Solutions homework 2 1 Exercise 1
The dierential equations given in this exercise are homogeneous, secondorder dierential equations with constant coecients. Hence they can be solve with the help of the corresponding auxiliary equation. The solutions are: 1. For 2y 13y 7y = 0, the auxiliary equation is 2r2 13r 7 = 0 which has two real solutions r = 1 and r = 7. Therefore the solutions 2 x are y(x) = C1 e 2 + C2 e7x . 2. For z 6z + 10z = 0, the auxiliary equation is r2 6r + 10 = 0 which has two complex (conjugate) solutions r = 3 + i and r = 3 i. Therefore the solutions are z(x) = C1 e3x cos(x) + C2 e3x sin(x). 3. For u 6u + 9u = 0, the auxiliary equation is r2 6r + 9 = 0 which has one double solution r = 3. Therefore the solutions are u(x) = C1 e3x + C2 xe3x . 4. For 2u + 12u + 18u, the auxiliary equation is 2r2 + 12r + 18 = 0 which has one double solution r = 3. Therefore the solutions are u(x) = C1 e3x + C2 xe3x . 5. For 3x 6x + 6x = 0, the auxiliary equation is 3r2 6r + 6 = 0 which has two complex solutions r = 1 + i and r = 1 i. Therefore the solutions are x(t) = C1 et cos(t) + C2 et sin(t).
Exercise 2
In this exercise, the dierential equation are second-order linear dierential equations with constant coecients with a forcing term (the r.h.s. is no longer zero). 1. For y + 2y + 2y = 8t2 et , y(0) = 0 , y (0) = 1, the auxiliary equation is r2 + 2r + 2 = 0 that has two complex roots: r = 1 i. Therefore the solutions of the homogeneous equations are y0 (x) = C1 ex cos(x) + C2 ex sin(x). We need to nd a particular solution to the equation. The 1
form of the r.h.s. suggests that we look for y(x) = (Ax2 + Bx + C)ex . Inserting this into the equation leads to A = 8 , B = 0 , C = 16. Therefore the general solution is: y(x) = C1 ex cos(x) + C2 ex sin(x) + (8x2 16)ex The initial conditions give C1 = 16 and C2 = 1. 2. For y 4y +4y = t sin(t), y(0) = 1 , y (0) = 1, the auxiliary equation is r2 4r+4 = 0 that has a double roots: r = 2. Therefore the solutions of the homogeneous equations are y0 (t) = C1 e2t + C2 te2t . We need to nd a particular solution to the equation. The form of the r.h.s. suggests that we look for y(t) = (At + B) cos(t) + (Ct + D) sin(t). Inserting 22 15 4 20 this into the equation leads to A = 125 , B = 125 , C = 125 , D = 125 . Therefore the general solution is: y(t) = C1 e2t + C2 te2t + ( 20 22 15 4 t+ ) cos(t) + ( t+ ) sin(t) 125 125 125 125
103 125
The initial conditions give C1 =
and C2 =
21 . 25
3. For x + x + x = t2 , x(0) = 2 , x (0) = 0, the auxiliary equation is r2 + r + 1 = 0 that has two complex roots: r = 1 i 23 . Therefore the 2 1 solutions ofthe homogeneous equations are x0 (t) = C1 e 2 t cos( 23 t) + 1 C2 e 2 t sin( 23 t). We need to nd a particular solution to the equation. The form of the r.h.s. suggests that we look for x(t) = At2 + Bt + C. Inserting this into the equation leads to A = 1 , B = 2 , C = 0. Therefore the general solution is: 1 3 3 1t 2t cos( t) + C2 e 2 sin( t) + t2 2t x(t) = C1 e 2 2 The initial conditions give C1 = 2 and C2 = 2 3. 4. For 2u 12u + 18u = e3x , u(0) = 3 , u (0) = 1, the auxiliary equation is 2r2 12r + 18 = 0 that has one double root: r = 3. Therefore the solutions of the homogeneous equations are u0 (x) = C1 e3x + C2 xe3x . We need to nd a particular solution to the equation. The form of the r.h.s. suggests that we look for u(x) = Ax2 e3x . Inserting this into the 1 equation leads to A = 4 . Therefore the general solution is: 1 u(x) = C1 e3x + C2 xe3x + x2 e3x 4 2
The initial conditions give C1 = 3 and C2 = 8. 5. For u +2u +u = xex +x, u(0) = 2 , u (0) = 1, the auxiliary equation is r2 + 2r + 1 = 0 that has one double root: r = 1. Therefore the solutions of the homogeneous equations are u0 (x) = C1 ex + C2 xex . We need to nd a particular solution to the equation. The form of the r.h.s. suggests that we look for u(x) = (Ax3 + Dx2 )ex + Bx + C. 1 Inserting this into the equation leads to A = 6 , D = 0 , B = 1 , C = 2. Therefore the general solution is: 1 u(x) = C1 ex + C2 xex + x3 ex + x 2 6 The initial conditions give C1 = 0 and C2 = 0 so that: u(x) = 1 x3 ex + 6 x 2.
Exercise 3
The dierential equations are of the same type as in the previous exercise except that we need to use the superposition theorem to nd a particular solution. 1. For y + y = (et + t)2 , the auxiliary equation is r2 + 1 = 0 having the two complex roots r = i. Therefore the solutions of the homogeneous equations are y0 (t) = C1 cos(t) + C2 sin(t). We need to nd a particular solution to the equation. The r.h.s. can be expanded as e2t + 2tet + t2 and therefore we look for y(t) = Ae2t + (B1 t + B2 )et + Ct2 + Dt + E. Inserting this into the equation leads to A = 1 , B1 = 1 , B2 = 1 , C = 5 1 , D = 0 , E = 2. Therefore the general solution is: 1 y(t) = C1 cos(t) + C2 sin(t) + e2t + (t 1)et + t2 2 5 2. For y +3y 4y = 2t+sin2 t+3, the auxiliary equation is r2 +3r4 = 0 having the two real roots r = 1 and r = 4. Therefore the solutions of the homogeneous equations are y0 (t) = C1 e( t) + C2 e( 4t). We need to nd a particular solution to the equation. The r.h.s. can be 1 written as 2t + 2 (1 cos(2t)) + 3 and therefore we look for y(t) = At + B + C cos(2t) + D sin(2t). Inserting this into the equation leads to 3
A = 1 , B1 = 5 , C = 2 4 is:
1 25
3 , D = 100 . Therefore the general solution
1 5 1 3 y(t) = C1 e( t) + C2 e( 4t) + t + + cos(2t) sin(2t) 2 4 25 100 3. For y 2y + 3y = cosh t, the auxiliary equation is r2 2r + 3 = 0 having the two complex roots r = 1 i 2 . Therefore the solutions of the homogeneous equations are y0 (t) = C1 et cos( 2t) + C2 et sin( 2t). We need to nd a particular solution to the equation. The r.h.s. can 1 be written as 1 et + 2 et and therefore we look for y(t) = Aet + Bet . 2 1 1 Inserting this into the equation leads to A = 4 , B1 = 12 . Therefore the general solution is: 1 1 y(t) = C1 et cos( 2t) + C2 et sin( 2t) + et + et 4 12
Exercise 4
In this exercise it is asked to generalize the standard procedure obtained for a linear second-order dierential equation with constant coecients to a third order one. We associated to the equation: y 2y y + 2y = sin(2t) cos(2t) an auxiliary equation: r3 2r2 r + 2 = 0 which has three real roots r = 1, r = 1 and r = 2. Therefore we have that y0 (t) = C1 et + C2 et + C3 e2t is a solution of the dierential equation, a fact that can be checked easily as soon as you have the formula. Now we need to determine a particular solution. The r.h.s. suggests that we look for y(t) = A cos(2t) + B sin(2t). Inserting this back into the equation leads 1 to A = 0 and B = 10 . Therefore the solutions can be written as: 1 sin(2t) 10 We see that we have now three degrees of freedom (three unknown constants C1 , C2 , C3 . Therefore it is unlikely that only two initial conditions will be enough to make the solution unique. Indeed the conditions imposed requires: y(t) = C1 et + C2 et + C3 e2t + C1 + C2 + C3 = 0 , C1 + 2C2 + C3 = 1 4
which admits an innite number of solution (ane space of dimension 1): 1 3 1 1 C2 = C1 , C3 = C1 3 2 3 2 for any values of C1 . Remark: In general a linear dierential equation or order n with constant coecients can be solved by the same method except that the auxiliary equation is a polynomial equation of order n that is often impossible to solve explicitly. However determining the particular solution when the r.h.s. is nice is still possible. When the r.h.s. is not nice, then variation of parameters method can be used but in general is hard to solve.
