Design and Development of IoT Applications 21-Sep-24

Content
Chapter 8: Industrial IoT standards
ZigBee standard
Z-Wave Technology
Sub-1GHz technology and LoRa
Thread protocol stack

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Design and Development of IoT Applications 21-Sep-24

Technology comparison

6LoWPAN

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Technology comparison

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Wireless Communication Comparison

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ZigBee
ZigBee is a technological standard designed for
control and sensor networks
Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard
Created by the ZigBee Alliance
Operates in Personal Area Networks (PAN’s) and
device-to-device networks
Connectivity between small packet devices
Control of lights, switches, thermostats, appliances,
etc.

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ZigBee Alliance
Organization defining global standards for reliable,
cost-effective, low power wireless applications

A consortium of end users and solution providers,

primarily responsible for the development of the
802.15.4 standard

Developing applications and network capability

utilizing the 802.15.4 packet delivery mechanism

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Characteristics
Low cost
Low power consumption
Low data rate
Relatively short transmission range
Scalability
Reliability
Flexible protocol design suitable for many
applications

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Applications

monitors TV VCR
sensors DVD/CD
automation Remote
control INDUSTRIAL & CONSUMER control
COMMERCIAL ELECTRONICS

monitors
ZigBee mouse
diagnostics LOW DATA-RATE keyboard
sensors RADIO DEVICES PC & joystick
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE PERIPHERALS

security
consoles
HVAC
portables TOYS & HOME
lighting
educational GAMES AUTOMATION
closures

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ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

Application Customer

ZigBee Alliance
API -“the software”
Security -Network, Security & Application layers
32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption ZigBee -Brand management
Alliance IEEE 802.15.4
Network -“the hardware”
Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree -Physical & Media Access Control layers
MAC
IEEE
PHY 802.15.4
868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz

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ZigBee Architecture

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ZigBee Network Topologies

Mesh

Star

Cluster Tree PAN coordinator

Full Function Device (FFD)
Reduced Function Device (RFD)

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ZigBee Network Layer Overview

Three kinds of devices in the network layer
ZigBee coordinator: responsible for initializing,
maintaining, and controlling the network
ZigBee router: form the network backbone
ZigBee end device: must be connected to
router/coordinator

In a tree network, the coordinator and routers

can announce beacons.
In a mesh network, there is no regular beacon.
Devices in a mesh network can only communicate
with each other in a peer-to-peer manner

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Address Assignment
 In ZigBee, network addresses are assigned to devices by a
distributed address assignment scheme
 ZigBee coordinator determines three network parameters
 the maximum number of children (Cm) of a ZigBee router
 the maximum number of child routers (Rm) of a parent node
 the depth of the network (Lm)
 A parent device utilizes Cm, Rm, and Lm to compute a parameter
called Cskip
 which is used to compute the size of its children’s address pools

 1  Cm  (Lm  d  1), if Rm  1 (a)


Cskip(d )   1  Cm  Rm  Cm  RmLm d 1
 , Otherwise (b)
 1  Rm

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Address Assignment
 If a parent node at depth d has an address Aparent
the nth child router is assigned to address:
Aparent+(n-1)×Cskip(d)+1
nth child end device is assigned to address:
Aparent+Rm×Cskip(d)+n

Example:
• Rm=4; Cm=5; Lm=2

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ZigBee Routing Protocols

In a tree network
Utilize the address assignment to obtain the routing paths
In a mesh network:
Routing Capability: ZigBee coordinators and routers are
said to have routing capacity if they have routing table
capacities and route discovery table capacities
There are 2 options:
• Reactive routing: if having “routing capacity”
• Tree routing: if having no routing capacity

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ZigBee Tree Routing

 When a device receives a Cm=6
Addr = 64,
Cskip = 1
packet, it first checks if it is the Rm=4
Lm=3
destination or one of its child Addr = 92
Addr = 125
end devices is the destination
 If so, accept the packet or Addr = 63,
Cskip = 7
Addr = 30
forward it to a child. Addr = 0,
Cskip = 31
Otherwise, relay it along the
tree Addr = 1,
Addr = 126
Cskip = 7

 Example: A
Addr = 32,
Addr = 40,
Addr = 31 Cskip = 1
 38  45 B Cskip = 7
Addr = 33,
 38  92 Cskip = 1
Addr = 45
C
Addr = 38
Addr = 39

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ZigBee Mesh Routing

Route discovery by AODV-like routing protocol
The cost of a link is defined based on the packet
delivery probability on that link

Route discovery procedure

The source broadcasts a route request packet
Intermediate nodes will rebroadcast route request if
• They have routing discovery table capacities
• The cost is lower
Otherwise, nodes will relay the request along the tree
The destination will choose the routing path with the
lowest cost and then send a route reply

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ZigBee Device Bindings

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ZigBee Device Bindings

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ZigBee Profiles

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ZigBee over IPv6/6LoWPAN

 ZigBee compact application protocol (CAP)
 The functions of the ZAL and ZCL are implemented by the CAP:
 The data protocol corresponds to the ZigBee cluster library (ZCL)
 The management protocol corresponds to the ZigBee device profile handling
binding and discovery.
 Finally the security protocol implements ZigBee application sublayer (APS)
security

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Smart Home Applications

Internet

GbE cable

22

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ZigBee2MQTT: Implementation
 Ref: https://www.zigbee2mqtt.io/
 HW supported: CC2530/CC2531, CC2538, CC2650/CC2652
 supported Home automation: e.g. Home Assistant

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Z-Wave
 Z-Wave: wireless
standard for connecting
IoT devices:
 Mesh network,
maximum 4 hops
 Low-power support
 Using sub-1GHz an
transmit up to 100
meters
 Using source routing

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Sub-1GHz Technology
 433MHz, 868MHz, 915MHz bands
 Suitable for outdoor applications

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LoRa Networks

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LoRa Protocol Stack

 Class A, B, and C

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SNR in LoRa
 Normally the noise floor is the physical limit of sensitivity,
however LoRa works below the noise level (SNR<0)
 Typical LoRa SNR values are between: -20dB and +10dB. A value
closer to +10dB means the received signal is less corrupted.
 If a device SNR value is negative the device can receive signals below the
noise floor.
 LoRa can demodulate signals which are -7.5 dB to -20 dB below the noise
floor.

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Modulation in LoRa
 LoRa is a proprietary spread spectrum modulation scheme that is based
on Chirp Spread Spectrum modulation (CSS).
 Chirp Spread Spectrum is a spread spectrum technique that uses
wideband linear frequency modulated chirp pulses to encode information.
 A chirp, often called a sweep signal, is a tone in which the frequency
increases (upchirp) or decreases (down-chirp) with time

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Symbol, Spreading Factor and Chip

 A symbol represents one, or more bits of data, for example:
Symbol = 1011111 (decimal = 95). In the example above the
number of raw bits that can be encoded by the symbol is 7.
This is the same as saying: Spreading Factor (SF) = 7
 The symbol has 2SF values. If SF=7, the values ranges from 0 -
127. The symbol value is encoded onto a sweep signal (up-
chirp).

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Symbol, Spreading Factor and Chip

 The sweep signal is divided into 2SF steps or chips. For
example the symbol is: 1011111 (decimal value = 95)
 The number of raw bits that can be encoded by this symbol is
7 (SF=7)
 The sweep signal is divided in 2SF = 27 = 128 chips

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LoRa Network Architecture

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LoRa: Characteristics
 P2P communication
 Variable bitrates based on Spread Factor (SF)
 Frequency band: 137 – 525 MHz
 Tx Power: up to 20dBm
 Sensitivity: -148 dBm
 Data rate: 0.18 – 37.5 kbps
 Several km coverage

 Frame format
Preamble Sync Word Header Payload CRC
(6 to 65535 (2.25 symbols) (Explicit or (Up to 255 (2 bytes)
symbols) Implicit) bytes)

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Thread stack
A secure, wireless mesh networking protocol
that:
Supports IPv6 addresses and simple IP bridging
Is built upon a foundation of existing standards
Is optimized for low-power / battery-backed operation
Is intended for control and automation (250kbps)
Can support networks of 250 nodes or greater
Supports low latency (less than 100 milliseconds)
Offers simplified security and commissioning
Runs on existing 802.15.4 wireless SoCs

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The need for a new wireless network

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Thread stack

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Thread Target Devices

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IP-Based: Simplified IP Bridging

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Simplified Device Types

Devices join as Router
Eligible or End Device
Router Eligible: Can become
Routers if needed
First router on network
becomes Leader
Leader: Makes decisions within
network
End Devices: Route through
parent
Can be “sleepy” to reduce
power consumption

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Robust: No Single Point of Failure

Dynamic Leaders
If Leader fails,
another Router will
become Leader‟
Router Promotion
Leader can promote
Router Eligible
devices to Routers to
improve connectivity
if required

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Robust: No Single Point of Failure

Multiple Border Routers can
be used for off network
access
Devices operate without
Border Router
What can be a Border
Router?
Anything with 15.4 chip and
other physical layer
Home Wi-Fi router
Set top box
Smart Thermostat (15.4 and
Wi-Fi)

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Security and Commissioning

 Simple Commissioning
 User authorizes devices onto the network using smart phone,
computer
 GUI rich device within network can be used to authorize devices
 Security session established between new device and
commissioning device to authenticate and provide
credentials
 Once commissioning session is done – device attaches to
network
 MAC security used for all messages
 Application level security used based on device
 requirement
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Low Operation Mode

Sleeping devices poll parents for messages (or
remote device if application configured)
Sleeping device not required to check in allow
lower power operation
Parents hold messages for sleeping devices
Sleeping device automatically switches parent
if it loses connectivity

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Thread: Implementation
 OpenThread: https://openthread.io
 Support simulation
 Host and NCP
 Border Router
 Hardware: CC2538, nRF52840

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Smart Home protocols

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