PRELIM TOPICS

Concept of Real Numbers, Laws of Exponents, and Polynomials

Algebraic Operations, Special Products, and Factoring
Algebraic Fractions and Radicals
Solutions of Linear Equations and Applications

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 Introductory Concepts
Set – is a collection of well defined distinct objects.
Examples: A = 𝑎, 𝑒 , 𝑖 , 𝑜 , 𝑢 , B = 1, 2, 3, … , C = 𝑥 Ι 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 < 5
Two ways of naming a set
1 roster method
2. The rule or defining property method.
Operations on sets:
∪ – union , Def. The union of two sets A and B , denoted by A U B, is the
set of all elements that belong to A or to B or to both.
∩ −intersection, Def. The intersection of two sets A and B , denoted by
A∩B , is the set of all elements that belong to both A and B.

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 Introductory Concepts
A ‘ – A complement , Def. The complement of the set are those elements found
in the Universal set that are not found in the given set.
U – Universal set , Def. The universal set is the sum of all the element within the
venn diagram
Example : A = ( 1, a , b , 3 ) , B = ( 2, b , c, 3 , 4 ) , U = ( 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, a, b, c, d )
Determine the following:
1. A ∪ B 4. B ’
2. A ∩ B 5. (A ∩ B )’
3. A’ 6. Venn Diagram

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 Introductory Concepts
1. A ∪ B = ( 1, 2, 3, 4, a, b, c ) 4. B ’ = ( 1, 5 , a , d )
2. A ∩ B = ( 3, b ) 5. (A ∩ B )’= (1, 2, 4, 5, a, c, d )
3. A ’ = ( 2, 4, 5, c, d ) 6. Venn diagram

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 Concept of Real Numbers

REAL NUMBERS

RATIONAL NUMBERS IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

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 Concept of Real Numbers

EXAMPLES :

RATIONAL NUMBERS
75 , - 34 , 5 / 6 , 0.25 , 0.333…, 25 , …

IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
2 , 3 , 𝜋 = 3.14159 … , e = 2.7182… , …

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 LAWS OF EXPONENTS

Consider , 𝑎𝑛 = (a )( a )( a ) ….( a ) , n factors

where a is the base and n is the exponent, it read as “ the nth
power of base a ”
Examples:
25 = ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) (2 ) ( 2 ) = 32
104 = (10 ) ( 10 ) (10 ) ( 10 ) = 10,000
(−5)3 = ( - 5 ) ( - 5 ) ( - 5 ) = -125

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 LAWS OF EXPONENTS
If a and b are real numbers and m and n are integers , then the
Laws of Exponents:
1. 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
𝑎𝑚
2. = 𝑎𝑚− 𝑛 , a ≠ 0
𝑎𝑛
3. ( 𝑎 𝑏 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
4. ( ) = 𝑛 , b≠ 0
𝑏 𝑏
5. (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑛

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 LAWS OF EXPONENTS
Examples :
𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 , 1. 𝑥 3 𝑥 4 = 𝑥 3+4 = 𝑥 7
2. (𝑤 − 3𝑛)5 ( 𝑤 − 3𝑛 )8 = ( 𝑤 − 3𝑛 )13

𝑎𝑚 𝑦 10
= 𝑎𝑚− 𝑛 , 1. = 𝑦10−3 = y 7
𝑎𝑛 𝑦3
(3𝑥+2 𝑦 )15
2. = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 11
(3 𝑥+2) 4
𝑝3
3. = 𝑝3−10 = p -3
𝑝10

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 LAWS OF EXPONENTS
Examples :
( 𝑎 𝑏 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 , 1. ( 2 𝑥 )4 = 24 𝑥 4 = 16 x4
2. ( 3 𝑚𝑛 )2 = 32 𝑚2 𝑛2 = 9 𝑚2 𝑛2
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 3 𝑥3 𝑥3
( ) = 𝑛 , 1. ( ) = 3 =
𝑏 𝑏 5 5 125
4𝑥 2 4 2 𝑥2 16 𝑥 2
2. ( ) = 2 = 2
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
(𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑛 , 1. (𝑤 ) = 𝑤
3 2 3 (2)
= w 6

2. ( 𝑦 3 )8 = 𝑦 24

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 LAWS OF EXPONENTS
Zero Exponent and Negative Exponent

1
Zero Exponent 𝑎0 =1 , Negative Exponent 𝑎− 𝑛 =
𝑎𝑛
Examples: Examples:
1 1
1. (xy ) = 1
0 1. 2-3 = 3 =
2 8
𝑦− 3 𝑥6
2. (3x – 5y) 0 = 1 2. = 3 4
𝑥 −6 𝑤 4 𝑦 𝑤
𝑧 0
3. ( ) =1
3𝑥

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 Concept of Polynomials
Constant and Variable
Constant – is a symbol to represent specific element .
Examples : 4 , - 17 , 0.25 , 1 / 3 , 𝜋 = 3.1416 , …
Variable – is a symbol used to represent any element of a given set.
Examples: x , y , z ,…..

Consider 5 x , 5 is called the numerical coefficient and x is the literal

coefficient.

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 Polynomials
Algebraic Expressions

Algebraic Expressions – is a constant , a variable , or a combination of constant

and variable together with the four basic operations, raising powers and
extraction of roots.
Examples : 10 , 3 x y , 7 nm + 3 n , 3m ² - 5 nm + 7n ² - 6 ,
2x4–62 𝑥 , - 3( 2a – 3b + 4 ), …

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 Polynomials
Term of Algebraic Expressions
Term of Algebraic Expressions :
A number or a letter which separated by a plus or minus signs is called term
of algebraic expressions
One term is called monomial , Ex. 3x , 2xy , - 3 mn2 , 10 wz
Two terms is called binomial , Ex. 7n ² - 6 , 3x – 5y , - 3 mn + 4n2
Three terms is called trinomial , Ex. 3m ² - 5 nm + 7n ² , 3 xy + 4y2 + 10
For three or more terms is called multinomial

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 Polynomials
Similar Terms and Dissimilar Terms
1
Like terms: Ex. 3 xy - 5xy , 10 yx , 0.85 xy, yx, …
4
Unlike terms: Ex. 4xy , 7 x2y, - 10 xy2 , 2x + 3y , 0.50 x2 y3 ,…
What is a polynomials?
Polynomials are sums of the terms in the form of p xn , where p is
any number and n is a positive integer.
Examples : 3m ² - 5 m + 8 , 2a3 – 3a2 + 4 a – 16 , 3x + 7 , - 10

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 Polynomials
Types of polynomials
The types of polynomials depend on the number of terms and the coefficient of
the highest degree.
Examples
1 3
Rational Polynomial, x – 2x – 3
2
Integral Polynomial , 5x2 - 2x + 1
Complex Polynomial , −12 x2 + 2x - 7

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End of Presentation
Thank you !

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