Chapter 1 Introduction to

Computers, Programs, and Java

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 What is a Computer?
• A computer is an electronic device that stores and processes data
• A computer includes both hardware and software.
• A computer consists of a CPU, memory, hard disk, floppy disk,
monitor, printer, and communication devices.

Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk and CD e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and NIC Mouse Printer

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 CPU
• The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of a computer. It retrieves
instructions from memory and executes them.
• The CPU speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), with 1 megahertz equaling 1
million pulses per second. The speed of the CPU has been improved
continuously. Intel’s newest processors run up to 5.6 gigahertz (1 gigahertz is
1000 megahertz).

Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk and CD e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and NIC Mouse Printer

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 Memory
Memory is to store data and program instructions for CPU to
execute. A memory unit is an ordered sequence of bytes, each holds
eight bits. A program and its data must be brought to memory before
they can be executed. A memory byte is never empty, but its initial
content may be meaningless to your program. The current content of
a memory byte is lost whenever new information is placed in it.

Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk and CD e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and NIC Mouse Printer

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 How Data is Stored?
Data of various kinds, such as numbers,
characters, and strings, are encoded as a series
of bits (zeros and ones).
Memory address Memory content

Computers use zeros and ones because digital

devices have two stable states, which are . .

referred to as zero and one by convention. . .

. .
2000 01001010 Encoding for character ‘J’
The programmers need not to be concerned 2001 01100001 Encoding for character ‘a’
about the encoding and decoding of data, which 2002 01110110 Encoding for character ‘v’
is performed automatically by the system based 2003 01100001 Encoding for character ‘a’
on the encoding scheme. 2004 00000011 Encoding for number 3

For example, character ‘J’ is represented by

01001010 in one byte. No two data can share
or split a same byte. A byte is the minimum
storage unit.

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 Storage Devices
Memory is volatile, because information is lost when the power is
off. Programs and data are permanently stored on storage devices
and are moved to memory when the computer actually uses them.
There are three main types of storage devices: Disk drives (hard
disks and floppy disks), CD drives (CD-R and CD-RW), and USB
flash drives.

Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk and CD e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and NIC Mouse Printer

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 Output Devices: Monitor
The monitor displays information (text and graphics). The resolution
and dot pitch determine the quality of the display.

Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk and CD e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and NIC Mouse Printer

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 Monitor Resolution and Dot Pitch
resolution The screen resolution specifies the number of pixels in
horizontal and vertical dimensions of the display device.
Pixels (short for “picture elements”) are tiny dots that form
an image on the screen. A common resolution for a 17-inch
screen, for example, is 1,024 pixels wide and 768 pixels
high. The resolution can be set manually. The higher the
resolution, the sharper and clearer the image is.

dot pitch The dot pitch is the amount of space between pixels,
measured in millimeters. The smaller the dot pitch, the
sharper the display.

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 Communication Devices
Computers can be networked through communication devices, such as a dial-up
modem, a DSL (digital subscriber line) or cable modem, a wired Network interface
card (NIC) or a wireless adapter.

Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk and CD e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and NIC Mouse Printer

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 Programs
• Computer programs, known as software, are instructions to the
computer.

• You tell a computer what to do through programs. Without

programs, a computer is an empty machine.

• Computers do not understand human languages, so you need to

use computer languages to communicate with them.

• Programs are written using programming languages.

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 Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language
Machine language is a set of primitive instructions built into every computer.

The instructions are in the form of binary code, so you have to enter binary codes
for various instructions.

For example, to add two numbers, you might write an instruction in binary like
this:
1101101010011010

Programming in machine language is a tedious process. Moreover, programs

written in machine language are very difficult to read and modify.

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 Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language
Assembly languages were developed to make programming easy.

The computer cannot understand assembly language, however, a program called

assembler is used to convert assembly language programs into machine code.

For example, to add two numbers, you might write an instruction in assembly code
like this:
ADDF3 R1, R2, R3

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 Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language
The high-level languages are English-like and easy to learn and
program.

The instructions in a high level languages are called statements.

For example, the following is a high-level language statement that

computes the area of a circle with radius 5:
area = 5 * 5 * 3.1415;

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 Popular High-Level Languages
Language Description

Ada Named for Ada Lovelace, who worked on mechanical general-purpose computers. The Ada
language was developed for the Department of Defense and is used mainly in defense projects.
BASIC Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was designed to be learned and used easily
by beginners.
C Developed at Bell Laboratories. C combines the power of an assembly language with the ease of
use and portability of a high-level language.
C++ C++ is an object-oriented language, based on C.
C# Pronounced “C Sharp.” It is a hybrid of Java and C++ and was developed by Microsoft.
COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language. Used for business applications.
FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation. Popular for scientific and mathematical applications.
Java Developed by Sun Microsystems, now part of Oracle. It is widely used for developing platform-
independent Internet applications.
Pascal Named for Blaise Pascal, who pioneered calculating machines in the seventeenth century. It is a
simple, structured, general-purpose language primarily for teaching programming.
Python A simple general-purpose scripting language good for writing short programs.
Visual Visual Basic was developed by Microsoft and it enables the programmers to rapidly develop
Basic graphical user interfaces.

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 Interpreting/Compiling Source Code
• A program written in a high-level language is called a
source program or source code.

• Because a computer cannot understand a source

program, a source program must be translated into
machine code for execution.

• The translation can be done using another programming

tool called an interpreter or a compiler.

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 Interpreting Source Code
• An interpreter reads one statement from the source code,
translates it to the machine code or virtual machine code,
and then executes it right away, as shown in the
following figure.
• Note that a statement from the source code may be
translated into several machine instructions.

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 Compiling Source Code
A compiler translates the entire source code into a
machine-code file, and the machine-code file is
then executed, as shown in the following figure.

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 Operating Systems
The operating system (OS) is a
program that manages and controls
a computer’s activities.

The popular operating systems for

general-purpose computers are
Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, and
Linux.

Application programs, such as a

Web browser or a word processor,
cannot run unless an operating
system is installed and running on
the computer.
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 Why Java?
The answer is that Java enables users to develop and
deploy applications on the Internet for servers, desktop
computers, and small hand-held devices.

The future of computing is being profoundly influenced by

the Internet, and Java promises to remain a big part of that
future. Java is the Internet programming language.

• Java is a general purpose programming language.

• Java is the Internet programming language.
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 Java, Web, and Beyond
• Java can be used to develop
• standalone applications.
• applications running from a browser.
• applications for hand-held devices.
• applications for Web servers.

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 The Java Language Specification,
API, JDK, and IDE
• The Java language specification is a technical definition of the
Java programming language’s syntax and semantics.

• The application program interface (API), also known as

library, contains predefined classes and interfaces for
developing Java programs.

• The JDK (Java Development Kit) is the software for

developing and running Java programs.

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 JDK Editions
 Java Standard Edition (J2SE)
– J2SE can be used to develop client-side standalone
applications or applets.
 Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
– J2EE can be used to develop server-side applications
such as Java servlets, Java ServerPages, and Java
ServerFaces.
 Java Micro Edition (J2ME).
– J2ME can be used to develop applications for mobile
devices such as cell phones.
This book uses J2SE to introduce Java
programming.
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Popular Java Integrated Development
Environments (IDEs)

An IDE is an integrated development environment

for rapidly developing programs.

§ NetBeans
§ Eclipse

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 A Simple Java Program
Listing 1.1

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

Note: Clicking the green button displays the source code

Welcome with interactive animation. You can also run the code in
a browser. Internet connection is needed for this button.

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

Enter main method

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

Execute statement

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

print a message to the

console

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 Anatomy of a Java Program
 Class name
 Main method
 Statements
 Statement terminator
 Reserved words
 Comments
 Blocks

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 Class Name
Every Java program must have at least one class.
Each class has a name. By convention, class names
start with an uppercase letter. In this example, the
class name is Welcome.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Main Method
Line 2 defines the main method. In order to run a
class, the class must contain a method named main.
The program is executed from the main method.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Statement
A statement represents an action or a sequence of actions.
The statement System.out.println("Welcome to Java!") in
the program in Listing 1.1 is a statement to display the
greeting "Welcome to Java!“.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Statement Terminator
Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon (;).

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Keywords
Keywords are words that have a specific meaning to the
compiler and cannot be used for other purposes in the
program. For example, when the compiler sees the word
class, it understands that the word after class is the name
for the class.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Blocks
A pair of braces in a program forms a block that groups
components of a program.

public class Test {

Class block
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); Method block
}
}

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 Special Symbols

Character Name Description

{} Opening and closing Denotes a block to enclose statements.

braces
() Opening and closing Used with methods.
parentheses
[] Opening and closing Denotes an array.
brackets
// Double slashes Precedes a comment line.

" " Opening and closing Enclosing a string (i.e., sequence of characters).
quotation marks
; Semicolon Marks the end of a statement.

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 { …}

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 ( … )

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 ;

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 // …

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 "…"

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 Example 1. WelcomeWithThreeMessages.java

Output:

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 Example 2. ComputeExpression.java

Output:

The multiplication operator in java is *.

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 Example 3.

Output:

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 Creating, Compiling, and
Running Programs

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 Compiling Java Source Code
You can port a source program to any machine with appropriate
compilers. The source program must be recompiled, however, because
the object program can only run on a specific machine. Nowadays
computers are networked to work together. Java was designed to run
object programs on any platform. With Java, you write the program
once, and compile the source program into a special type of object
code, known as bytecode. The bytecode can then run on any computer
with a Java Virtual Machine, as shown below. Java Virtual Machine is
a software that interprets Java bytecode.

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Companion
Website Compiling and Running Java
from the Command Window
 Compile
– javac Welcome.java
 Run
– java Welcome

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 Programming Style and
Documentation
Good programming style and proper
documentation make a program easy to read
and help programmers prevent errors.
 Appropriate Comments
 Naming Conventions
 Proper Indentation and Spacing Lines
 Block Styles

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 Appropriate Comments
Include a summary at the beginning of the
program to explain what the program does, its key
features, its supporting data structures, and any
unique techniques it uses.

Include your name, class section, instructor, date,

and a brief description at the beginning of the
program.

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 Naming Conventions
 Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
 Class names:
– Capitalize the first letter of each word in the
name. For example, the class name
ComputeExpression.

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 Proper Indentation and Spacing
 Indentation
– Indent two spaces.

 Spacing
– Use blank line to separate segments of the code.

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 Example: Reformat the following program
public class Test
{
// Main method
public static void main(String[] args) {
/** Display output */
System.out.println("Welcome to Java");
}
}
public class Test{
// Main method
public static void main(String[] args) {
/** Display output */
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.

Next-line public class Test

style {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}

End-of-line
style
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}

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 Programming Errors
 Syntax Errors
– Detected by the compiler
 Runtime Errors
– Causes the program to abort
 Logic Errors
– Produces incorrect result

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 Syntax Errors
public class ShowSyntaxErrors {
public static main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java);
}
}

ShowSyntaxErrors

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 Runtime Errors

public class ShowRuntimeErrors {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(1 / 0);
}
}

ShowRuntimeErrors

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 Logic Errors

public class ShowLogicErrors {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Celsius 35 is Fahrenheit degree ");
System.out.println((9 / 5) * 35 + 32);
}
}

Output is wrong. It should be 95.0.

ShowLogicErrors

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 Common Errors
• Missing a closing brace
• Missing a semicolon
• Missing quotation marks for strings
• Misspelling names

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Common Error 1: Missing Braces
public class Welcome {
}

Type this closing brace right away

to match the opening brace

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 Common Error 2: Missing Semicolons
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Programming is fun!");
System.out.println("Fundamentals First");
System.out.println("Problem Driven")
}

Missing semicolon

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 Common Error 3: Missing Quotation
Marks
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Programming is fun! );
}

Missing a
quotation mark

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 Common Error 4: Misspelling Names

public static void Main(string[] args) {

System.out.println("Programming is fun! ");
}

main is misspelled as Main String is misspelled as string

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