COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

•Phone systems
•Data systems
•Local Area Networks (LANs)
Building Automation and Control
•Building
Systems (BACS)
•Sound Systems
Phone Systems

Most commercial businesses require more than one phone line, so that
employees can receive phone calls while other employees are making
phone calls. This is supported by a phone switch.
Small Business Phone Systems
•Small businesses with fewer employees
typically use small phone switches called Key
Service Units (KSU).
• A KSU is designed to support a fixed number
of phone lines and telephone extensions.
•A typical KSU supports up to eight phone
lines coming from the Local Exchange Carrier
and up to 32 telephone extensions.
Large Business Phone Systems
•Large businesses with hundreds or thousands of
employees need a large phone switch called PBX
(Private Branch Exchange).
•PBX can support hundreds of phone lines and
thousands of telephone extensions
Data Systems
LAN
The term LAN is defined as “a data communication system allowing a number
of independent devices to communicate directly with each other and within a
moderately sized geographic area.”
The following picture shows a small LAN network.
Building Automation and
Control Systems (BACS)

Building Automation and Control

Systems (BACS) are build systems
that regulate a building’s
environment or monitor it for
safety or security purpose.
HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air
Conditioning)
•The HVAC system provides building temperature,
humidity, and environmental control.
•It has a centralized control unit, and thermostats
placed throughout the building.
•Thermostats are connected to the control unit
with cable and preset thresholds will trigger the
centralized control unit to turn on a mechanical
system to adjust the air pressure, rate of air flow,
and fan speeds.
Fire Alarm
A fire alarm system consists of the
follow components.
•Sensors
•Sprinklers
•Lights and horns
•It should be operated 24 hrs a day monitoring risk areas
•It will also detect gases produced during fire.
•In case of occurrence of gas in a concentration beyond the lower
ignition limit, the gas detector will generate an acoustic warning
alarm.
•They are of air quality sensors which detect by quality of air in
terms of co2 context
•LPG detectors detect excessive liquefied petroleum gas.
•Smoke detectors detect electrical fires.
•In large buildings, the system is made into zone modules &
detector loops are connected zone wise.
•Fire panels has a battery .so that when the system works in case of
fire failure.
•Automatic audible & visual indication is provided for fire & failure
alarms.
Security, Access Control, and Closed
Circuit Television (CCTV)
Security systems include the following types:
•Alarm systems to provide intruder detection
•Control system to provide restricted access to specific areas of
a building
•Closed circuit television systems to provide 24-hour
surveillance of building grounds and building spaces.
•Security systems are often integrated with access controls
systems together.
•The Security System comprises of perimeter protection for
intruder detection, access control system and electronic
surveillance.
 Perimeter protection
•Infra red beam detectors or laser beam are
simple line of sight detection units.
microwaves detection provides volumetric
detection capability.
•barrier based systems which employ
detectors on a fence that can be erected on
the ground or on a wall top are also very
effective method
Access Control System
•Access points are connected to the control
unit with communication cables and they
are magnetic card readers, key pads, or a
type of biometric sensing device.
•The access point sends user’s information
to the control unit, and the control unit
sends the signal to open the door if user is
verified.
•PIN access control
•Card access control
Biometric access control
•Biometric
Iris scanning system
•Iris
CCTV System
•Closed Circuit Television system is a
video network for security purpose. It is
made up of video cameras placed
throughout a building and campus.
•The video cameras are wired to a head
end with coaxial cable. In turn, the
headed sends the video signal to
television monitoring sets in a security
office.
Sound Systems
•Sound systems include overhead paging
systems and audio systems.
•Sound systems are used buildings for
many people, such as airports, department
stores, and sport stadiums.
•Overhead paging system is used to
broadcast messages in a building such as
airports and sport stadiums.
•Audio systems are used in department
stores to distribute music and create a
pleasant shopping environment.
A typical sound system is composed
of the following components:
•Sound source
•Amplifier
•Communication cable
•Speakers
Structured cabling systems
Structured cabling systems is a set of
cabling and connectivity products
that integrates the voice, data, video
and various management of the
buildings (safety, security access,
energy systems etc)
Telecommunications Closet
•Telecommunications Closet (TC), also called
Wiring Closet, is a room or closet that houses
all the telecommunication equipment.
•The TC also serves as a termination point for
the horizontal cabling system of a network, the
point of circuit administration and contains
the network's distribution panels, cross-
connects and backbone.
•The TC may also house auxiliary power
supplies for workstation equipment.
•Closet Size and Location:
The closet size provided shall be 14 net
sq. m (150 sq. ft.) minimum per 930 sq.
m (10,000 sq. ft) of occupied space, and
with minimum dimensions 3.0 m X 4.5
m. (10 ft. x 15 ft.)
•There shall be no obstructions in the
room, including in the ceiling
area/plenum.
• The closets shall be stacked in
multistory buildings.
Requirements are defined for the following
areas of the Telecommunications Cabling
System Structure
1. Horizontal cabling
2. Backbone cabling
3. Work Area
4. Telecommunications Room
5. Equipment Room
6. Entrance Facilities
This structure is designed to support voice, data, and text, video and image
services.
Horizontal Cabling
•The horizontal cabling is the portion of the
telecommunications system that extends from the work
area to the telecommunications room.
•The horizontal cabling includes horizontal cables,
telecommunications outlet/connectors in the work area,
mechanical terminations, patch cords located in the
telecommunication room, and may include multi-user
telecommunication outlet assemblies and consolidation
points.
•Note the term “horizontal” is used since typically the
cable in this part of the cabling system runs horizontally
in the building.
•The telecommunications room should be located on the
same floor as the work area served.
Backbone Cabling
The function of the backbone cabling is to
provide interconnection between
telecommunication rooms, equipment rooms,
main terminal space and entrance facilities
Work Area
The work area includes the
telecommunications outlet/connector end of
the horizontal cabling system to the work
station equipment (i.e. PC, PLC, etc.).
The Telecommunications Room
The primary function of a telecommunications
room is the termination of horizontal and
backbone cable to compatible connecting
hardware. Entrance Facility
The Entrance Facility consist of cables,
connecting hardware, protection devices, and
other equipment needed to connect the
outside plant facilities to the premise cabling
BUILDING CONSIDERATIONS
•Telecommunications Closets should be provided on
each floor of a building. Closets should be stacked one
directly above the other in multi-floor buildings.
•Telecommunications Closets should be centrally
located in the building to minimize distance of all
horizontal cable runs.
•Telecommunications Closets must be adequately
ventilated for all equipment that might be located
within.
•Depending on location and configuration these
closets might contain Key Telephone System
CPUs, UPSs (Uninterrupted Power Sources),
Routers, Hubs, and Local Area Network Servers.
•Adequate backboard and or floor space for racks
must be provided for mounting
telecommunications terminal blocks and Data
Communications Patch Panels on the wall or in
racks. Backboards will be ¾ inch plywood painted
with gray or white fire-retardant paint.