝑝(𝑧 + 𝑝) + 𝑞 = 0 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑝= = and 𝑞 = =𝑎
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑋 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑋
Putting
𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑋) The eqn. reduces to
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
so that (1 + 𝑎 ) = 𝑎𝑧
𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋
𝑝= = and 𝑞 = =𝑎
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑋 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑧
⇒1+𝑎 = 𝑎𝑧
𝑑𝑋
The given eqn. reduces to
⇒ 𝑎𝑑𝑧 = (𝑎𝑧 − 1)𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
(𝑧 + ) + 𝑎 =0
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋 𝑎𝑑𝑧
⇒ = 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑧 𝑎𝑧 − 1
⇒𝑧+ +𝑎 =0
𝑑𝑋
Integrating , we get
𝑑𝑧
⇒ = −𝑑𝑋 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑎𝑧 − 1| = 𝑋 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏
𝑧+𝑎
= 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏
Integrating, we get
⇒ 𝑎𝑧 − 1 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑥+𝑎𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑧 + 𝑎| = −𝑋 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏
which is the complete integral.
⇒ 𝑧 + 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑒 −𝑋

⇒ 𝑧 + 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑎𝑦)

Hence, the complete integral is

𝑧 + 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑎𝑦)

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𝑧 The given eqn. reduces to
5. 𝑝 + 𝑞 =
𝑐
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
+𝑎 =𝑧
Putting 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋
𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑋)
𝑑𝑧
⇒ (1 + 𝑎) =𝑧
so that 𝑑𝑋
𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑝= = and 𝑞 = =𝑎 ⇒ (1 + 𝑎) = 𝑑𝑋
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑋 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑋 𝑧
The given reduces to Integrating, we get
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑧
+𝑎 = (1 + 𝑎)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 = 𝑋 + 𝑏
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋 𝑐
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 ⇒ (1 + 𝑎)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏
⇒ (1 + 𝑎) =
𝑑𝑋 𝑐 which is the complete integral.
𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑐(1 + 𝑎) = 𝑑𝑋
𝑧
Page 292
Integrating, we get
1. 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 𝑚2
𝑐(1 + 𝑎)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 = 𝑋 + 𝑏
The eqn. is of the form
⇒ 𝑐(1 + 𝑎)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞) = 0

which is the complete integral. whose solution is given by

𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐

6. 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 𝑧 Now, 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0

Putting ⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑚2
𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑋) ⇒ 𝑏 = √𝑚2 − 𝑎2
so that Putting this in
𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑝= = and 𝑞 = =𝑎 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐, we get
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑋 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑋

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𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + √𝑚 2 − 𝑎2 𝑦 +𝑐 ⇒ √𝑎 + √𝑏 = 1
2
which is the complete integral, ⇒ 𝑏 = (1 − √𝑎)
where 𝑎 and 𝑐 are arbitrary ∴ The complete integral is
constants.
2
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + (1 − √𝑎) 𝑦 + 𝑐

2. 𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 = 4 where 𝑎 and 𝑐 are arbitrary

constants.
The eqn. is of the form
𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞) = 0
4. 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞
whose solution is given by
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 The eqn. is of the form
𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞) = 0
Now, 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0
whose solution is given by
⇒ 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 4
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
⇒ 𝑏 = √𝑎2 − 4
Now, 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0
∴ The complete integral is
⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑛𝑎𝑏
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + √𝑎2 − 4𝑦 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑏 2 − 𝑛𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎2 = 0
where 𝑎 and 𝑐 are arbitrary 𝑛𝑎 ± √𝑛2 𝑎2 − 4.1. 𝑎2
constants. ⇒𝑏=
2
𝑛𝑎 ± 𝑎√𝑛2 − 4
=
2
3. √𝑝 + √𝑞 = 1
∴ The complete integral is
The eqn. is of the form
𝑛 ± √𝑛2 − 4
𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞) = 0 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐
2
whose solution is given by where 𝑎 and 𝑐 are arbitrary
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 constants.
Now, 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0

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5. 𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑞 7. 𝑥 2 𝑝2 = 𝑦𝑞 2

The eqn. is of the form The eqn. is of the form

𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞) = 0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑝) = 𝐹(𝑦, 𝑞)

whose solution is given Let 𝑥 2 𝑝2 = 𝑦𝑞 2 = 𝑎2

𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎
∴𝑝= and 𝑞 =
Now, 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0 𝑥 √𝑦
⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 Putting in 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦, we get
∴ The complete integral is 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 + 𝑐 𝑥 √𝑦

where 𝑎 and 𝑐 are arbitrary Integrating, we get

constants.
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑎 √𝑦 − 𝑏
6. 𝑝𝑞 = 𝑝 + 𝑞 ⇒ 𝑏 + 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 2𝑎 √𝑦
The eqn. is of the form
⇒ (𝑏 + 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 = 4𝑎2 𝑦
𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞) = 0
whose solution is given by which is the complete integral.
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
Now, 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0 8. 𝑞 2 = 𝑧 2 𝑝2 (1 − 𝑝2 )
⇒ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
The eqn. is of the form
⇒ 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏 = 𝑎
𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑧) = 0
⇒ 𝑏(𝑎 − 1) = 𝑎
𝑎
⇒𝑏= Putting
𝑎−1
𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑋)
∴ The complete integral is
𝑎 so that
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦+𝑐
𝑎−1 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑝= = and 𝑞 = =𝑎
where 𝑎 and 𝑐 are arbitrary 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑋 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑋
constants.

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The given eqn. reduces to The given reduces to

2
𝑑𝑧 2 2
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 2 2 𝑑𝑧 2
𝑎 ( ) =𝑧 ( ) [1 − ( ) ] 16 ( ) 𝑧 + 9𝑎2 ( ) 𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 2
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋
−4=0
𝑎2 𝑑𝑧 2
⇒ 2 = 1−( ) 𝑑𝑧 2
𝑧 𝑑𝑋 ⇒ 𝑧 ( ) (16 + 9𝑎2 ) = 4 − 4𝑧 2
2
𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑧
⇒ =√ ⇒ √16 + 9𝑎2 𝑧 = 2√1 − 𝑧 2
𝑑𝑋 𝑧2 𝑑𝑋
𝑧 √16 + 9𝑎2 𝑧𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑋 ⇒ = 2𝑑𝑋
√𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 √1 − 𝑧 2
Integrating, we get Integrating, we get

√𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 = 𝑋 + 𝑏 (√16 + 9𝑎2 ) (−√1 − 𝑧 2 )

⇒ 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 = (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏)2 = 2𝑋 + 𝑏
= 2𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏
which is the complete integral.
Squaring both sides, we get

9. 16𝑝2 𝑧 2 + 9𝑞 2 𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 2 − 4 = 0 (16 + 9𝑎2 )(1 − 𝑧 2 )

= (2𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏)2
The eqn. is of the form
𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑧) = 0 which is the complete integral.

Putting
𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑋) 10. 𝑝3 = 𝑞𝑧

so that The eqn. is of the form

𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑧) = 0
𝑝= = and 𝑞 = =𝑎
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑋 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑋
Putting
𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑋)

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so that 𝑑𝑧 = (𝑎 + 2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑝= = and 𝑞 = =𝑎 Integrating, we get
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑋 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑋
(𝑎 + 2𝑥)2
∴ The given eqn. reduces to 𝑧= + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑏
6
which is the complete integral.
𝑑𝑧 3 𝑑𝑧
( ) = 𝑎𝑧
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑧 12. 𝑧 = 𝑝2 − 𝑞 2
⇒ = √𝑎𝑧
𝑑𝑋 The given eqn. is of the form
𝑑𝑧 f(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑧) = 0
⇒ = √𝑎𝑑𝑋
√𝑧 Putting
Integrating, we get 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑋)

2√𝑧 = √𝑎(𝑋 + 𝑏) so that

= √𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏) 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑝= = and 𝑞 = =𝑎
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑋 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑋
⇒ 4𝑧 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏)2
The given eqn. reduces to
which is the complete integral. 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 2
𝑧=( ) − 𝑎2 ( )
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑧 2
11. √𝑝 + √𝑞 = 2𝑥 = (1 − 𝑎2 ) ( )
𝑑𝑋
2
The given eqn. is of the form 𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑧 = (1 − 𝑎2 ) ( )
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑝) = 𝐹(𝑦, 𝑞) 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑧
⇒ √1 − 𝑎2 = 𝑑𝑋
Let √𝑝 − 2𝑥 = −√𝑞 = 𝑎 √𝑧

∴ 𝑝 = (2𝑥 + 𝑎)2 and 𝑞 = 𝑎2 Integrating, we get

Putting in 2√1 − 𝑎2 √𝑧 = 𝑋 + 𝑏 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦, ⇒ 4(1 − 𝑎2 )𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏)2
we get which is the complete integral.

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13. 𝑝 − 3𝑥 2 = 𝑞 2 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = (𝑎 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦

The given eqn. is of the form Integrating, we get

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑝) = 𝐹(𝑦, 𝑞)
𝑒 𝑎𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + +𝑏
Let 𝑝 − 3𝑥 2 = 𝑞 2 − 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑎
which is the complete solution.
∴ 𝑝 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑎 and 𝑞 = √𝑦 + 𝑎

Putting in 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦, 15. 𝑞(𝑝 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦

we get
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝑑𝑧 = (3𝑥 2 + 𝑎)𝑑𝑥 + √𝑦 + 𝑎𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑝 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 =
𝑞
Integrating, we get
This is of the form
2 3
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑝) = 𝐹(𝑦, 𝑞)
𝑧 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 + (𝑦 + 𝑎)2 +𝑏
3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
which is the complete integral. Let 𝑝 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = =𝑎
𝑞
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
14. 𝑦𝑝 = 2𝑦𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑞 ∴ 𝑝 = 𝑎 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 and 𝑞 =
𝑎
⇒ 𝑦(𝑝 − 2𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑞 Putting in 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦,
we get
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑞
⇒ 𝑝 − 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = (𝑎 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑎
This is of the form
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑝) = 𝐹(𝑦, 𝑞) Integrating, we get

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
Let 𝑝 − 2𝑥 = =𝑎 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + +𝑏
𝑦 𝑎
which is the complete integral.
∴ 𝑝 = 𝑎 + 2𝑥 and 𝑞 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑦

Putting in 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑y,

we get

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16. 𝑧𝑝𝑞 = 𝑝 + 𝑞 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑝= = and 𝑞 = =𝑎
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑋 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑋
The given eqn. is of the form
𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑧) = 0 The given eqn. reduces to

Putting 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑋) 3) 4

𝑑𝑧 2
4(1 + 𝑧 = 9𝑧 𝑎 ( )
so that, 𝑑𝑋
𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑝= = and 𝑞 = =𝑎 9𝑧 4 𝑎
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑋 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑋 ⇒√ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑋
4(1 + 𝑧 3 )
The given eqn. reduces to
3𝑧 2 √𝑎
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑋
𝑎𝑧 ( ) = +𝑎 2√1 + 𝑧 3
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋
Putting 1 + 𝑧 3 = 𝑡
𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑎𝑧 = 1+𝑎
𝑑𝑋 so that 3𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡

⇒ 𝑎𝑧𝑑𝑧 = (1 + 𝑎)𝑑𝑋 √𝑎𝑑𝑡

∴ = 𝑑𝑋
Integrating, we get 2 √𝑡

Integrating, we get
𝑎𝑧 2
= (1 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏)
2 √𝑎𝑡 = 𝑋 + 𝑏
⇒ 𝑎𝑧 2 = 2(1 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏)
⇒ 𝑎𝑡 = (𝑋 + 𝑏)2
which is the complete integral.
⇒ 𝑎(1 + 𝑧 3 ) = (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏)2

which is the complete integral.

17. 4(1 + 𝑧 3 ) = 9𝑧 4 𝑝𝑞

The eqn. is of the form

𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑧) = 0

Putting 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑋)

so that

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18. 𝑧 2 (𝑝2 𝑧 2 + 𝑞 2 ) = 1 19. 𝑝2 = 𝑞 + 𝑥

The given eqn. is of the form ⇒ 𝑝2 − 𝑥 = 𝑞

𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑧) = 0 The eqn. is of the form
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑝) = 𝐹(𝑦, 𝑞)
Putting 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑋)
so that Let 𝑝2 − 𝑥 = 𝑞 = 𝑎

𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ∴ 𝑝 = √𝑎 + 𝑥 and 𝑞 = 𝑎
𝑝= = and 𝑞 = =𝑎
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑋 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑋
Putting in 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦, we get
The given eqn. reduces to 𝑑𝑧 = √𝑎 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 Integrating, we get
𝑧 2 [𝑧 2 ( ) + 𝑎2 ( ) ] = 1
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋
2 3
𝑧 = (𝑎 + 𝑥)2 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏
𝑑𝑧 2 3
⇒ 𝑧 2 (𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 ) ( ) =1
𝑑𝑋 which is the complete integral

⇒ 𝑧√𝑧 2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑋
20. 𝑞 = 2𝑦𝑝2
Putting 𝑧 2 + 𝑎 = 𝑡 𝑞
⇒ 𝑝2 =
1 2𝑦
so that 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡
2 The eqn. is of the form
1 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑝) = 𝐹(𝑦, 𝑞)
∴ √𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑋
2 𝑞
Let 𝑝2 = = 𝑎2
Integrating, we get 2𝑦

1 3 ∴ 𝑝 = 𝑎 and 𝑞 = 2𝑎2 𝑦
𝑡2 = 𝑋 + 𝑏
3 Putting in 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦,
3 we get 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑎2 𝑦𝑑𝑦
⇒ (𝑧 2 + 𝑎)2 = 3(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏)
Integrating, we get
⇒ (𝑧 2 + 𝑎)3 = 9(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏)2 𝑧 + 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 2
which is the complete integral. which is the complete integral.

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Charpit’s Method Page 317

Working Rule: - 1. 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑝𝑞

1. Transfer all terms of the given Let,

eqn. to LHS and denote the 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) ≡ 𝑧 − 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑞𝑦 − 𝑝𝑞
entire expression by 𝑓. =0
2. Write down the Charpit’s
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
auxiliary equation. = −𝑝, = −𝑞,
3. Using the value of 𝑓 in 1, write 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
down the values of 𝜕𝑥 , 𝜕𝑦 etc. 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 1, = −𝑥, = −𝑦
occurring in 2 and put these in 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞
Charpit’s equation. ∴ The Charpit ′ s auxiliary eqn. are
4. After simplifying the step 3,
select two proper fractions so 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞
that the resulting integral may =
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
+𝑝 +𝑞
come out to be the simplest 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
relation involving at least one 𝑝 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= = =
and 𝑞. 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
−𝑝 −𝑞 − −
5. The simplest relation of step 4 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞
is solved along with the given 𝑑𝐹
=
eqn. to determine 𝑝 and 𝑞. Put 0
these values of 𝑝 and 𝑞 in
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦 which on ⇒ = =
−𝑝 + 𝑝 −𝑞 + 𝑞 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞
integration gives the complete
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
integral of the given equation. = =
𝑥 𝑦
The singular and general solution
may be obtained in the usual From 1st and 2nd fraction,
manner. 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞
=
0 0
∴ 𝑑𝑝 = 0 and 𝑑𝑞 = 0

⇒ 𝑝 = 𝑎 and 𝑞 = 𝑏

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Putting these in the given eqn. we 𝑑𝑝 = 0 ⇒ 𝑝 = 𝑎
get,
Putting in the eqn. , we get
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑏
𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑞 − 𝑧 = 0
which is the complete integral. ⇒ 𝑞 = 𝑧 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑥

∴ Putting 𝑝 = 𝑎
2. 𝑝2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 𝑧 and 𝑞 = 𝑧 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑥
Let in 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦, we get,
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) ≡ 𝑝2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 − 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎𝑑𝑥 + (𝑧 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑥)𝑑𝑦
=0
⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧𝑑𝑦 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 𝑝, = 0, = −1,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑧𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎𝑑𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑦

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝑒𝑦
= 2𝑝 + 𝑥, =1 Multiplying both sides by 𝑦 2 ,
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞 (𝑒 )
we get,
∴ The Charpit ′ s auxiliary eqn. are
𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑧𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑒 2𝑦
=
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑎2
+𝑝 +𝑞 = 𝑎[ ] − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑒 2𝑦 𝑒
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= = =
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝑧 𝑥 𝑎2
−𝑝 −𝑞 − − ⇒ 𝑑( ) = 𝑎𝑑 ( ) − 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑦
𝑑𝐹
= Integrating, we get
0
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑧 𝑎𝑥 𝑎2
⇒ = = = + +𝑏
𝑝 − 𝑝 −𝑞 −𝑝(2𝑝 + 𝑥) − 𝑞 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑒 𝑦
= =
−(2𝑝 + 𝑥) −1
which is the complete integral.
From the 1st fraction,

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UNIT-V
3. 𝑝(1 + 𝑞 2 ) = 𝑞(𝑧 − 𝑎) Putting this in the given eqn. we
get,
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) ≡ 𝑝(1 + 𝑞 2 ) 𝑞
−𝑞(𝑧 − 𝑎) = 0 (1 + 𝑞 2 ) = 𝑞(𝑧 − 𝑎)
𝑏
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 1 𝑞2
= 0, = 0, = −𝑞, ⇒ + =𝑧−𝑎
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑏 𝑏

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 1 + 𝑞2
= 1 + 𝑞2, = 2𝑝𝑞 − 𝑧 + 𝑎 ⇒ =𝑧−𝑎
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞 𝑏
⇒ 𝑞 = √𝑏(𝑧 − 𝑎) − 1
∴ The Charpit ′ s auxiliary eqn. are
1
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 Thus, 𝑝 = √𝑏(𝑧 − 𝑎) − 1
= 𝑏
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
+𝑝 +𝑞 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 ∴ Putting 𝑝 = √𝑏(𝑧 − 𝑎) − 1
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑏
= = =
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 and 𝑞 = √𝑏(𝑧 − 𝑎) − 1
−𝑝 −𝑞 − −
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞
𝑑𝐹 in 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦, we get,
=
0 1
𝑑𝑧 = √𝑏(𝑧 − 𝑎) − 1𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑏
⇒ =
−𝑝𝑞 −𝑞 2 + √𝑏(𝑧 − 𝑎) − 1𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑧
= 𝑑𝑧 1
−𝑝(1 + 𝑞2)− 𝑞(2𝑝𝑞 − 𝑧 + 𝑎) ⇒ = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
√𝑏(𝑧 − 𝑎) − 1 𝑏
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 2
=
−(1 + 𝑞 ) −(2𝑝𝑞 − 𝑧 + 𝑎)
Integrating, we get
From 1st and 2nd fraction, 2 𝑥 𝑐
√𝑏(𝑧 − 𝑎) − 1 = + 𝑦 +
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
= 2
⇒ =
−𝑝𝑞 −𝑞 𝑝 𝑞
⇒ 2√𝑏(𝑧 − 𝑎) − 1 = 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
Integrating, we get
⇒ 4[𝑏(𝑧 − 𝑎) − 1]
𝑞
𝑏𝑝 = 𝑞 ⇒ 𝑝 = = (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐)2
𝑏
which is the complete solution.

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4. 2(𝑦 + 𝑧𝑞) = 𝑞(𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞) 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑥
= ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥
𝑝𝑞 𝑥𝑞 𝑝 𝑥
Let
where 𝑎 is arbitrary constant.
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) ≡ 2(𝑦 + 𝑧𝑞)
− 𝑞(𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞) = 0 Putting this in the given eqn., we
get,
Now, 2𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑞 = 𝑞(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑞)
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= −𝑝𝑞, = 2 − 𝑞2,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦𝑞 2 + (𝑎𝑥 2 − 2𝑧)𝑞 − 2𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 ∴𝑞
= 2𝑞, = −𝑥𝑞,
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑝
(2𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥 2 ) ± √(𝑎𝑥 2 − 2𝑧)2 + 8𝑦 2
𝜕𝑓 =
= 2𝑧 − 𝑥𝑝 − 2𝑦𝑞 2𝑦
𝜕𝑞
⇒𝑞
′
∴ The Charpit s auxiliary eqn. are (2𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥 2 ) ± √(2𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥 2 )2 + 8𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 2𝑦
=
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
+𝑝 +𝑞 Putting 𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 and 𝑞
= = =
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
−𝑝
𝜕𝑝
−𝑞
𝜕𝑞
−
𝜕𝑝
−
𝜕𝑞 (2𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥 2 ) ± √(2𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥 2 )2 + 8𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝐹 2𝑦
=
0 in 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦,
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞
⇒ = we get,
−𝑝𝑞 + 2𝑝𝑞 2 − 𝑞 2 + 2𝑞 2
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 2
=
𝑥𝑝𝑞 − 2𝑧𝑞 + 𝑥𝑝𝑞 + 2𝑦𝑞 𝑥𝑞 (2𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥 2 ) ± √(2𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥 2 )2 + 8𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑦
𝑥𝑝 + 2𝑦𝑞 − 2𝑧 ← (1)
From 1st and 4th fraction, Taking 𝑦 as constant so that
𝑑𝑦 = 0, we get

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UNIT-V
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜙 2 𝑑𝜙
⇒ 𝑦 ( ) + 𝜙 2 − 2𝑦𝜙
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎𝑥 2 2 2
⇒𝑧= + 𝜙(𝑦)(say) = 𝜙 + 2𝑦
2
2𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑑𝜙 2
2
𝑑𝜙
⇒ 𝜙(𝑦) = ← (2) ⇒ 𝑦 ( ) − 2𝑦𝜙 − 2𝑦 2 = 0
2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑎𝑥 2 𝑑𝜙 2𝑦𝜙 ± √4𝑦 2 𝜙 2 + 8𝑦 4
Now, 𝑧 = + 𝜙(𝑦) ∴ =
2 𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 2
Differentiating, we get 𝜙 𝜙2 𝜙
= ± √ + 2 = 𝑓 ( )
𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝜙 ′ (𝑦)𝑑𝑦 ← (3)

Comparing (1) and (3), we get which is homogeneous.

𝜙 ′ (𝑦) Diff. eqn. of 1st order where 𝜙 is

dependent variable and 𝑦 is
(2𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥 2 ) ± √(2𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥 2 )2 + 8𝑦 2
= independent variable.
2𝑦
2 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑣
2𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥 2 2𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥 2 Let 𝜙 = 𝑣𝑦 so that =𝑣+𝑦
( ) ( ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 √ 2
= ± +2
𝑦 𝑦2 𝑑𝑣
∴𝑣+𝑦 = 𝑣 ± √𝑣 2 + 2
𝑑𝑦
𝜙(𝑦) [𝜙(𝑦)]2
⇒ 𝜙 ′ (𝑦) = ±√ +2 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑦2 ⇒ =±
√𝑣 2 + 2 𝑦
(Using eqn. (2))
𝑑𝜙 Integrating, we get
⇒𝑦 = 𝜙 ± √𝜙 2 + 2𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑣 + √𝑣 2 + 2| = ±𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
𝑑𝜙
⇒𝑦 − 𝜙 = ±√𝜙 2 + 2𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝜙 𝜙2 𝑐
⇒ + √ 2 + 2 = 𝑐𝑦 or
𝑑𝜙 2 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
⇒ (𝑦 − 𝜙) = 𝜙 2 + 2𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦

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2 2
𝜙 𝜙
⇒ 2
+ 2 = (𝑐𝑦 − )
𝑦 𝑦
𝜙2 𝑐 𝜙 2
or 2 + 2 = ( − )
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

𝜙2 2 2
𝜙2
⇒ 2 + 2 = 𝑐 𝑦 + 2 − 2𝑐𝜙
𝑦 𝑦
𝜙2 𝑐 2 𝜙 2 2𝑐𝜙
or 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 − 2
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

⇒ 2𝑐𝜙 = 𝑐 2 𝑦 2 − 2
2𝑐𝜙 𝑐 2 − 2𝑦 2
or =
𝑦2 𝑦2

𝑐𝑦 2 1
⇒ 𝜙= −
2 𝑐
𝑐 2 − 2𝑦 2
or 𝜙 =
2𝑐
2𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑐𝑦 2 1
⇒ = −
2 2 𝑐
2𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑐 2 − 2𝑦 2
or =
2 2𝑐
2
⇒ 2𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑦 2 −
𝑐
2𝑦 2
or 2𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑐 −
𝑐

5. (𝑝 + 𝑞)(𝑧 − 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑞𝑦) = 1

Same as exercise 1, page 286.

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Page 318 5. 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 1

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Lagrange's auxiliary eqn. are

1. 𝑎𝑧 + 𝑏 = 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= =
1 1 1
Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥
and 𝑦, we get, ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 and 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑧

𝑎𝑝 = 𝑎2 and 𝑎𝑞 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑐1 and 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 𝑐2

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 Hence, 𝜙(𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑦 − 𝑧) = 0
∴ 𝑝𝑞 = 1 or =1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

is the required solution. 6. Same as example 1, page 248

2. 𝑧 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑎)(𝑦 2 + 𝑏) 7. Same as example 1, page 265

Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥

and 𝑦, we get, 8. Page 238, partial derivative
w.r.t. 𝑥 is denoted by 𝑝
𝑝 = 2𝑥(𝑦 2 + 𝑏)

and 𝑞 = 2𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝑎) 9. Page 238,

𝜕 2𝑧
⇒ 𝑝𝑞 = 4𝑥𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝑎)(𝑦 2 + 𝑏) 𝑡=
𝜕𝑦 2
⇒ 𝑝𝑞 = 4𝑥𝑦𝑧
10. Page 238
which is the required solution.

11. 𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑦 + 𝑏)
3. Same as example 5, page 244
Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥
and 𝑦, we get
4. Page 247, Lagrange's method of 𝑝 = 𝑦 + 𝑏 and 𝑞 = 𝑥 + 𝑎
solving.
∴ 𝑝𝑞 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑦 + 𝑏) = 𝑧

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12. Page 248, working rule step 2: 𝜕𝑦
𝑝−𝑦−𝑥 2𝑥𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
∴ 𝜕𝑥 =
𝜕𝑥 2𝑦𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑞−𝑥−𝑦
𝑧 𝜕𝑦
13. 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 𝑥
𝑎 =
𝑦
The Lagrange′ s auxiliary eqn. are
𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ⇒ 𝑦𝑝 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦
= = 𝑧 𝜕𝑥
1 1 𝜕𝑥
𝑎 = 𝑥𝑞 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦
From 1st and 2nd fraction,
⇒ 𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥𝑞 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝑥𝑦 ( − )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
From 2nd and 3rd fraction,

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑦
= 𝑑𝑧 ⇒ + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 15. Same as MCQ number2
𝑎 𝑧 𝑎
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 16. Same as example 6, page 241
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑎 𝑐2 = 𝑒 𝑎 𝑓(𝑐1 )
𝑦 17. Same as MCQ number 2
= 𝑒 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑦 18. Same as example 1, page 242
∴ 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑦)
19. Same as example 2, page 249

14. 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 20. Same as example 5, page 251

Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥 21. Same as example 2, page 242

and 𝑦, we get,
22. Same as example 3, page 243
𝜕𝑦
𝑝 =𝑦+𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 23. Same as example 4, page 243
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥 24. Same as example 3, page 250
𝑞 =𝑥+𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑦 25. Same as example 4, page 251

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26. Page 290, Standard form IV

27. Same as example 2, page 283

28. Same as example 2, page 290

29. Same as example 1, page 271

30. Same as example 2, page 287

31. Same as example 4, page 288

32. Same as example 3, page 288

33. Same as example 1, page 290

34. Same as example 3, page 290

35. Same as example 4, page 291

36. Same as example 3, page 283

37. Same as example 4, page 284

38. Same as exercise 2, page 292

39. Same as exercise 5, page 292

40. Page 294, eqn. (10) Charpit’s

auxiliary equation.

The End. Fin.

Enjoy Solving!

~END UNIT-V~
###

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