Chapter -8

Number Systems

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W.C. Deshapriya
Learning Outcomes

After completing this lesson, you will be able to Identify the various
type of number systems such as:
• Non-Positional Number System
• Positional Number System
• Number Systems Conversion
• Binary addition and subtraction

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Number System
• In the computer stores numbers, letters, and other special characters as
in coded form.
• Before going into the details of these codes, it is essential to understand
number system.
• Basically Number systems are two types:
• non-positional and positional.

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Non-Positional Number System
• In the normal counting, peoples are using an additive approach or non-
positional number system.
• we have symbols such as I for 1, II for 2, III for 3, IIII for 4, IIII for 5, etc.
• Each symbol represents the same value regardless of its position in a
number.
• I-1 II-2 III-3 IIII-4 IIII -5

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Positional Number System
 In a positional number system, there are only a few symbols called digits. These
symbols represent different values, depending on the position they occupy in a
number.

• Decimal number system - 0123456789 (base on 10)

• Binary Number System- 10 (base on 2)
• Octal Number System-01234567 (base on 8)
• Hexadecimal Number System- 0123456789 ABCDEF (base on 16)
10 - A, 11 - B,12- C,13-D,14 - E, 15 - F

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 N base - Number system
• Number of N Digits are there : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, N-1
• It is positional Number System

• Digit d0 is the least significant digit (LSD).

• Digit dn-1 is the most significant digit (MSD).

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Decimal number system
Base is equal to 10 because there are altogether ten digits from 0
to 9. Base=10; No of symbols=10 (0,1,…,9)

258610 = (2 x 103) + (5 x 102) + (8 x 101) + (6 x 100)

= 2*1000 + 5*100 + 8*10 + 6
= 258610
The left-hand digit is named the most significant digit (MSD) ,
the right digit is named the least significant digit (LSD)

2586.3410 = (2 x 103) + (5 x 102) + (8 x 101) + (6 x 100) . (3 x 10-1) + (4 x 10-2)

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Binary number system
Binary number system is base on 2, instead of 1,0.
We can use only two digits (0 and 1) in this Binary system.
Ex: 101012
= 1 0 1 0 1
= (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x 20)

Fractional parts can be represented as

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Octal number system

In octal number system, the base is 8, there are only 8 digits from 0 to 7
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6, and 7)

Ex: 20578
= 2 0 5 7
= (2 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (5 x 81) + (7 x 80)

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Hexadecimal number system

Hexadecimal number system, the base is 16.

The first 10 digits are same digits of decimal number system –
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9. The remaining six digits are denoted by the symbols
A,B,C,D,E, and F representing decimal values 10,11,12,13,14 and 15,
respectively.

Ex: 2AF16 = 2 A F
= (2 x 162) + (A x 161) + (F x 160)

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Summery of number system

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Number Systems Conversion
• Numbers expressed in decimal number system are much more
meaningful to us,
• But the computer work with binary number system.
• The programmers are use Hexadecimal number system to for
the programming.

• Computer specialists are required to convert one number system

to other number system.
• Many methods can be used to convert numbers from one base
to another.

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Convert from another Base to Decimal
Step 1: Determine the column (position) value of each digits.
(this depends on the position of the digit and the base of the number
system).

Step 2 : Multiply the obtained column values (in Step 1) by the

digits in the corresponding columns.

Step 3 : Get sum of the products calculated in Step 2. The total is the
equivalent value in decimal.

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Binary to Decimal Conversion
Ex1: 110012 = ?10 1 1 0 0 1
4 3 2 1 0
Step 1: Determine Column values.

Step 2: Multiply the column values by the corresponding column digits.

1 1 0 0 1
Step 3: Sum up the products.
(24) (23) (22) (21) (20)

16 8 4 2 1

16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1
2510 14
Binary to Decimal
Ex2: 1010.012 = ?10

= 1 0 1 0 . 0 1
= (1 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (0 x 20) . (0 x 2-1) + (1 x 2-2)
= (1 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (0 x 1) . (0 x 1/2) + (1 x 1/4)
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 . (0) + (0.25)
= 10.2510

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Activity 1: Convert these binary numbers to the decimal number system

1. 10011
2. 1101.01
3. 011.11
4. 1010.101
5. 101010.01

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Octal to Decimal Conversion
57068 = ?10
5 7 0 6
3 2 1 0
Step 1: Determine Column values.
83 82 81 80
Step 2: Multiply the column values by the
512 64 8 1
corresponding column digits. x5 x7 x0 x6
2560 448 0 6

Step 3: Sum up the products.

2560 + 448 + 0 + 6
301410

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Activity 2 : Convert these octal number to decimal number system

1. 12348
2. 35628
3. 01028
4. 156318
5. 101248

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Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
52A16 = ?10
5 2 A
2 1 0
Step 1: Determine Column values.
162 161 160
Step 2: Multiply the column values by 256 16 1
the corresponding column digits.
x3 x2 xA
1280 32 10
Step 3: Sum up the products. 1280+ 32+10
132210

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Activity 3 : Convert these hexadecimal number to decimal
number system

1. 19A3B16
2. 397B216
3. C19216
4. 1E9F116
5. AC1B416

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Decimal to Binary Conversion
Repeatedly divide the number by 2 and note any remainder

4210 = ?2

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Decimal to Binary Conversion
34.687510 = ?2

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Decimal to Binary Conversion
34.687510 = ?2

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Decimal to Binary Conversion
34.687510 = ?2

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Activity 4 : Convert given decimal number to binary number system
1. 125.310
2. 39.5210
3. 19.2910
4. 193.110
5. 11.0110

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Decimal to octal Conversion
Repeatedly divide the number by 8 and note any remainder

95210 = ?8

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Activity 5 : Convert given decimal numbers to octal number system
1. 12310
2. 95210
3. 19210
4. 193110
5. 10110

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Decimal to hexadecimal Conversion
Repeatedly divide the number by 16 and note any remainder

42810 = ?16

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Activity 6 : Convert given decimal number to hexadecimal
number system

1. 125310
2. 395210
3. 19210
4. 193110
5. 10110

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Octal to binary Conversion
4538 = ?2 Base 82 Max 78  1112

Min 08  0002
4538  4 5 3
100 101 011
 100 101 0112
= 1001010112

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Activity 7 : Convert these octal number to binary number system
1. 1018
2. 1628
3. 12538
4. 37528
5. 16318

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Binary to octal Conversion
2 1 0
10101112 = ?8 Base 28 22 + 21 + 20
4 2 1
1,010,1112  001 010 111
Max 1112 78
1 2 7
Min 0002  08
1278

0010101112 = 1278

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Activity 8 : Convert these binary number to octal number system
1. 1012
2. 1012
3. 101012
4. 1010102
5. 10001102
6. 10012

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Hexadecimal to binary Conversion
4E316 = ?2 Base 162 23 + 22 + 21 + 20
8 4 2 1
 4 E (14) 3
Max 1516  11112
0100 1110 0011
Min 016  00002
 0100 1110 00112 3 2 1
1x2 + 1x2 + 1x2 + 1x2
0

 100111000112 1x 8 +1x4 + 1x2 + 1x1

8+ 4 + 2 + 1
0,1,…9 – 10->A, 11-> B 15-> F

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Activity 9 : Convert these hexadecimal number to binary number system
1. 19A3B16
2. 397B216
3. C19216
4. 1E9B3116
5. 1AC1B416

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Binary to hexadecimal Conversion
8 4 2 1
10110112 = ?16 Base 216 23 + 22 + 21 + 20

Max 11112 1516

101, 10112  0101 1011 Min 00002  016
5 11
 5, 11 11112  1516
(11 B) 3 2 1 0
1x2 + 1x2 + 1x2 + 1x2

10101112 = 5B16
1x 8 +1x4 + 1x2 + 1x1

8+ 4 + 2 + 1

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Activity 10 : Convert these binary number to hexadecimal number
system

1. 100112
2. 101012
3. 1010012
4. 1010102
5. 10001102

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Binary Addition & subtraction

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Binary Addition

Single Bit Addition

0 0 1 1
1
0 + 1 + 0 + 1 + 1
0 1 1 1 0 2 10

* Note “carry out bit”

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Binary Addition
Multiple Bit Addition
11
10110
10011 +
101001

0 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 0 = 1
1 + 1 = 10 40
Binary Addition

Multiple Bit Addition

111
11110
10111 +
110101 2 1 0
3 1 1

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Activity 11 : Multiple Bit Addition
1. 10101+1010
2. 101010+ 100110
3. 1001+ 101
4. 1010+10
5. 1011+11101

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Binary subtraction
Work the columns right to left subtracting in each column. If you must
subtract a one from a zero, you need to “borrow” from the left, just as in
decimal subtraction

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 Ones’ Complements
• 1’s complement (or Ones’ Complement)
 To calculate the 1’s complement of a binary number just “inverting” each bit
of the original binary number.

 E.g. 0  1 , 1  0

01010100100  10101011011

 A ones' complement system or ones' complement arithmetic is a system in

which negative numbers are represented by the inverse of the binary
representations of their corresponding positive numbers.

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1’s Complements
• An N-bit ones' complement number system can only represent integers in the
range of positive and negative.

0 000 1011 +11

1 111 0100 -11

+21 0 001 0101

-21 1 110 1010

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Activity 12 : Calculate the one’s complement of given binary
1. 10101
2. 10101000110
3. 10010101
4. 101010
5. 1011110

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Twos’ Complements
• 2’s complement (or Twos’ Complement)

• To calculate the two’s complement just calculate the one’s

complement, then add 1.

01010100100
10101011011 (one’s complement)

10101011011 + 1
10101011100 (Twos’ Complement)

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Twos’ Complements

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Activity 12 : Calculate the 2’s complement of given binary
1. 10101
2. 101010110
3. 10010101
4. 101010
5. 1011110

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Thanks!

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