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Syllabus Topic: Motion Graphs
Title: Distance vs. Time Graphs, Speed vs. Time Graphs, Conversion between units, Linear
Programming Question Motion Graphs
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There are two types of motion graphs we will look at:
• Distance vs. Time Graph
• Speed vs. Time Graph
Note that there are 2 types of quantities. They are called scalar and vector quantities
Vector Quantity
M Scalar Qua
➢ has magnitude and
direction ➢ Example:
displacement
JA ➢ has
magnitude only
➢
Example: distance
Consider:
▪ represents distance ▪
walked a distance of 10 km
▪ just a magnitude
NE ▪ represents displacement ▪
walked 10 km in the
direction of NE (North East)
R ▪ magnitude and direction
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We will be looking mainly at scalar quantities in Mathematics such as:
o time
o distance
o speed
Quantity Unit
R Symbol for unit
Time second
A ��
Distance metre ��
Speed ��/�� or ����−1
N metre per second
Acceleration metre per second squared ��/��2 or ����−2
Speed
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MU
Speed is defined as the rate of change of distance. It is the distance moved per unit time.
Formula:
Speed = ����������������
��������
Distance = Speed × Time
Unit for speed: ��/�� or ����−1
Other units include: ����/ℎ��
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Note that for the units of speed:
Speed = ����������������
��������
= ����
Distance is measured in metres (��). Time
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= ��/�� or ����−1
Example:
acceleration: ��/��2 or
Person A ran 10 km in 2 hours. Person B ran a longer distance
����−2
Person B ran 15 km in 2 hours. at the same time. Therefore,
10 km
person B ran faster.
Who ran faster? 15 km
2 hours
Acceleration
2 hours
Acceleration is defined as the
Answer:
rate of change of speed. Unit for
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Example 1:
A car and a truck initially has a speed of 0 ����/ℎ��. In other words, they are stationary
(standing still). After 10 seconds, the car is moving with a speed of 140 ����/ℎ�� and
the truck
is moving with a speed of 80 ����/ℎ��.
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Car ����/ℎ�� �� ����/ℎ��
Truck After 10 �� After 10 140 ����/ℎ�� 80
0 ����/ℎ�� 0
Which vehicle has the greater acceleration?
Answer:
The car has the greater acceleration.
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Example 2:
A car has an initial speed of 100 ����/ℎ��. A truck has an initial speed of 10
����/ℎ��. After 10 seconds, the car is moving with a speed of 140 ����/ℎ�� and the
truck is moving with a speed
of 80 ����/ℎ��.
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Car ����/ℎ�� �� ����/ℎ��
After 10 �� After 10 140 ����/ℎ�� 80
Truck
100 ����/ℎ�� 10
Which vehicle has the greater acceleration?
Answer:
The truck has the greater acceleration.
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Distance vs. Time Graphs
Example:
The graph below shows the distance travelled by two balls, A and B, for 2 seconds.
Distance (��)
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B
Time (��)
(a) Which ball had the greater speed?
(b)What was the speed of ball A?
Solution:
(a) A took 2 seconds to reach 5m whereas B took 2 seconds to reach 2m.
Since ball A reached further, ball A had the greater speed.
R JAMUNAR Question: What do you think the gradient of a
distance-time graph represents? Answer: Speed
(b)
Speed of ball A = ����������������
��������
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= 52
= 2.5 ��/�� or 2.5 ����−1
OR
Consider (0 , 0) and A(2 , 5)
(��1, ��1) (��2, ��2)
Gradient, m = ��2−��1
��2−��1
= 5−0
2−0
= 52
= 2.5 ��/�� or 2.5 ����−1
∴ The speed of ball A is 2.5 ��/�� or 2.5 ����−1.
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Worked Example 1
The distance-time graph shows the distance travelled by John over a period of 9 hours.
Distance (����)
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Town Q Town P
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A
D
Town O E
B
C
F
Time (ℎ��)
(a) What is the distance of Town P from Town O?
(b)What is the distance of Town Q from Town P?
(c) What is the total distance travelled?
(d)What was his total displacement?
(e) Explain what John was doing from point B to point C. (f)
During which part of the journey was he travelling the fastest?
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(g) How long did the entire journey take?
(h)What was his speed from C to D?
(i) What was his average speed for the entire journey?
Solution:
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(a) The distance of Town P from Town O is 3 km.
(b)The distance of Town Q from Town P is 2 km.
(c) John travelled from Town O to Town P = 3 km
Then he travelled from Town P to Town Q = 2 km
Finally, he travelled back from Town Q to Town O = 5 km
Therefore, the total distance travelled = 3 + 2 + 5
= 10 km
(d) John travelled from Town O to Town P to Town Q and then finally, back to Town O.
Therefore, his displacement would be 0 km.
(e) During point B to point C, he was at rest for 2 hours.
(f) He was travelling the fastest from point E to F.
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(g) The entire journey took 9 hours.
(h)To calculate his speed from Town P to Town Q, we consider from point C to point D.
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Speed = ����������������
��������
= 21
= 2 ����/ℎ��
OR
Consider C(4 , 3) and D(5 , 5)
(��1, ��1) (��2, ��2)
Gradient, m = ��2−��1
��2−��1
= 5−3
5−4
= 21
= 2 ����/ℎ��
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∴ His speed from C to D is 2 ����/ℎ��.
(i) Average speed for the journey = ����������������
��������
= 109
= 1.11 ����/ℎ��
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Speed vs. Time Graphs
Example:
The speed-time graph shows the journey of a drone over a period of 1.25 hours.
Speed (����/ℎ��)
D
BC
E
Time (ℎ��)
A
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(a) At which two points was the drone at rest?
(b)When was the speed the greatest?
(c) How long was the period in hours between point B to point C?
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(d)How long was the period in minutes between point C to point D?
(e) How long did the entire journey take in minutes?
Solution:
(a) The drone was at rest at point A and at point E.
Note that when at rest, the speed is equal to 0 ����/ℎ��.
(b)The greatest speed occurred at point D.
(c) The period between point B and point C is 30 minutes which is equivalent to 0.5
hours.
(d)The period between point C and point D is 0.25 hours which is equivalent to 15
minutes.
(e) 1.25 hours = 1.25 × 60
= 75 minutes
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∴ The entire journey took 75 minutes.
Summary of important points
Distance vs. Time Speed vs. Time
Gradient speed
acceleration
zero speed
(at rest)
R constant speed
NA ▪ distance
increasing
▪ speed increasing
▪
constant acceleration
▪ constant speed
▪ (forward direction)
▪ speed decreasing
▪ constant deceleration
AM
Uncreasing
▪ distance
in opposite direction
▪ constant speed
▪ (reverse direction)
Note:
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R
In a speed vs. time graph, if you work out the AREA under the graph, you will find the
DISTANCE.
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Question
The speed vs. time graph below shows the journey of a drone over a period of time.
Speed (����/ℎ��)
D
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A
from A to B?
(d)How long was the entire journey?
(a) At which two points was the drone at (e) What was the total distance covered by
rest? the drone?
(b)What was the top speed of the drone?
Time (��������)
(c) What was the acceleration of the drone
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(f) What was the average speed of the drone?
Solution:
(a) The drone was at rest at point A and at point D.
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(b)The top speed of the drone was 40 ����/ℎ��.
(c) To calculate the acceleration between A to B,
Consider A(0 , 0) and B(1 , 40)
(��1, ��1) (��2, ��2)
Acceleration = ��ℎ�������� ���� ����������
��������
= ��2−��1
��2−��1
= 40−0
1−0
= 40 ����/ℎ��2
(d)The entire journey was 180 minutes or 3 hours.
(e) To find the total distance covered by the drone, we find the area under the graph.
Area under graph = 12(�� + ��)ℎ
= 12(1.5 + 3)40
= 20(4.5)
= 90 ����
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∴ The total distance covered by the drone is 90 ����.
(f) Average Speed = ����������������
��������
= 903
= 30 ����/ℎ��
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Conversion between ����/ℎ�� and ��/��
To convert ����/���� to ��/��:
Multiply by 1000 and then divide by 3600 OR �������� ��������
To convert ��/�� to ����/����:
Divide by 1000 and then multiply by 3600 OR �������� ��������
Worked Examples
Example 1:
Convert 80 ����/ℎ�� to ��/��.
Answer:
80 ����/ℎ��
(× 1000)
80 000 ��/ℎ��
(÷ 3600)
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We get 80 000
2
3600= 22 9��/��
Example 2:
Convert 80 ��/�� to ����/ℎ��.
Answer:
80 ��/��
(× 3600)
288 000 ��/ℎ�� (÷ 1000)
R
We get 288 000
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NAR 1000=
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288 ����/ℎ��
Linear Programming
There are 3 main types of lines that you must be able to draw.
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1. �� = ���� where �� is a constant
2. ���� + ���� = �� where ��, ��, �� are constants
3. �� = �� or �� = �� where �� is a constant
1. Consider �� = ��.
Some points on this line would be (1, 1) , (2, 2) , (3, 3) , etc.
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Example:
Consider �� =������.
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Some points on this line would be (1,12) , (2, 1) , (3,32) , etc.
Consider �� = ����.
Some points on this line would be (1,2) , (2, 4) , (3,6) , etc.
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2. Consider �� + �� = ��.
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When �� = 0, �� = 5.
When �� = 0, �� = 5.
So two points on the graph are (0, 5) and (5, 0).
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3. Consider �� = ��.
This is a vertical line that cuts the ��-axis at (5, 0).
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Along this line, the ��-coordinate will always be 5.
Some points on this line are (5, 0) , (5, 1) , (5, 2) , etc.
�� = ��
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Example:
Consider �� = ��.
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This is a horizontal line that cuts the ��-axis at (0,
3). Along this line, the ��-coordinate will always be
3. Some points on this line are (0, 3) , (1, 3) , (2, 3) ,
etc.
�� = ��
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In linear programming, you will have to identify the region that satisfy the given
inequalities. Identify the region that satisfies both of the following inequalities:
�� + �� ≤ 5 �� ≤ ��
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June 2021 – Question 8(a)
Marla buys 2 types of mobile phones, B-Flo and C-Flex, from a company to retail. One B-Flo
mobile phone costs $60 while one C-Flex costs $80. She buys �� number of B-Flo phones
and
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�� number of C-Flex phones.
(a)(i) Marla must not spend more than $1 200. Write an inequality to represent this
information. [1] (ii) The number of B-Flo phones must be greater than or equal to the
number of C-Flex phones. Write down an inequality in �� and �� to show this
information. [1] (iii) Represent the two inequalities on page 22 on the grid shown below.
Label as �� the region which satisfies both inequalities. [4]
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(iv) The total number of mobile phones is represented by �� + ��. According to
the graph on page 23, what is the largest possible value of �� + ��? [1]
Solution:
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(a) (i) Marla must not spend more than $1 200. Write an inequality to represent this
information. [1] Inequality: 60�� + 80�� ≤ 1200
(ii) The number of B-Flo phones must be greater than or equal to the number of C-Flex
phones. Write down an inequality in �� and �� to show this information. [1]
Inequality: �� ≥ ��
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(iii) Represent the two inequalities on page 22 on the grid shown below. Label as ��
the region which satisfies both inequalities. [4]
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��
��
��
��
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Note: The scaling on the ��-axis of the graph on the question paper contained an error.
The inequalities are:
60�� + 80�� ≤ 1200
�� ≥ ��
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Rewriting the inequalities as
equations: 60�� + 80�� ≤ 1200
60�� + 80�� = 1200
3�� + 4�� = 60
and
�� ≥ ��
�� = ��
Consider 3�� + 4�� = 60.
When �� = 0,
3(0) + 4�� = 60
4�� = 60
�� =604
�� = 15
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So we have the point (0, 15).
When �� = 0,
3�� + 4(0) = 60
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3�� = 60
�� =603
�� = 20
So we have the point (20, 0).
(iv) The total number of mobile phones is represented by �� + ��. According to the
graph on page 23, what is the largest possible value of �� + ��? [1] The vertices
are (0, 0) , (20, 0) and (8.75, 8.75).
The highest number of �� + �� occur at point �� where �� = 20 and �� = 0.
∴ The largest possible value of �� + �� is 20.
