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The cell cycle consists of stages that a cell undergoes for growth, DNA replication, and division into two daughter cells, crucial for organismal growth and repair. It includes interphase (G1, S, G2) and the mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis), regulated by checkpoints and proteins like cyclins and CDKs. Understanding the cell cycle is important as errors can lead to cancer or cell death.

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4 views

note1

The cell cycle consists of stages that a cell undergoes for growth, DNA replication, and division into two daughter cells, crucial for organismal growth and repair. It includes interphase (G1, S, G2) and the mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis), regulated by checkpoints and proteins like cyclins and CDKs. Understanding the cell cycle is important as errors can lead to cancer or cell death.

Uploaded by

Lam Matt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class Notes 1: Biology - The Cell Cycle

Overview
The cell cycle is the series of stages a cell goes through to grow, replicate its DNA, and divide
into two daughter cells. It’s critical for growth, repair, and reproduction in organisms.

Stages of the Cell Cycle

 Interphase: The preparation phase (not technically division).

o G1 (First Gap): Cell grows, produces proteins, and prepares for DNA replication.

o S (Synthesis): DNA replication occurs, doubling the genetic material.

o G2 (Second Gap): Cell continues to grow, checks DNA for errors, and prepares for
division.

 Mitotic (M) Phase: Division happens here.

o Mitosis: Nucleus divides into two identical nuclei.

 Prophase: Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form.

 Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell’s center.

 Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate to opposite ends.

 Telophase: Nuclear membranes reform around separated chromosomes.

o Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm splits, creating two daughter cells.

Regulation

 Checkpoints ensure the cycle proceeds correctly:

o G1 Checkpoint: Checks cell size and DNA damage.

o G2 Checkpoint: Verifies DNA replication and repairs errors.

o M Checkpoint: Ensures chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers.

 Proteins like cyclins and CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases) control progression.

Key Terms

 Chromatin: Uncondensed DNA.

 Chromatid: One half of a replicated chromosome.

 Centromere: Region where chromatids are joined.


Why It Matters
Errors in the cell cycle can lead to cancer (uncontrolled division) or cell death. Understanding it
helps in medicine and research.

Class Notes 1: Biology - The Cell Cycle

Overview
The cell cycle is the series of stages a cell goes through to grow, replicate its DNA, and divide
into two daughter cells. It’s critical for growth, repair, and reproduction in organisms.

Stages of the Cell Cycle

 Interphase: The preparation phase (not technically division).

o G1 (First Gap): Cell grows, produces proteins, and prepares for DNA replication.

o S (Synthesis): DNA replication occurs, doubling the genetic material.

o G2 (Second Gap): Cell continues to grow, checks DNA for errors, and prepares for
division.

 Mitotic (M) Phase: Division happens here.

o Mitosis: Nucleus divides into two identical nuclei.

 Prophase: Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form.

 Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell’s center.

 Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate to opposite ends.

 Telophase: Nuclear membranes reform around separated chromosomes.

o Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm splits, creating two daughter cells.

Regulation

 Checkpoints ensure the cycle proceeds correctly:

o G1 Checkpoint: Checks cell size and DNA damage.

o G2 Checkpoint: Verifies DNA replication and repairs errors.

o M Checkpoint: Ensures chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers.

 Proteins like cyclins and CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases) control progression.

Key Terms
 Chromatin: Uncondensed DNA.

 Chromatid: One half of a replicated chromosome.

 Centromere: Region where chromatids are joined.

Why It Matters
Errors in the cell cycle can lead to cancer (uncontrolled division) or cell death. Understanding it
helps in medicine and research.

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