Develop Morality, Professional Ethics and Patriotism

❖ Develop morality
❖ Apply professional ethics
❖ Develop the practice of patriotic personality
 Concept of morality
Morality comes from a Latin word “mores” meaning custom, habit, manner, character or
proper behavior. Politeness of behavior, way of saluting, or giving helpful hands for elders,
showing sympathy to people during sadness are valued as morality. Moral values is
significantly important in a society, because it helps individuals or groups to live together
in peace and unity.

(Guy, 2001) principles and values that actually guide, for better or worse, an individual ‘s
personal conduct

(Madden, 2000) informal system of rational beings by which they govern their behavior in
order to lesson harm or evil and do good, this system, although informal, enjoys amazing
agreement across time and cultures concerning moral rules, moral ideas and moral virtues.
 Morality and its Application
To whom or what does morality apply?
Religion: Morality determined by relation between human being and
supernatural being.
Nature: Morality determined by relation between human being and nature.
Natural morality has been prevalent in all primitive cultures, such as that of the
Native American, and in cultures of the Far East.

Individuality: Morality refers to individuals in relation to them-selves and to an

individual code of morality that may or may not be sanctioned by any society or
religion.
Society: Morality determined by relation between human being and society. It is probably
the most important aspect of morality; in that it cuts across all of the other aspects and is
found in more ethical systems than any of the others. For a majority of ethicists, the most
important human moral issues arise when human beings come together in social groups and
begin to conflict with one another.

Who is morally responsible?

Who is morally responsible? Should only human beings be held morally responsible?

Humans have a moral sense because their biological makeup determines the presence of
three necessary conditions for ethical behavior. The ability to anticipate the consequences
of one's own actions;
❖ The ability to make value judgments; and
❖ The ability to choose between alternative courses of action.
❖ The ability to anticipate the consequences of one's own actions;
Are all animals non-moral? Is domesticating animals’ moral?
Where does Morality come from?
Morality can be considered as having a subjective or objective origin.

As objective there are three possibilities for the origin of value:

➢ Values are given by a supernatural being.

➢ Values are part of the fabric of nature.

➢ Values are part of the ‘furniture’ of the world, independently of human beings.

As subjective, the origin of value is related to human beings.

 Forms of Morality
Customary/Traditional morality: Traditional morality refers to the moral systems handed
down through custom from generation to generation. We might call this static morality.

Reflective morality: Reflective morality requires that moral ideas are carefully examined
and tested. Traditional morality can become reflective and dynamic when those moral ideas
that are simply handed down and accepted are subjected to analysis and criticism.

The relation between Morality with Law and Religion

Morality and law. Morality and law are not the same although of course they overlap.
Law is not a necessary attribute of morality although morality may well be thought to be a
necessary attribute of law.
 Morality and religion. Is morality dependent upon religion?
Morality need not be based exclusively on religion for five reasons.
❖ Supernatural existence cannot be proven.
❖ Non-religious people can be moral.
❖ Religious foundation for ethics is difficult to establish.
❖ No religion would be best ethically
❖ We could not show that one religion is best
Purpose of morality
❖ Keep society from falling apart;
❖ Ameliorate human suffering;
❖ Promote human flourishing;
❖ Resolve conflict of interest justly and orderly
❖ Assign praise, blame, reward, punishment and guilt
 Moral principles
Moral principles are principles based on reason and rationality. They guide us on what we
should do, what qualities we should nourish, and what kind of lives we should look for.

Types of Moral Principles

Absolute Moral Principles፡Absolute moral principles are based on universal truths about the nature
of human beings. sometimes called normative moral principles, or those that are generally accepted
by society. Below are some examples of absolute moral principles:

❖ Don't kill.

❖ Speak the truth.

❖ Be careful with what you say and do to others.

❖ Respect the property of others.

 Relative Moral Principles
Relative moral principles are based on opinions and circumstances that may change over
time or from person to person or for different situations. Relative moral principles
depend on a person's beliefs. Relativism is to what people perceive as good or bad in
relation to themselves. In other words, when someone says something is good, in most
cases they are really saying it is good for them, or perhaps it contributes to their well-
being. Below are some examples of relative moral principles including:

o It is morally wrong to spend money on a luxury item.

o It is morally right to care for our planet and preserve it for future generations.
 Impacts of Moral Principles
➢ help people learn how to get along and live well with each other.

➢ all human beings deserve the same rights, which is why it's not okay to discriminate
against someone based on their ethnicity or race.

➢ tend to have a better quality of life

➢ impact an individual's identity and sense of self-worth

Moral Characters in School or College

Legal judgments of good moral character at school or college can include consideration of
honesty, trustworthiness, diligence, reliability, respect for the law, integrity, candour,
discretion, observance of fiduciary duty, and respect for the rights of others, absence of
hatred and racism, fiscal responsibility, mental and emotional stability
 Practice of morality in the work place
Moral is how your employees feel about coming to work every day, how they approach
their assigned tasks, and their attitude about the direction the company is taking. Put simply,
employee morale is the culmination of job satisfaction, life outlook, and attitude. Having
moral character in the workplace helps you to become the type of leader who inspires your
employees. It keeps you in tune with their needs and gives you the urge to reward them
favourably for their accomplishments. Employees with good morals set a positive example
for their co-workers.

The Similarity and Difference between Ethics and Morality

morality is a general reflection showing to what extent you are attached to the generally
accepted behavior or norms of the society.
Ethics refers to the well founded standards of a society about what is “right” and “wrong”,
usually in terms of rights, obligations, and benefits to the society, fairness, or specific
virtues such as like honesty, compassion, and loyalty. For instance, lifesaving abortion is an
ethical value for a practitioner doctor while for an individual in a society could be
considered immoral to terminate the fetus. In both cases, for the doctor it is a professional
ethics that is considered good to save the life of the troubled pregnant woman and on the
other hand it could be bad to hear even about abortion for an individual who believes the
action to be immoral.

The similarity between ethics and morality

❖ Ethics represents the judgment of right and wrong, Morality helps support

it by refinements.
❖ Ethics studies the behavior, and Morality provides the practical guidance of that behavior.

❖ Both the terms are used to indicate what activities good and what should be considered
bad.

❖ Both ethics and morality work good activities faster.

❖ Both concepts help any individual to be a better person.

❖ Both these qualities are desirable for a person.

❖ Both ethics and morals are rules or principles which govern how we perceive right or
wrong
 The difference between ethics and morality
Basis for Comparison Morals Ethics
Ethics are the guiding principles which
Morals are the beliefs of the individual or
Meaning help the individual or group to decide
group as to what is right or wrong.
what is good or bad.
What is it? General principles set by group Response to a specific situation
Root word Most which means custom Ethitos which means character
Individual or Legal and Professional
Governed By Social and cultural norms
norms
Deals with Principles of right and wrong Right and wrong conduct
Applicability in Business No(legally not to be obligated) Yes (legality is applied)
Morals may differ from society to society
Consistency Ethics are generally uniform.
and culture to culture.
Morals are expressed in the form of
Expression Ethics are abstract.
general rules and statements.
Freedom to think and choose No Yes

Perspective seen from the perspective of an individual. dependent on the prism of others
Basis for Comparison Morals Ethics

there will be some degree of

Change in Morality depends on the change in the
Change flexibility in ethics when there is
beliefs of an individual
change

society has decided that it is the right

Course of action a person believes that it is the right course of action.
course of action

usually associated in the field of law,

Belief has a religious connotation medicine or business and d religious
connotation

the effort to guide one ‘s conduct by reason while Ethics is the development of
Judgment giving equal weight to the interests of each reasonable standards and procedures
individual for ethical decision making
 Describing Virtues
Virtues mean goodness or the state of being good. An example of goodness is volunteering to serve
meals at a homeless shelter. Virtues are also attitudes or character that enables us to be and to act in
ways that develop our highest potential. They enable us to pursue the ideals we have adopted. Honesty,
courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are all
examples of virtues.

Types of Virtues

Moral virtue: Moral virtue is the disposition or tendency to do the right thing and avoid doing

wrong. We develop this disposition over time and through training. In other words, a good
character is an achievement, not a natural endowment. Moral virtues are excellences of
people. They're parts of people's character that helps them live well.
Doing right” becomes second nature to us, if we have developed our moral character
properly. We must strive to achieve a virtuous character, and we do this by constantly
practicing the virtues and there by developing a good character. Patience is a moral virtue it
is the ability to wait calmly in the face of frustration or adversity. It's an important virtue
that can lead to better decision-making, improved relationships, and greater mental well-
being. Practicing patience often involves mindfulness and self-control, allowing us to
respond thoughtfully rather than react impulsively. The four fundamental moral virtues are
courage, temperance, justice and prudence. Courage is the ability to confront fear, pain,
danger, or uncertainty . Temperance is moderation and self-control, especially regarding
desires and pleasures. Justice is the principle of fairness and the equitable treatment of
individuals. Prudence is the ability to judge correctly and make wise decisions based on
knowledge and foresight.
 Civic Virtues
Civic virtue is an important concept in many contemporary societies, and it has been for a

long time. Essentially, civic virtue means that individuals have a duty to their communities

and their societies that they should place above their own desires. Contemporary societies
are characterized by a range of social, cultural, economic, and political dynamics that
shape how people live and interact.

Important Civic Virtue Characteristics

Self-sacrifice: Putting the needs of a community over one's own needs is one of the most
deeply rooted parts of civic virtue.

Participation: Participation in government and in the community is part of whatmakes one

a good citizen.
Doing one's part: The idea of civic virtue is that each individual has their own duties that
help make society function as well as possible.

Civility: is a social virtue that is indispensable to open political discourse and reasoned
disagreement. a civil person is willing to engage others in respectful dialogue without
scorn or insult, even when the issues are intensely important or disagreement runs deep.

Compassion: is the ability to feel sorrow over another person’s suffering, and to express
that sorrow in a way that is intended to alleviate that suffering.

Fairness: is a central virtue both for individuals and for social institutions.

Ethics Virtue: Virtue of Ethics claims that the main task of ethics is to give us knowledge
of what is the right type of person, or what is a “good” person. The six pillars that they
identified as being the most important characteristics of an ethical virtue are:
Trustworthiness: integrity, promise-keeping, and loyalty
Respect: Treating everyone with respect, regardless of any biases or provocations.
Responsibility: Includes accountability, pursuit of excellence, and self restraint.
Justice and fairness: Includes equity and demonstrating due process.
Caring: Showing concern for others. Showing consideration for decisions that affect
others.
Civic virtue and citizenship: Being socially conscious. Demonstrating concern
for one’s community.
Physical virtue: physical Virtues include speed, strength, coordination, and so on.

Social virtue: Concerned with society with our relationships with our fellow members, it is
dealing with wealth and expenditures, honor and reputation, humor and anger, since the
ways in which we handle these activities, goods, and emotions either enhance or disrupt
human life on the individual and communal levels.
Intellectual virtues: Are the virtues of understanding. Intellectual virtues include the
effective use of language, logical reasoning, and the ability to identify likenesses and
differences, and so on.
Spiritual virtues: can be summarized by the words “Faith, hope, and love "oriented
towards God.

Applying Moral values in work place

Moral values are relative values that protect life and are respectful of the dual life value of
self and others. Common Core Moral Values Descriptions for the Workplace are:
Autonomy: The ability to work in a way that is most conducive to performing at your best
is something both you and the company may value. Many companies prefer to give you
the flexibility to work at your own pace and in your own way as long as you continue to
meet satisfactory performance standards.
Integrity: valuing integrity in the workplace means that you strive to do the right thing,
even when you think no one is looking. You may also value honesty, transparency and a
commitment to doing what’s best for your clients, customers, teammates and company.

Innovation: challenge yourself to see what’s possible to better meet the needs of your team,
your customers and your company. You are a work in progress, striving to improve and do

better. Think of creative ways to solve tough problems. Take calculated risks. Finding new

ways to solve a problem moves the company.

Growth: many people and companies believe that the growth of a company comes with the

professional growth of the team. Valuing growth means that you have to drive to
continuously improve both yourself and the business. Growth is based on mutual success.
Service: being service-minded or customer-oriented means that you care about providing a
quality experience to the clients you serve. This value can also extend to include supporting
your community and your team. Valuing service means that you aim to provide a meaningful
experience to the people you serve and support.
Values of moral judgments
Moral judgments are evaluations or opinions formed as to whether some action or inaction,
intention, motive, character trait, or a person as a whole is (more or less) good or bad as
measured against some standard of Good.
Object of Moral Judgment
A moral judgement as distinguished from a factual judgement is a judgement upon the action
of an individual that can be evaluated as good or bad, right or wrong. Obviously, it is a
judgement upon the voluntary action of the individual.
Some Requirements to make Moral Judgement in the Work Place

Actions: moral judgements are not passed upon all kinds of action, but only upon conduct.

Intensions: is the object of moral Judgement. It includes the motive or the idea of the end as
well as the idea of the means. An action is right when the intention of the agent is good. An

action is bad or wrong when the motive or the end and the means are good; an action is
wrong if either of them is "bad.

Situations: the possibility to make judgments as to how one ought to act in concrete
situations requires antecedent moral principles . In the absence of such principles there is no
rational basis for making such judgments.

Character: Intention is not an isolated mental phenomenon. Intention is the expression of the
character.
 Con………………

We pass moral judgments on the character of a person when we want to determine his
moral worth. But we do not determine the moral quality of an action by considering the
character of the agent, because a person of good character has not always a good intention
and similarly a person of bad character may not have necessarily a bad intention always.

Practicing of Multiculturalism

Culture : Culture is a broad term that encompasses various unique ways of doing things in
a certain society. It can be divided as material and immaterial culture. Material culture
includes clothes, house hold utensils, tools, houses and ornaments. The immaterial/non
material culture includes language, beliefs, values and norms.
The relation between morality and culture

Culture reflects the moral and ethical beliefs and standards that speak to how people
should behave and interact with others. They act as prescriptions for correct and moral
behavior, lend meaning and coherence to life, and provide a means of achieving a sense
of integrity, safety, and belonging.

The difference between morality and culture

Normative ethical relativism theory says that the moral rightness and wrongness of
actions varies from society to society and that there are no absolute universal moral
standards binding on all men at all times. Each culture establishes the basic values and
principles that serve as the foundation for morality
Diverse cultural groups

Despite various styles, unique ways of getting things done, it is however, important to treat
all cultures equally. Because, having cultural diversity means having different dressing
styles, traditional foods, cultural dances etc. making; for example, Ethiopia beautiful and
interesting country

Elements of work place culture

Artefacts: Are physical items found to have particular symbolism for a

company. This could include an early product line or the napkin that comprised
the original idea for the company. Artefacts remind us of things created from an
earlier time
Stories : Culture is often disseminated through stories about past events and people.
These stories could be true or elaborations on a nugget of truth. The story might be of
heroism or just plain luck.

Rituals :Rituals are the repeated actions your company takes. These actions might be
cantered on ceremonies, such as a promotion or a retirement. They may also be associated
with employee celebrations, such as the release of a new product or the closing of a large
sale, or they might be companywide, like the annual holiday party. The predictability of
the rituals and the depth of their meaning combined to help keep organizational culture
strong
Heroes :Heroes are the folks other employees look to emulate. These folks could be anyone
throughout the organization, from the founders to new hires. A hero might be a customer
success representative who went out of his or her way to delight a customer or the
programmer who spent a little extra time to make the latest release contain one fewer bug.
These people symbolize and teach others the ideal behaviors and norms of the workplace
culture.

Symbols: cultural symbols can be found throughout an organization, from how people
greet one another to the clothes each person wears. Symbols can indicate status and trigger
certain behaviors. A military uniform is full of symbols. It tells others who salute first and
the importance of the person wearing it. An office's decor is also filled with symbols. The
style of furniture, items hung and even the colour of the walls all contribute to telling
everyone more about the people who inhabit it
Beliefs :People within organizations will often have shared beliefs. These beliefs unify
the group's understanding of the world and provide a foundation for action. This can
smooth out communication between subgroups but can also become a blinder if not
checked.

Attitudes :Is your organization laid back, rigid, direct or political? Attitudes are the
external manifestations of underlying beliefs that people use to signal to others’ said
beliefs. How do people within your organization treat one another? Are people open to
change and new ideas or is there a rigorous hierarchy that dictates the attitudes of
individuals?

Values :Values are the rules that everyone agrees to abide by within the group, and these
can be seen throughout all of the other elements of culture
 Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism is both a response to the fact of cultural pluralism in modern
democracies and a way of compensating cultural groups for past exclusion,
discrimination, and oppression. Multiculturalism seeks the inclusion of the views and
contributions of diverse members of society while maintaining respect for their
differences and withholding the demand for their assimilation into the dominant culture.

Types of diversity in work place

• Race • Gender
• Religion
• Education
• Workers with disabilities
• Ethnicity
 Challenges of multiculturalism
National unity could become impossible if people see themselves as members of ethnic or
racial groups rather than as citizens of a common country. Weakening the political value of
equal treatment. Equal individual rights could be set aside or deprecated in favour of rights
that are possessed by the group .

Workplace Issues Involving Cultural Diversity

Conflict – This occurs when discrimination, prejudice, lack of respect, and

racism are allowed to fester in a workplace.

Harassment –Employees who harass others should be dealt with according to company
procedures. diversity in the workplace, harassment can have a devastating effect on
employees and the company as a whole.
Disregarding needs – Some companies ignore the needs of disabled employees by failing to
provide them with the necessary equipment to access all facilities and to undertake their jobs

Managing Diversity in the Workplace

Create written policies – Companies should include their policy in relation to diversity in
their employee handbook. The policy should contain information about nondiscrimination
laws, the code of conduct, and the compensation and benefits policy.

Provide sensitivity training – Employees should be provided with sensitivity training to create
a better workplace culture.

Create an accountability plan - use regular surveys to check in on your progress, and have a
plan in place for how you’re going to ensure staff upholds these policies.
Address micro-aggressions -micro-aggressions are “thinly veiled, everyday instances of racism, homophobia,
sexism .

Impose a zero-tolerance policy – After employees have received the handbook and training about diversity
issues, the company needs to set the tone about how violations will be dealt with.

Multiculturalism in Ethiopia
Ethiopia is one of the most diverse nations in the world inhabited around 84 ethnic groups. The essence of
multiculturalism in Ethiopia is to develop harmonious coexistence among people from diverse ethnic, social
and cultural backgrounds. The current Ethiopian regime has used the ethnic federalism policy to restructure
Ethiopia’s geopolitical, social and education policies along ethnic and linguistic lines. The official discourse of
Ethiopian ethnic federalism and multicultural policies has emphasized the liberal values of diversity, tolerance,
and recognition of minority groups. However, its application has resulted in negative ethnicity and social
conflicts among different ethnic groups.
Advantages of multiculturalism

❖ It will boost the tourism industry

❖ Better mutual understanding
❖ It enhances openness and inspire creativity
❖ Innovation and creativity
❖ Economic growth
❖ Community flavour and flair
❖ Understand people
❖ Know what culture to take up
❖ Learn different languages
❖ Know religion and traditions
❖ Skilled migrant labor
Disadvantages of multiculturalism
➢ Religious conflicts
➢ Language barrier
➢ Dealing with different cultures
➢ Fear of influence
➢ Bring differences in the society
➢ Education- children from ethnic minority cultures affects their academic performance.
➢ Risk of social conflicts
➢ Difficult managing multicultural workforce
➢ Dependent on another culture
➢ Phase-out of defined cultures