Chapter 11
Chapter 11
CHAPTER 11
11.1 Introduction
Electric Machine
Dynamic
Static Machines
Machines
Synchronous
DC Motor Machines
Synchronous
DC Generator Motor
Single Phase
Synchronous
Motors
Three Phase
Synchronous
Motors
Synchronous
Generator
Single Phase
Synchronous
Generator
Three Phase
Synchronous
Asynchronous Generator
Machines
Induction
Machines
Single Phase
Induction
Machines
Three Phase
Induction
Machines
Figure 11.1 Types of electrical machines
11.2 Transformers
The main parts of a transformer are the core, windings, transformer tank,
conservator tank, terminal bushings, and breather.
Core
Core Type Transformer: In core type transformer, the windings are wound on
the side limbs of the core as shown in Figure 11.3. In core type transformer
the High Voltage Winding (HV) is wound over the Low Voltage Winding (LV).
Figure 11.3 Core type transformer Figure 11.4 Shell type transformer
Shell Type Transformer: In the shell type transformer, both the LV and HV
windings are wound on the central limb in sandwich pattern as shown in
Figure 11.4.
Windings
These are made of enamelled copper wire. Each turn of the winding is
insulated from each other.
Transformer Tank
This tank stores the oil needed for cooling and insulation of transformer. It is
mounted on the top of the transformer.
Conservator Tank
This is a small tank connected to the main tank. This tank accommodates
the change is oil levels during the heating and cooling of transformer oil.
Terminal Bushings
Breather
(11.1)
Figure 11.5
(11.2)
(11.3)
i.e.
(11.4)
From Eq. (11.4), e1 attains maximum value when sin(ωt – 90) = 1. Thus, the
maximum value E1 is given by
(11.5)
i.e.
(11.6)
Similarly,
(11.7)
Core loss or iron loss occurs due to alternating flux in the core. It mainly
consists of eddy current loss and hysteresis loss. The core loss or iron loss is
constant for a transformer and does not vary with load.
Eddy current loss is due to eddy current occurring in the core of the
transformer. The core is laminated to reduce the eddy current loss. Eddy
current loss is given by
Therefore,
Copper Loss
Copper loss is due to resistance of the winding. It is the I2R loss occurring in
the winding of transformer.
(11.14)
or
(11.15)
(11.16)
11.3 DC Machines
The mains parts of a DC machine are, yoke, poles, field windings, armature,
commutator, and brushes. The yoke, poles and field windings form the stator
and the armature and commutator forms the rotor. Figure 11.6 shows a
cross-sectional view of a DC machine
Yoke
Poles
These are made of steel laminations. The main purpose is to hold the field
windings into position. The end portion of the pole is called pole shoe. The
pole and the field windings together act as an electromagnet.
Field Windings
They are enamelled copper wires wound around the poles. It consists of
several turns, which are insulated from each other. When current passes
through these windings, they form an electromagnet with alternate north
and south poles.
Armature
This is the rotating part of the machine. It is a cylindrical structure with slots
around its outer periphery. Several turns of copper wire are wound through
these slots. When current is passed through the armature windings, it begins
to rotate.
Commutator
Brushes
The brushes are sliding contacts which are used to give and collect current
from the armature through the commutator.
11.3.2 DC Motor
Force, (11.17)
Figure 11.7
(11.19)
where EB is Back EMF, V is applied voltage, IA is armature current, and RA is
resistance of armature.
(11.20)
i.e. (11.21)
(11.22)
(11.23)
The voltage equation is given by Eq. (11.19). At the time of starting, back
EMF, EB = 0.
i.e. (11.24)
Since the value of RA is very low (around 0.1 Ω), the current during starting
will be very high. This high current may damage the motor. So we use
starters to limit the starting current within safe limits to protect the motor.
Series Motor
Figure 11.8 shows a DC series motor. Here the field winding is connected in
series with the armature winding. The series field winding will have low
resistance. Series motor have high starting torque, and dangerously high
(11.25)
Shunt Motor
Figure 11.9 shows a DC shunt motor. Here the field winding is connected in
shunt (parallel) with the armature winding. The shunt field winding will have
high resistance. Shunt motor have medium torque, and constant speed
throughout. These motors are used in lathes, vacuum cleaners,
compressors, reciprocating pumps, textile mills, etc.
(11.26)
Compound Motor
Figure 11.20 shows a DC compound motor. Here, the motor consists of two
field windings, one series winding and one shunt (parallel) winding. The
shunt field winding will have high resistance and series winding will have low
resistance. Compound motor have high starting torque, and varying speed
within limits. These motors are used in rolling mills, stamping machines,
rotary presses, door lifts, pressure blowers, shearing mills, etc.
(11.27)
There are two types of DC compound motors. They are, long shunt
compound motors, and short shunt compound motors. Figure 11.10 shows
the long shunt and short shunt compound motors.
Solution 11.1
Data:
P = 4, Lap connection, i.e., A = P = 4
S = 40
ZS = 8
= 60 mWb = 60 × 10-3 Wb
N = 1500 rpm
Solution:
Example 11.2 A 6-pole, wave wound armature has 410 slots with 8
conductors per slot. Its useful flux per pole is 20 mWb. At what speed should
the armature be rotated in order to obtain an emf of 500 V?
Solution 11.2
Data:
P = 6, Wave wound, i.e., A = 2
S = 410
ZS = 8
= 20 mWb = 20 × 10-3 Wb
E = 500 V
Solution:
Solution 11.3
Data:
P=4
Wave wound, i.e., A = 2
S = 37
Zs = 10
= 30 mWb = 30 × 10-3
Ia = 50 A
Solution:
Three phase induction motors work with three phase AC supply. The working
principle of three phase induction motor is based on Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction. An induction motor consists of 2 main parts:
i. Stator – It is the stationary part. It does not move or rotate.
ii. Rotor – It is the rotating part of the machine.
11.4.1 Construction
As shown in Figure 11.11, the mains parts of an induction machine are the
yoke, stator, and rotor.
Yoke
Stator
Rotor
They are of two types, namely, squirrel cage and wound rotor. Squirrel Cage
rotors have copper or aluminium bars placed in the form of cylinder which
are shorted at ends by end rings. The entire rotor resembles the shape of
squirrel cage and hence the name. 90% of induction motors have squirrel
cage rotors. Wound Rotor has three phase star connected windings. These
are used in high torque applications.
The working principle behind three phase induction motor is Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction. When three phase supply is given to stator, it
creates a rotating magnetic field. This rotating magnetic field rotates at
synchronous speed (NS) given by
(11.28)
This rotating field will cut the conductors of rotor and induces an EMF in the
rotor. The direction of induced EMF will be to oppose the cause. That is to
minimise the change in flux. So the rotor will begin to rotate in the direction
of magnetic field.
11.4.3 Slip
(11.29)
(11.30)
(11.31)
(11.32)
The construction is same as that of three phase induction motor except that
the stator has distributed single phase windings. The rotor is of squirrel cage
type, as shown in Figure 11.12.
During starting the centrifugal switch will be ON and both the windings will
be connected to the supply. The two windings will create rotating magnetic
field and the motor starts to rotate. When the motor attains 70% to 80% of
rated speed, the centrifugal switch turns OFF. Now the motor runs on main
winding.
Single phase induction motors are used in fans, blowers, wind pressure,
conveyer, toys and small fans.
During starting the centrifugal switch will be ON and both the windings will
be connected to the supply. The two windings will create rotating magnetic
field and the motor starts to rotate. When the motor attains 70% to 80% of
rated speed, the centrifugal switch turns OFF. Now the motor runs on main
winding.
Capacitor Start Induction Motors
These are series motor which works on AC as well as DC. It is of two types,
namely, non-compensated type, and compensated type. These are used in
mixes, grinder, drill, electric shaver, vacuum cleaner, etc.