Assignment II

Due Date: Friday, June 21st, 2024 at 5:00 pm

PART 1
1. In the system shown in Figure 1, the generator is solidly grounded (R=0). A directional
relay 𝑅1 uses the 90° connections. The relay elements develop maximum torque when
current leads the voltage by 45°. Calculate the positive, negative and zero sequence
voltages and currents at the relay 𝑅1 location for a phase a-to-ground fault at 𝐹 and
determine the electrical torque developed by the three phase relays. The generator
internal voltage is 1 pu. (30 marks)
 Generator: 𝑋1 = 𝑋2 = 0.1, 𝑋0 = 0.05
 Transformer: 𝑋1 = 𝑋2 = 𝑋0 = 0.05
 Line: 𝑋1 = 𝑋2 = 0.25, 𝑋0 = 0.6
 Relay constant 𝑘1 = 1.

Generator Transformer Line

N
ZG ZT ZL F

R
R2 R1
E

Figure 1
2. Determine the settings of relays 𝑅3 and 𝑅4 to have a coordinated protection system. All
relays have inverse overcurrent element with extremely inverse characteristics and relay
𝑅3 also has an instantaneous overcurrent element. For relay 𝑅1 , 𝐼𝑃𝑈 =6 A and TD=1. For
relay 𝑅2 , 𝐼𝑃𝑈 =7 A and TD=2. Use a safety factor of 1.3 for selecting the pick-up current of
𝑅3 and 𝑅4 . Assume 𝐶𝐼 = 0.4 𝑠 and 𝐴𝐹 = 1.2 (30 marks)

Hint: Draw the sequence network for figure 2 and calculate the fault current for a three-phase
fault right after the downstream relays (Bus B). Use the calculated fault current for the selection
of the relay settings.

500MVA, 11KV
Bus G Xg=100%
11 KV

3000/5
R4

Z=0.038 Max Load 3000A

Bus A
11 KV

1000/5
R3

Z=0.242 Max Load 1000A

Bus B
11 KV

500/5 500/5
R2 R1
R2

Figure 2
 PART 2
Exercise 1: Overcurrent Relays (40 marks)

Open the file “OCRe.mdl”.

Figure 3: A sample radial network with overcurrent relays

The model has been developed with the following data:

 System voltage: 158𝑘𝑉 (114% of 138𝑘𝑉)

 System impedance: 1 + 𝑗10 Ω
 Line 1 impedance: 2 + 𝑗20 Ω, fault location 0.5
 Line 2 impedance: 2 + 𝑗20 Ω, fault location 0.5
 Load 1: 138𝑘𝑉, 100𝑀𝑊, 30𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
 Load 2: 138𝑘𝑉, 100𝑀𝑊, 30𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
 Load 3: 138𝑘𝑉, 50𝑀𝑊, 15𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
 Load 4: 138𝑘𝑉, 50𝑀𝑊, 15𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
 Fault: 0 Ω, inception time 20 𝑚𝑠.
 CB-1 operating time: 15 𝑚𝑠
 CB-2 operating time: 20 𝑚𝑠
 CB-3 operating time: 25 𝑚𝑠
 CT-1: 1600/1𝐴
 CT-2: 1000/1𝐴
 CT-3: 500/1𝐴
 OR-1: pick-up 1.134 𝐴, delay 90 𝑚𝑠
 OR-2: pick-up 0.907 𝐴, delay 50 𝑚𝑠
 OR-3: pick-up 0.907𝐴, delay 5 𝑚𝑠.

Note that the time data are re-scaled to speed-up the simulation. The actual values would be
approximately 10 times higher.

The model of a definite-time overcurrent relay is shown below:

 Figure 4: The model of a definite-time overcurrent relay

In this model, the waveform of the current is processed into a phasor. The phasor’s magnitude is
utilized and compared with the threshold A0 (pick-up current). The comparison result is
integrated to reflect the time delay. The integrator’s output is compared with the time threshold.
The hysteresis is used to model the relay operation (once tripped, the relay does not reset by
itself).

a. Calculate the load currents. If the available CTs have a 1 A secondary current and the
primary current of the following choices: 500, 1000, 1500, 1600, 2000, 2500 𝐴 , determine
whether the selected CT ratios are correct or not. (7 marks)
b. Calculate the short-circuit fault currents for faults F-0 (at the beginning of line 1, right after
CB1), F-1 (at the end of line 1), F-2 (at the end of line 2) and F-3 (right after CB3). (7 marks)

The relay OR-3 is set to operate without any delay. It is assumed that relay OR-3 operates in 5 𝑚𝑠.
The pick-up current of OR-3 should be set at 1.2 × 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1.2 × 0.756 𝐴 = 0.907 𝐴. The
pick-up current of OR-2 should be set at 1.2 × 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1.2 × 0.756 𝐴 = 0.907 𝐴. Assuming
20 𝑚𝑠 security margin, the time delay of OR-2 should be 5 𝑚𝑠 (delay of OR-3) + 25 𝑚𝑠 (operating
time of CB-3) + 20 𝑚𝑠 (security margin) = 50 𝑚𝑠. The pick-up current of OR-1 should be set at
1. 2 × 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1.2 × 0.945 𝐴 = 1.134 𝐴. Assuming 20 𝑚𝑠 as the security margin and OR-2 to
be the slowest relay at bus 2, the time delay of OR-1 should be 50 𝑚𝑠 (delay of OR-2) + 20 𝑚𝑠
(operating time of CB-2) + 20 𝑚𝑠 (security margin)= 90 𝑚𝑠.

c. In this step, you should evaluate the sensitivity of the protection system. Fault F-3 is the most
distant fault in the system, thus producing the smallest current. First, check analytically if the
relays will pick-up during this fault. Then, run the simulation with this fault and plot the
current at CT3. What is the fault clearing time? (6 marks)
d. Place the fault in the middle of the line 2. Run the simulation and plot the current at CT2, CT3,
CT1 and the voltage at bus 2. What is the fault clearing time? (4 marks)
 e. Place the fault in the middle of the line 1. Run the simulation and plot the current at CT1
and the voltage at bus 1. What is the fault clearing time? (6 marks)
f. Place the fault at load 3. Disconnect OR-3 from the CB-3 to simulate relay/breaker
maloperation. Run the simulation and plot the current at CT3 and CT2. What is the fault
clearing time? (5 marks)
g. Place the fault in the middle of line 2. Disconnect OR-2 from CB-2 to simulate relay/breaker
maloperation. Run the simulation and plot the current at CT1 and CT2. What is the fault
clearing time? (5 marks)

Copyright

The simulation files used in this assignment are based on the files developed for the book,
“Design, Modeling and Evaluation of Protective Relays for Power Systems by MIaden Kezunovic,
Jinfeng Ren and Saeed Lotfirad, Springer.