Algebraic Operations

Rules of Signs
Assumptions: plus sign operation (+ ) or positive
minus sign operation ( - ) or negative
RULE 1 : Addition and Subtraction of Like Signs

Like signs Operation Proper sign

++ addition Indicated sign
- - addition Indicated sign
Examples: 1. - 15 – 3 = - 18 3. - 8 - 2 – 7 = -17
2. +10 + 6 = 16 4. 4 + 6 + 9 = 19

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 Algebraic Operations

RULE 2: Addition and Subtraction of Unlike Signs

Unlike signs Operation Proper sign
+ - subtraction Prefix the sign of the
larger number
- + subtraction Prefix the sign of the
larger number

Examples: 1. - 15 + 3 = - 12 3. - 8 - 2 + 7 = - 3
2. +10 - 6 = 4 4. 4+6- 9 = 1

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 Algebraic Operations
RULE 3 : Multiplication and Division of Like Signs

Like signs Operation Proper sign

( + ) ( + ) or ( - ) ( - ) multiplication positive
( + ) /( + ) or ( - ) / ( - ) division positive

Examples :
− 10
1. ( 8 ) ( 6 ) = 48 3. = 5
−2
16
2. ( - 9 ) ( - 3 ) = 27 4. = 8
2

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 Algebraic Operations

RULE 4 : Multiplication and Division of Unlike Signs

Unlike signs Operation Proper sign
( + ) ( - ) or ( - ) ( + ) multiplication negative
( + ) /( - ) or ( + ) / ( - ) division negative

Examples :
10
1. ( - 8 ) ( 7 ) = - 56 3. = - 5
−2
−16
2. ( 9 ) ( - 4 ) = - 36 4. = - 8
2

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 Algebraic Operations

RULE 5 : Combination of Cases

Ex. 1. 10 – ( - 4 ) = 10 + 4 = 14
2. - 18 + ( - 3 ) = - 18 – 3 = -21
3. -33 - ( - 7 ) = - 33 + 7 = -26
4. ( -2 ) ( 3 ) (- 4) = 24
16
5. - + ( -4 ) ( -7 ) - (-3)
2
= -8 + 28 + 3
= 23

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 Algebraic Operations

Grouping Symbols
From distributive property
1. + ( a + b ) = a + b 3. - ( a + b ) = – a – b
2. + ( a – b ) = a – b 4. - ( a – b ) = - a + b
Remove the grouping symbols and simplify.
3 + 4 −2 3𝑥 − 4 + 2 1 − 2𝑦 + 3 - 2( x + 5y )
= 3 + 4 −6𝑥 + 8 + 2 − 4𝑦 + 3 - 2x – 10 y
= 3 + 4 −6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 13 - 2x – 10 y = 3 - 24x- 16 y+ 52 – 2x – 10y
= - 26 x - 26 y + 55

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 Algebraic Operations

Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials

Note: You can only add or subtract or combined polynomials if they have the
same terms.
Perform the indicated operations and simplify.
A. Find the sum :
1. 3 x – 2 y + 17 , 5x + 4y – 6 , 10 x + 3 – 5y
2. - 8 m² - 3 mn + 4n2 + 10 , 3m ² - 5 nm + 7n ² - 6
B. Subtract the second expression from the first.
1. 3 x – 2 y + 17 , 10 x + 3 – 5y
2. ( a + 2b - 5) , - 3( 2a – 3b + 4 )

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 Algebraic Operations
Solutions:
A 1. 3 x – 2 y + 17 2. - 8 m² - 3 mn + 4n2 + 1 0
5x + 4y – 6 3m ² - 5 nm + 7n ² - 6
(+) 10 x – 5y + 3 − 5𝑚2 − 8𝑚𝑛 + 11𝑛2 + 4
18 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 14

B 1. 3 x – 2 y + 17 → 3 x – 2 y + 17 2. a + 2b - 5 → a + 2b - 5
(-) 10 x + 3 – 5y → - 10 x + 5y - 3 (- )- 3( 2a – 3b + 4 ) → (+) 6a – 9b + 12
−7𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 14 7a − 7𝑏 + 7

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 Algebraic Operations

Multiplication of Polynomials
Recall Laws of Exponents and Rules of Signs
Find the product:
1. ( 2x – 3 ) ( 3x + 5 ) 2. (- 8 m² - 3 mn + 4n2 ) ( 3m – 2n )
2x – 3 - 8 m² - 3 mn + 4n2
3x + 5 3m – 2n
6𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 −24m3 − 9𝑚2 𝑛 + 12m𝑛2
10 x – 15 16 m2n + 6 mn2 – 8 n3
6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 15 −24𝑚3 + 7𝑚2 𝑛 + 18𝑚𝑛2 − 8𝑛3

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 Algebraic Operations

Division of of Polynomials
Recall Laws of Exponents and Rules of Signs
Divide 1. x3 – 8 by x – 2 2. 3 m2 + 7m -6 by 3m - 2
x 2 + 2x + 4 m+3
x - 2 )𝑥 3 + 0 𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 − 8 3m - 2 )3 𝑚2 + 7 𝑚 − 6
- ( x 3 – 2x2 ) - ( 3 m2 - 2m)
2𝑥 2 + 0 𝑥 9𝑚 − 6
- (2x2 – 4x ) - ( 9m – 6)
4𝑥 − 8 0
- ( 4x – 8 )
0

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 Special Products

Special Products :
1. ( a – b ) ( a + b ) = a 2 - b 2 , the product of sum and difference of two numbers
2. ( a + b )2 = a 2 + 2 ab + b 2 , the square of binomial
( a – b )2 = a 2 - 2 ab + b 2 , the square of binomial
3. ( a + b )3 = a 3 + 3 a2 b + 3 a b2 + b3 , the cube of binomial
( a – b )3 = a 3 – 3 a2 b + 3 a b2 – b3 , the cube of binomial
4 (ax + by ) ( cx + dy ) = (ac ) x2 + ( ad + bc ) xy + (bd) y2 , FOIL method

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 Special Products

Examples:
( a – b ) ( a + b ) = a 2 - b 2 1. ( 7x ³ - 5y ² ) ( 7x ³ + 5y ² ) = (7x ³ )2 – (5y ² )2 = 49 x6 – 25 y4
2. ( 3m – 5 n ) ( 3m + 5 n ) = ( 3m )2 – ( 5n )2 = 9 m2 – 25 n2

(a + b )2 = a 2+2 ab + b 2 1. ( 6x + 7y5 )2 =( 6x )2 + 2 (6x)(7y5) + (7y5)2 = 36 x2 + 84xy5+49y10

2. ( 4x - 3y )2 =( 4x )2 - 2 (4x)(3y) + (3y)2 = 16 x2 - 24 xy + 9 y2

( a + b )3 = a 3 + 3 a2 b + 3 a b2 + b3 1. ( 3m + 2n ) 3 = (3m)3 + 3(3m)2(2n) + 3 (3m)(2n)2 +(2n)3

= 33m3 + 3(3 2m2 )(2n) + 3 (3m)(2 2 n2 )+ 2 3 n3
= 27 m3 + 54 m2 n + 36 m n2 + 8 n3

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 Special Products

(ax + by ) ( cx + dy ) = (ac ) x2 + ( ad + bc ) xy + (bd) y2 , FOIL method

FOIL method : F – first , O – outer , I – inner , L - last
Examples:
O 33 mn
I
1. ( 5m – 3 n ) ( 4m + 9 n) = 20 m2 + 45 mn – 12 mn - 27 n2 = 20 m2 + 33 mn – 27 n2

F L F O I L
2. ( 4 x – 3 y ) ( x – 2 y) = 4 x2 – 8 xy – 3 xy + 6 y2 = 4 x2 – 33 xy – 27 y2

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 Factoring Polynomials
Types of Factoring
1. ax + ay = a ( x + y ) , common factor
2. a2 – b2 = ( a + b )( a – b ) , difference of squares
3. a3 + b3 = ( a + b ) ( a2 - ab +b2 ), sum of cubes
4. a3 – b3 = ( a – b ) ( a2 + ab +b2 ), difference of cubes
5. General Trinomial ( Trial & Error method )

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 Factoring Polynomials
Examples
Common factor : ax + ay = a ( x + y )
1. 12 x3 + 4 x2 y – 6 x = 2x ( 6 x2 + 2 xy – 3 )
2. cx - cy + ax – ay = c ( x- y ) + a ( x – y ) = ( c + a ) ( x – y )
Difference of Squares : a2 – b2 = ( a + b )( a – b )
1. 25 x 2 – 49 y 2 = ( 5 x – 7 y ) ( 5x + 7y )
2. (a+b ) 2 – 100 = ( a +b - 10 ) ( a+ b + 10 )
Sum of Cubes : a3 + b3 = ( a + b ) ( a2 - ab +b2 )
27 x3 + 1000 = ( 3x )3 + 103 = ( 3x + 10 ) { (3x )2 – (3x)(10) +(10)2 } =
= ( 3x + 10 ) ( 9x2 – 30x + 100)

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 Factoring Polynomials
Difference of Cubes: a3 – b3 = ( a – b ) ( a2 + ab +b2 )
8 m 3 - 125 n3 = ( 2m )3 - ( 5n)3 = ( 2m - 5n ) { (2m )2 + (2m)(5n) +(5n)2 } =
= ( 2m - 5n ) ( 4m 2 + 10 mn + 25n2)
General Trinomial ( Trial & Error method )
Steps : 1. Write two sets of parenthesis and determine the factors of the first term from the
given trinomial Ex. ( x )(x )
2. Determine the signs of the grouping symbols based on the sign of the third term.
If negative , then use unlike signs, Ex ( x + ) ( x - ) or ( x - )(x + )
If positive, the use like signs , Ex ( x + )( x + ) or ( x - ) ( x - ),based
on the sign of the second term
3. Determine the factors of the third term and check using foil method.

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 Factoring Polynomials
Examples: Factor the following completely.
1. 3x2 - 16x + 5
step 1, 3x2 - 16x + 5 = ( 3x ) (x )
step 2, since the sign of the 3rd term is positive then use like signs based on
the sign of the 2nd term
3x2 - 16x + 5 = ( 3x - ) (x - )
step 3, 3x2 - 16x + 5 = ( 3x - 1 ) (x - 5 )
2. 8m2 -14mn -15n2 = ( 4m + 3n ) ( 2m - 5n )
3. y2 + 3y – 28 = (y - 4) (y +7 )

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End of Presentation
Thank You!

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