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Bonus Questions - Sheet 4

The document contains a set of bonus questions for an Analysis I course, focusing on various mathematical concepts including inequalities, convergence of sequences, and properties of irrational numbers. It includes problems related to sequences defined by specific recursive formulas, limits, and the behavior of polynomials and irrational numbers. The questions are designed to challenge students' understanding of advanced mathematical principles and their applications.

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5 views2 pages

Bonus Questions - Sheet 4

The document contains a set of bonus questions for an Analysis I course, focusing on various mathematical concepts including inequalities, convergence of sequences, and properties of irrational numbers. It includes problems related to sequences defined by specific recursive formulas, limits, and the behavior of polynomials and irrational numbers. The questions are designed to challenge students' understanding of advanced mathematical principles and their applications.

Uploaded by

skcap01482
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bonus Questions for Analysis I

(kindly provided by Paul Balister)


Sheet 4 —

1. Fix x ∈ R and for n = 1, 2, . . . , define


 x n  x −n
an = 1 + and bn = 1 − .
n n
(a) Show that the inequality an ≤ an+1 can be rearranged (for x ̸= −n) as
 n+1
n(n + 1) + nx n
≥ .
n(n + 1) + (n + 1)x n+x

By applying Bernoulli’s inequality to the left hand side, verify this inequality for
all n > |x|.
(b) Show that an ≤ an+1 ≤ bn+1 ≤ bn for all n > |x|.
(c) Deduce that (an ) and (bn ) converge to the same limit as n → ∞.

2. (a) Show that if z ∈ C with z n → L and L ̸= 0 then z = L = 1. [Hint: z n−1 → L.]


(b) If P (n) is any non-constant integer polynomial and z P (n) → L ̸= 0 then what can
you say about z and L?
n
(c) If z 5 → L ̸= 0, what can you say about z and L?
(d) (Hard) True or False: for any L ∈ C with |L| = 1, there exists a z ∈ C such that
z n! → L. Explain.

3. (a) Suppose α is an irrational number. By considering which of the intervals [0, n1 ],


[ n1 , n2 ],. . . , [ n−1
n
, 1] the fractional parts of 0, α, 2α, . . . nα fall into, show that there
exists p, q ∈ Z with 0 < q ≤ n with |qα − p| ≤ n1 .
2
(b) Using the fact that π is irrational, deduce that (cos n)n diverges as n → ∞.

4. Do the following sequences converge as n → ∞. If so, find their limit.


n n n)n
(a) sin πn
10
, (b) sin πn
11
, (c) (log
nlog n
,
√ √ √
n+3− n+1
(d) n2 + 3n − n, (e) √ √ .
n+1− n

Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford Page 1 of 2


Bonus Questions for Analysis I
(kindly provided by Paul Balister): Sheet 4 —

5. Fix c > 0.
√
(a) Let a0 = a, a > 0, and inductively define an+1 = (an +c/an )/2. Show that an → c.
(b) Let a0 = a, 0 < a < 2/c, and inductively define an+1 = an (2 − can ). Show that
an → 1/c.
[Remark: These are both examples of the Newton-Raphson iteration method for solving
equations, in the first case x2 = c and in the second case 1/x = c. Once you get close
to a solution they converge very rapidly.]
√
n
6. (a) For any fixed x > 0, show that the sequence 2n ( 2 x − 1) converges as n → ∞.
√
n
(b) Defining ℓ(x) = limn→∞ 2n ( 2 x − 1), show that ℓ(xy) = ℓ(x) + ℓ(y) for all x, y > 0.
[You should not make use of any properties of the logarithm for this question. It may
help to prove (a) for x > 1 first, then do (b) and conclude (a) for x > 0.]
√
7. Show that for any L ∈ [−1, 1] there exists a subsequence of the sequence sin n such
√
that sin nk → L as k → ∞. [You may assume sin an → sin α when an → α.]

Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford Page 2 of 2

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