Matrices I Cheat Sheet AQA A Level Further Maths: Core

Matrix Arithmetic and Multiplying a Matrix by a Scalar Zero and Identity Matrices Multiply the transformation matrices together in √2 −√2 √2 √2
reverse order. 2 2 × [1 0 ] = 2 2
A matrix is an array of numbers, or elements, arranged in rows and columns. Below are some examples of In zero matrices, all elements are zero. They can come in any order. Below are all examples of zero matrices: √2 √2 0 −1 √2 −√2
matrices: [2 2 ] [2 2 ]
0
0 0 0 0 0 Multiply the combined transformation matrix with √2 √2
4 2 [0 0 0] [0] [ ] [ ]
7 4 2 6 4 8 0 0 0 0 0 the position vector of the object. 2 2 × [1 1 2]
𝐴=[ ] 𝐵=[ ] 𝐶 = [7 4] 0
4 9 13 10 5 1 √2 −√2 3 7 6
6 3
Identity matrices are often denoted by 𝐼 and are always square matrices. The diagonal elements from top left [2 2 ]
The order of a matrix is described by the number of rows and columns in the form 𝑟 × 𝑐. In the above to bottom right are always ones, and all other elements are always zeros. When a matrix is multiplied with the
= [ 2√2 4√2 4√2
]
examples, the order of 𝐴 and 𝐵 are 2 × 3 and the order of 𝐶 = 3 × 2. identity matrix of the same order, the product should equal itself. Here are two examples of identity matrices: −√2 −3√2 −2√2
Write down the coordinates of each vector. 𝐴(2√2, −√2), 𝐵(4√2, −3√2), 𝐶(4√2, −√2)
Matrices with the same order can be added together or subtracted from one another, by adding or subtracting 1 0 0
1 0
elements in the corresponding positions. These are known as conformable matrices. 𝐼=[ ] 𝐼 = [0 1 0]
0 1
0 0 1
In 3 dimensions, transformation matrices are 3 × 3 and can be found in a similar way as in 2 dimensions, using
7 4 6 4 2 0 1 0 0
Example 1: Evaluate the following matrix sum: [ ]+[ ]−[ ] Matrices as Transformations
4 9 10 5 6 11 the unit vectors 𝑖 = [0], 𝑗 = [1] and 𝑘 = [0].
Check if all matrices have the same order. All matrices are 2 × 2 so they are conformable. 0 0 1
The transformation of an object into an image can be represented using matrices. The transformation matrix
Add numbers in corresponding position 13 8 1 0
[ ] can be found by mapping the transformation of two unit vectors, 𝑖 = [ ] and 𝑗 = [ ]. The resulting position 1 0 0 Reflection in the 𝑥𝑦 1 0 0 Rotation of 𝜃° about 𝑥
e.g. 7 + 6 = 13. 14 14 0 1 [0 1 0 ] [0 cos𝜃
plane or 𝑧 = 0 −sin𝜃] axis
Subtract numbers in corresponding positions. 11 8 vectors form the transformation matrix. For example, when reflected in the 𝑥 axis, the images of 𝑖 and 𝑗 have
[ ] 0 0 −1 0 sin𝜃 cos𝜃
8 3 1 0 1 0
the position vectors 𝑖 = [ ] and 𝑗 = [ ]. Thus, the matrix for reflection in the 𝑥 axis is [ ].
0 −1 0 −1 1 0 0 cos𝜃 0 sin𝜃
Reflection in the 𝑥𝑧 Rotation of 𝜃° about 𝑦
The orders of matrices show whether the matrices are conformable for multiplication and what matrix order [0 −1 0] plane or 𝑦 = 0 [ 0 1 0 ] axis
0 0 1 −sin𝜃 0 cos𝜃
the final product will have. The number of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the number of rows in
the second. For example:
−1 0 0 Reflection in the 𝑦𝑧 cos𝜃 −sin𝜃 0 Rotation of 𝜃° about 𝑧
(2 × 1) × (1 × 3) [ 0 1 0] plane or 𝑥 = 0 [ sin𝜃 cos𝜃 0] axis
0 0 1 0 0 1
• The middle numbers are the same, showing that the matrices are conformable for multiplication.
• The first and last numbers show that the final product will have an order of 2 × 3.
Invariant Points and Lines of a Linear Transformation
4 2
6 4 8 Object Image
Example 2: Evaluate the following matrix multiplication: [ ] × [7 4] A point is invariant if its image after transformation is mapped onto itself. A line of invariant points is a line
10 5 1
6 3 which all points map onto themselves. On the other hand, an invariant line consists of points which are
Check the order of matrices. 2×3 × 3×2 The table below summarises some common transformation vectors and what they mean. mapped onto any point of the line - not necessarily the object point.
Matrices are conformable and final matrix has
0 1 Reflection in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 −1 0 180° rotation about the 3 0 1
order of 2 × 2 [ ] [ ] Example 5: Show that [ ] is an invariant point for the transformation [ ]. Find the line of invariant for
1 0 0 −1 origin 3 −1 2
Multiply the numbers of the first row of the first 6 × 4 + 4 × 7 + 8 × 6 = 100 this transformation.
1 0 Reflection in the 𝑥 axis 0 1 90° rotation clockwise about
matrix with the corresponding numbers of the first [ ] [ ]
column of the second matrix and add them up, this
0 −1 −1 0 the origin 0 1 3 0+3 3
will be the value in the first row of the first column in −1 0 Reflection in the 𝑦 axis 0 −1 270° rotation clockwise Multiply [ ] × [ ] to find the image. [ ]=[ ]
[ ] [ ] −1 2 3 −3 + 6 3
the final answer. 0 1 1 0 about the origin The object and image have the same matrices, so
Multiply the numbers of the first row of the first 6 × 2 + 4 × 4 + 8 × 3 = 52 cos2𝜃 sin2𝜃 Reflection in the line cos𝜃 −sin𝜃 𝜃° rotation anticlockwise it is an invariant point.
[ ] [ ] 𝑥 𝑥
matrix with the corresponding numbers of the sin2𝜃 cos2𝜃 𝑦 = (tan𝜃)𝑥 sin𝜃 cos𝜃 about the origin Use the conditions of invariant points to form two 0 1
[ ] × [𝑦] = [𝑦]
second column of the second matrix and add them 𝑘 0 Stretch with scale factor 𝑘 1 𝑘 Shear with 𝑥 axis fixed simultaneous equations. −1 2
up, this will be the value in the first row of the second [ ] [ ] 0𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥
0 1 parallel to 𝑥 axis 0 1
column in the final answer. −𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑦
1 0 Stretch with scale factor 𝑘 1 0 Shear with 𝑦 axis fixed
Repeat for the second row of the first matrix. 10 × 4 + 5 × 7 + 1 × 6 = 81 [ ] [ ] Simplify the equations to find the line of invariant 𝑦=𝑥
0 𝑘 parallel to 𝑦 axis 𝑘 1
10 × 2 + 5 × 4 + 1 × 3 = 43 points.
100 52 𝑘 0 Enlargement with scale
Final answer.
[ ] [ ]
81 43 0 𝑘 factor 𝑘 with origin as centre 0 1
Example 6: Find the invariant line for the transformation [ ].
−1 2
3 4 𝑥 𝑥′ 𝑥 ′ = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦
Equate [ ] × [𝑦] = [ ]
Matrices can also be multiplied by a scalar number. In that case, just multiply each element of the matrix by When an object undergoes two successive transformations 𝑆 and 𝑇, a single transformation matrix, 𝑇 × 𝑆 can 9 −2 𝑦′ 𝑦 ′ = 9𝑥 − 2𝑦
the scalar number. be found. Note that the matrices are multiplied in reverse order. Substitute 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 into both equations. ′
𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 4𝑚𝑥 + 4𝑐
𝑦 ′ = 9𝑥 − 2𝑚𝑥 − 2𝑐
4 2 Example 4: A triangle with vertices at the coordinates 𝐴(1,3), 𝐵(1,7) and 𝐶(2,6) is reflected in the 𝑥 axis and Equate 𝑦′ = 𝑚𝑥′ + 𝑐. 9𝑥 − 2𝑚𝑥 − 2𝑐 = 3𝑚𝑥 + 4𝑚2 𝑥 + 4𝑚𝑐
Example 3: Evaluate the following: 4 [7 4] then rotated 45° anticlockwise about the centre of the origin. Find the coordinates of its image. 0 = 4𝑚2 𝑥 + 5𝑚𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 4𝑚𝑐 + 2𝑐
6 3 = (4𝑚2 + 5𝑚 − 9)𝑥 + (4𝑚 + 2)𝑐
Find the transformation matrix for reflection in 1 0
[ ] Solve for values of 𝑚 and 𝑐 for LHS to become 0. (4𝑚 + 9)(𝑚 − 1) = 0 or 4𝑚 + 2 = 0
Multiply each number in the matrix by 4. 4×4 4×2 the 𝑥 axis. 0 −1
−9
[4 × 7 4 × 4] 𝑚= ,𝑚 = 1
Find the transformation matrix for 45° √2 −√2 4
4×6 4×3 1
anticlockwise rotation about the centre of origin. cos45 −sin45 Note: 𝑚 = − is not applicable because 4𝑚2 +
Final answer. 16 8 [ ]= 2 2 2
[28 16] sin45 cos45 √2 √2 5𝑚 − 9 ≠ 0
24 12 [2 2 ] To satisfy the equation, (4𝑚 + 2)𝑐 must also be 0. 𝑐=0
Invariant lines. 9
𝑦=− 𝑥 𝑦=𝑥
4

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