Chapter -6

Fundamentals of
Operating systems

W.C. Deshapriya 1
Learning Outcomes
After completing this lesson, student will be able to
Identify:
Overview of Operating System
Organization of Operating System
Resource Manage by OS
Different services provided by the OS
Different type of OS

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What is an Operating Systems ?

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What is an Operating Systems ?

• An operating system is a program, which acts as an intermediary

between a user of a computer and the computer system.

• The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in

which user can execute programs.

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What Operating Systems do?

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What Operating Systems do?
User

• The operating system (OS) manages all

of the software and hardware on the
computer. Application
• It performs basic tasks such as file, Software

memory and process management,

handling input and output, and System Software
Operating System

controlling peripheral devices such as

disk drives and printers.
I/O
Hardware CPU RAM devices

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Functions of an Operating System
There are three main functions of an Operating system,

1. Establish a user interface.

2. Manage the computer resources, such as the central processing unit,

memory, disk drives, and printers.

3. Execute and provide services for application software.

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1 Establish a user interface
• A user interface is the method of which the user and the computer
exchange information and instructions.

• OS provides an interface or an environment for the user to interact

with the computer.

• There are two types of user interfaces

➢ Command Line Interface (CLI)
➢ Graphical User Interface (GUI)

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1.1 Command Line Interface (CLI)
• With a command driven interface, you hove to type instructions in order
for something to be done.
Example : MS-DOS

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1.2 Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• GUI is where the user communicates with the computer through graphics.

• Users interact with information by manipulating visual widgets, designed to

respond by the type of data they hold and support the actions necessary to
complete the user's task.

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2. Manage the computer resources
• The following resource are manage by OS:
• Processes management
• Memory management
• I/O device management
• Protection and Security management

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2.1 Processes management
• Process are the execution of a program that performs for specified task.
• The OS helps you to create processes, schedule processes, and terminates
processes which is used by CPU.

Process

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 Processes management
• The operating system makes sure that different processes can make use of
the central processing unit (CPU) without conflicting with each other.
• Multitasking means to be able to run more than one program
simultaneously.

• Streaming music while entering text into

a word processor or streaming a video while
making a backup of files.

Multitasking is possible only if:

• The operating system can support multitasking.
• The computer has enough memory to hold more
than one program in primary storage at the same
time.
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2.2 Memory management
• The OS need to prevent independent memory for each of the processes to
store both data and instructions.
• The OS need to allocated the memory hierarchy as required.
• The OS must allow memory to be accessible in various ways by various
users.

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Memory management
Computer memory must be managed to ensure that:
1. more than one program can run at the same time
2. more than one document can be opened at the same time

• One method of memory management

is paging. Memory is broken up into fixed-size
blocks known as pages.
• Different operating systems use different page
sizes.
• Normally, memory pages size is 4 kilobytes
(KB) .
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Paging Example

1. Program A requires two pages. It is allocated pages 0 and 1.

2. Program B requires three pages. It is allocated pages 2, 3 and 4.

3. Program A and B processed, after some time A will finished.

4. Program A now closes and program C will fetch.

5. Program C requires three pages. Pages 0 and 1 are now free, so
program C is allocated pages 0, 1 and 5.

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2.3 I/O device management

• The OS need to manage various I/O devices including mouse,

keyboards, disk drives, display adapters, USB devices, LED, Analog-to-
digital converter, On/off switch, network connections etc.
• An I/O system is required to take an application I/O request and send
it to the physical device,

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2.4 Protection and Security management
• OS require to protect that computer resources such as CPU, software,
memory, user’s data etc.
• The operating system must be protect against unauthorized access, viruses,
worms etc.
• The different methods are provide to protect and security for different
computer systems.

• Authentication- The OS makes sure that all the users are authenticated
before they access the system.
Used – Username and Password

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3. Execute and provide services for
application software
• The operating system must have the capability to load a program into
memory and execute that program.
• The programs must be able to end its execution.

• A process includes the complete execution of the written program or code.

There are some of the activities which are performed by the operating
system:
• The operating system Loads program into memory
• Executes the program
• Handles the program’s execution
• Provides a mechanism for process synchronization
• Provides a mechanism for process communication

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Services Provided by the OS
• Program execution:
program, (Instructions and data) must be loaded into main memory.
I/O devices and files must be initialized for that.

• Access I/O devices:

The OS provides a devices control details, via that program can access such
devices

• Files access Controlled:

The operating system gives an access to the program for performing an
operation on the file.
When file used by multiple users, the OS need to provide protection
mechanisms to control access to the files.
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Services Provided by the OS
• Communication:
The OS manages communication between all the processes.
Two processes may require data to be transferred between them.

• Error detection and respond:

• OS need to handle internal and external hardware errors, such as a memory
error, device failure or malfunction, and various software errors.

• Account access Controlled:

• Collect user account information, Monitor performance,control user privilege

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Mode of Operating Systems
• User Mode
The User mode is normal mode where the process has limited access.

• Kernel Mode
The Kernel mode is the privileged mode where the process has unrestricted
access to system resources like hardware, memory, etc

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Mode of Operating Systems
• User Mode
• User program executes in user mode
• Certain areas of memory need to protected from user access
• Some instructions may not be executed

• Kernel Mode
• Monitor executes (instructions) in kernel mode
• Privileged instructions may be execute
• Protected areas of memory may be accessed
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Types of operating systems
Following are the popular types of Operating System:
• Batch Operating System
• Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
• Multiprocessing OS
• Real Time OS
• Distributed OS
• Network OS
• Mobile OS

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 Batch Operating System

• A batch operating system's primary role is to execute jobs in batches automatically.

• The main task of a batch processing system is done by the 'Batch Monitor', which is
located at the low end of the main memory.

• Examples of Batch based Operating

System: Payroll System, Bank
Statements, etc.
• Each task is given some time to
execute so that all the tasks work
smoothly.
• Each user gets the time of CPU as
they use a single system.

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 Multitasking/ Time Sharing OS

• Multitasking or Time-Sharing Systems is a logical extension of multiprogramming.

• Processor's time is shared among multiple users simultaneously is termed as time-
sharing

• Examples: Microsoft Windows 2000

or up to that, IBM's OS, and Linux

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Multiprocessing OS

• A computer's capability to process more than one task simultaneously is called

multiprocessing. A multiprocessing operating system is capable of running many
programs simultaneously, and most modern network operating systems also (NOSs)
support multiprocessing.

• Examples: Microsoft Windows 2000

or up to that, IBM's OS, and Linux

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Real Time OS

• A real-time operating system is an operating system for real-time applications that

processes data and events that have critically defined time constraints.
• Examples: Airline traffic control systems, Command
Control Systems, Airlines reservation system,
Network Multimedia Systems, Robot etc.

Distributed OS
• A distributed operating system is system
software over a collection of independent
software, networked, communicating, and
physically separate computational nodes.
• They handle jobs which are serviced by
multiple CPUs
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Network OS

• A network operating system is a specialized operating system for a network device

such as a router, switch or firewall.

Mobile OS
• A mobile operating system (OS) is software that allows smartphones, tablet PCs and
other devices to run applications and programs.

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Timeline of Windows OS

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Thanks!

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