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Scalars and Vectors

The document explains the concepts of scalars and vectors in advanced mechanics, detailing their definitions and methods of addition. It covers scalar addition through simple arithmetic and vector addition using graphical methods such as the parallelogram, head-tail, and triangle methods, as well as the analytical component method. Examples illustrate how to calculate resultant vectors from given forces and angles.

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floriej25
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9 views19 pages

Scalars and Vectors

The document explains the concepts of scalars and vectors in advanced mechanics, detailing their definitions and methods of addition. It covers scalar addition through simple arithmetic and vector addition using graphical methods such as the parallelogram, head-tail, and triangle methods, as well as the analytical component method. Examples illustrate how to calculate resultant vectors from given forces and angles.

Uploaded by

floriej25
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SCALARS

VECTORS
Advanced Mechanics
Density and Volume
•quantity that can be
described by a single
number which can be A
positive, negative or zero.
• A quantity which
require the specification
of a magnitude and a
direction.
Scalar and Vector Addition.
• Scalar quantities are just added algebraically. Below are the
examples:

1. The sum of two masses 𝑚1 = 3𝑘𝑔 and 𝑚2 = 6𝑘𝑔 is 𝑚 = 9𝑘𝑔.


2. Gina walked 3 miles east, 2 miles north, 5 miles west. All in
all, Gina covered a total distance of 10 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠.
3. Chemistry subject a 4-unit course has a 2-hour lecture and
2 hour laboratory which means has a total of 4 hours in a
week.
Scalar and Vector Addition.

• Vector quantities can be added in different ways. When


dealing with vectors it is necessary to consider their
directions.
• When adding vectors, it is convenient to use a scale to
specify a specific quantity and for easy graphing. For
instance, 5 Newton may be equivalent to 1 cm.
• Any number of forces can be combined into a single net
force called resultant force. A single vector which has the
combined effect of all the vectors acting on a body is called
a resultant vector.
Vector Addition.
• Adding vector quantities with 0 and 180 degrees angles
formed follows and algebraic addition and subtraction,
respectively.

Examples: (Forces acting on the same object)


1. 𝐹1 = 10𝑁 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 = 5𝑁 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡, 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝐹𝑅 = 15 𝑁 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡.
2. 𝐹1 = 15𝑁 𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 = 15𝑁 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡, 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝐹𝑅 = 0.
3. 𝐹1 = 12𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 = 6𝑁 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ, 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝐹𝑅 = 6 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ.
Vector Addition.
• Vector quantities that creates and angle other than 0 and
180 degrees must be included in the calculation.

Ex. 1. 𝑅𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅 Ex. 2. 𝑎𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝐵𝐶 = 𝑟𝐴𝐶


Vector Addition.

• Vector quantities that


creates and angle
other than 0 and 180
degrees must be
included in the
calculation. V
Vector Addition.
• Generally, there are two sets of a vector addition methods—
graphical and analytical (mathematical).

• Graphical Method consists of


1. Parallelogram Method
2. Polygon / Head-tail Method
3. Triangle Method
Parallelogram Method
• Ideally, the parallelogram method is applied to two vectors only. (However
it can also be applied to more vectors but requires extra effort).

Steps
1. Think of an appropriate scale.
2. Express the given vectors in terms of a chosen scale.
3. Draw a cartesian coordinate system.
4. Draw the scaled vectors from the starting point (0,0).
5. Draw two more sides equal and parallel to the first two drawn vectors.
6. Draw the diagonal of the parallelogram (Resultant Vector).
7. Measure the length of the resultant vector and determine its direction.
8. Express the resultant vector in an appropriate unit by multiplying it to the
scale .
Parallelogram Method

1. Find the resultant vector of the following


using the parallelogram method.
𝑚
𝐴 = 100 70 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑠
𝑚
𝐵 = 80 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑠
Polygon/Head-Tail Method
• Can be applied to find the resultant of three to more vectors.
Steps
1. Think of an appropriate scale.
2. Express the given vectors in terms of a chosen scale.
3. Draw a cartesian coordinate system.
4. Draw the first scaled vector from the starting point (0,0).
5. Draw a small x-y plane at the tip of the arrowhead of the first drawn vector.
6. Following the same procedure, draw the next vectors.
7. Draw an arrow connecting the tail of the first drawn vector and the head of
the last drawn vector (Resultant Vector).
8. Measure the length of the resultant vector and determine its direction.
9. Express the resultant vector in an appropriate unit by multiplying it to the
scale .
Head-Tail Method

1. Find the resultant vector of the following


using the head-tail method.
𝐹1 = 35 𝑁 45° 𝑁𝑊
𝐹2 = 20 𝑁 15° 𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝐸
𝐹3 = 25 𝑁 30° 𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝐸
Triangle Method
• Can be applied to two vectors only but drawn from head-tail.
Steps
1. Think of an appropriate scale.
2. Express the given vectors in terms of a chosen scale.
3. Draw a cartesian coordinate system.
4. Draw the first scaled vector from the starting point (0,0).
5. Draw a small x-y plane at the tip of the arrowhead of the first drawn vector.
6. Following the same procedure, draw the next vector.
7. Draw an arrow connecting the tail of the first drawn vector and the head of
the last drawn vector (Resultant Vector).
8. Measure the length of the resultant vector and determine its direction.
9. Express the resultant vector in an appropriate unit by multiplying it to the
scale .
Triangle Method

1. Find the resultant vector of the following


using the traingle method.
𝑆1 = 100 𝑁 30° 𝑁𝑜𝑓 𝐸
𝑆2 = 125 𝑁 15° 𝐸
Analytical Method.

• The component method is an analytical method


to find the result vectors. It is also known as
rectangular resolution method.
• It can be noted that every vector has two
components: horizontal (x-component) and vertical
(y-component).
Analytical Method.
Component Table with Equations
Vectors X-Component Y-Component
A 𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1
B 𝐵𝑥 = 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
C 𝐶𝑥 = 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃3 𝐶𝑦 = 𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃3
Summation σ 𝑋 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 σ 𝑌 = 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦
Square of Summation (σ 𝑋)2 (σ 𝑌)2
Resultant Vector 𝑅 = √ (σ 𝑋)2 + (σ 𝑌)2
Resultant Direction 𝜃𝑅 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (σ 𝑌 ÷ σ 𝑋)
Component Method

1. Find the vector sum of the following using


the graphical and component method.
X = 20 𝑁, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Y = 28 𝑁, 60 ° 𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝐸
Z = 32 𝑁, 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

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