DISTRIBUTED

OPERATING SYSTEM
Distributed System is a collection of autonomous
computer systems that are physically separated but
are connected by a centralized computer network
that is equipped with distributed system software.
The autonomous computers will communicate
among each system by sharing resources and files
and performing the tasks assigned to them.
Example of Distributed System:
Any Social Media can have its Centralized Computer Network
as its Headquarters and computer systems that can be
accessed by any user and using their services will be the
Autonomous Systems in the Distributed System Architecture.
Distributed System Software: This Software enables computers to
coordinate their activities and to share the resources such as Hardware,
Software, Data, etc.
Database: It is used to store the processed data that are processed by
each Node/System of the Distributed systems that are connected to the
Centralized network.
Characteristics of Distributed System:
 Resource Sharing: It is the ability to use any Hardware, Software, or Data anywhere in the
System.
 Openness: It is concerned with Extensions and improvements in the system (i.e., How openly
the software is developed and shared with others)
 Concurrency: It is naturally present in the Distributed Systems, that deal with the same
activity or functionality that can be performed by separate users who are in remote
locations. Every local system has its independent Operating Systems and Resources.
 Scalability: It increases the scale of the system as a number of processors communicate
with more users by accommodating to improve the responsiveness of the system.
 Fault tolerance: It cares about the reliability of the system if there is a failure in Hardware or
Software, the system continues to operate properly without degrading the performance
the system.
 Transparency: It hides the complexity of the Distributed Systems to the Users and
Application programs as there should be privacy in every system.
 Heterogeneity: Networks, computer hardware, operating systems, programming
languages, and developer implementations can all vary and differ among dispersed
system components.
Advantages of Distributed System:
 Applications in Distributed Systems are Inherently Distributed
Applications.
 Information in Distributed Systems is shared among geographically
distributed users.
 Resource Sharing (Autonomous systems can share resources from
remote locations).
 It has a better price performance ratio and flexibility.
 It has shorter response time and higher throughput.
 It has higher reliability and availability against component failure.
 It has extensibility so that systems can be extended in more
remote locations and also incremental growth
Disadvantages of Distributed System:
 Relevant Software for Distributed systems does not exist currently.
 Security possess a problem due to easy access to data as the
resources are shared to multiple systems.
 Networking Saturation may cause a hurdle in data transfer i.e., if
there is a lag in the network then the user will face a problem
accessing data.
 In comparison to a single user system, the database associated
with distributed systems is much more complex and challenging
to manage.
 If every node in a distributed system tries to send data at once,
the network may become overloaded.
Applications Area of Distributed System:
 Finance and Commerce:
 Information Society:
 Cloud Technologies:
 Entertainment:
 Healthcare:
 Education:
 Transport and logistics:
 Environment Management:
 Web Search:
Applications Area of Distributed System:
 Finance and Commerce: Amazon, eBay, Online Banking, E-Commerce websites.
 Information Society: Search Engines, Wikipedia, Social Networking, Cloud
Computing.
 Cloud Technologies: AWS, Salesforce, Microsoft Azure, SAP.
 Entertainment: Online Gaming, Music, YouTube.
 Healthcare: Online patient records, Health Informatics.
 Education: E-learning.
 Transport and logistics: GPS, Google Maps.
 Environment Management: Sensor technologies
 Web Search: Google
Models of Distributed Systems:
A Distributed System is a Network of Machines that can exchange information with each
other through Message-passing. It can be very useful as it helps in resource sharing.
 Client/Server Systems: The client requests the server for resources or a task to do, the
server allocates the resource or performs the task and sends the result in the form of a
response to the request of the client.
 Peer-to-Peer Systems: Nodes are an important part of a system. In this, each node
performs its own task on its local memory and shares data through the supporting
medium, this node can work as a server or as a client for a system.
 Middleware: It works as a base for different interoperability applications running on
different operating systems. Data can be transferred to other between others by using
this service.
 Three-tier: In this data of the client is stored in the middle tier rather than sorted into the
client system or on their server through which development can be done easily. This is
mostly used in web or online applications.
 N-tier: When interoperability sends the request to another application to perform a task
or to provide a service.
Types of Distributed Systems
A distributed system is also known as distributed computer
science and distributed databases; independent
components that interact with other different machines that
exchange messages to achieve common goals. As such,
the distributed system appears to the end-user like an
interface or a computer. Together the system can maximize
resources and information while preventing system failure
and did not affect service availability.
1. Distributed Computing System:
2. Distributed Information System:
3. Distributed Pervasive System:
1. Distributed Computing System:
This distributed system is used in performance computation which requires high
computing.
Cluster Computing: A collection of connected computers that work together as
a unit to perform operations together, functioning in a single system. Clusters are
generally connected quickly via local area networks & each node is running the
same operating system.
When input comes from a client to the main computer, the master CPU divides the
task into simple jobs and sends it to slave note to do it when the jobs are done by
the slave nodes, they send it back to the master node, and then it shows the result
to the main computer.
Advantages:
1. High Performance
2. Easy to manage
3. Scalable
4. Expandability
5. Availability
6. Flexibility
7. Cost effectiveness
8. Distributed applications
Disadvantages:
1. High cost
2. The problem in finding the fault
3. More space is needed
4. Increased infrastructure needed
5. In distributed systems, it is challenging to provide adequate
security because both the nodes and the connections must be
protected.
Applications of Cluster Computing:
1. In many web applications functionalities such as Security, Search Engines,
Database servers, web servers, proxy, and email.
2. It is flexible to allocate work as small data tasks for processing.
3. Assist and help to solve complex computational problems
4. Cluster computing can be used in weather modeling
5. Earthquake, Nuclear, Simulation, and tornado forecast
 Grid computing: In grid computing, the subgroup consists of distributed systems, which are
often set up as a network of computer systems, each system can belong to a different
administrative domain and can differ greatly in terms of hardware, software, and
implementation network technology.

 The different department has a different computer with different OS to make the control
node present which helps different computer with different OS to communicate with
each other and transfer messages to work.
Advantages:
1. Can solve bigger and more complex problems in a shorter time frame. Easier
collaboration with other organizations and better use of existing equipment
2. Existing hardware is used to the fullest.
3. Collaboration with organizations made easier
Disadvantages:
1. Grid software and standards continue to evolve
2. Getting started learning curve
3. Non-interactive job submission
4. You may need a fast connection between computer resources.
5. Licensing on many servers can be prohibitive for some applications.
Applications of Grid Computing
1. Organizations that develop grid standards and practices for the guild line.
2. Works as a middleware solution for connecting different businesses.
3. It is a solution-based solution that can meet computing, data, and network needs.
Cloud Computing:
It is delivery of on demand computing services from applications to storage and
processing power over the internet and on a pay-as you –go basis.
Organizations have moved to cloud platform for better scalability, mobility and
security.
cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage,
databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the internet (“the
cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale.
You typically pay only for cloud services you use, helping you lower your operating
costs, run your infrastructure more efficiently, and scale as your business needs
change.
Cloud:
The term cloud refers to the network/Internet. It is a technology that uses remote
servers on internet that stores, manages and access data online rather than local
drives
Types of Cloud:
1. Public Cloud
2. Private Cloud
3. Hybrid Cloud
4. Community Cloud
Characteristics of Cloud Computing
1. Broad Network access
2. Reliability
3. Efficient Resource Utilization
4. On demand Service
5. High performance
6. Network Access
7. Customization
8. High Scalability
9. Green Technology
2. Distributed Information System:
Distributed transaction processing: It works across different servers using multiple
communication models. The four characteristics that transactions have:
Atomic: the transaction taking place must be indivisible for the others
Consistent: The transaction should be consistent after the transaction has been done
Isolated: A transaction must not interfere with another transaction
Durable: Once an engaged transaction, the changes are permanent. Transactions are often
constructed as several sub-transactions, jointly forming a nested transaction.
 Each database can perform its own individual query containing data retrieval
from two different databases to give one single result
Architectural styles
1. Layered architecture
• Layered architecture provides a modular approach to software. By
separating each component, it is more efficient.
• For example, the open systems interconnection (OSI) model uses a
layered architecture for better results.
• It does this by contacting layers in sequence, which allows it to reach
its goal. In some instances, the implementation of layered
architecture is in cross-layer coordination.
• Under cross-layer, the interactions can skip any adjacent layer until it
fulfills the request and provides better performance results.

• Layered architecture is a type of software that separates components into units.
• A request goes from the top down, and the response goes from the bottom up.
• The advantage of layered architecture is that it keeps things orderly and modifies each
layer independently without affecting the rest of the system.
2. Object-based architecture

• Object-based architecture centers around an arrangement of loosely coupled

objects with no specific architecture like layers.
• Unlike layered architecture, object-based architecture doesn’t have to follow any
steps in a sequence.
• Each component is an object, and all the objects can interact through an interface
(or connector).
• Under object-based architecture, such interactions between components can
happen through a direct method call
• At its core, communication between objects happens through method invocations,
often called remote procedure calls (RPC).
• Popular RPC systems include Java RMI and Web Services and REST API Calls.
• The primary design consideration of these architectures is that they are less structured.
Here, component equals object, and connector equals RPC or RMI..
Resource Oriented Architecture