Reading material:

Computer network
Two or more computer systems and other computing devices that are linked together to
facilitate communication and resource-sharing is called computer network.

Network types
Generally, Computer networks can be classified based on their geographical span.

Some Network types

 PAN
 LAN
 WAN
PAN - Personal Area Network
A PAN is a type of wireless network that works within a very small area (around 10
meters) your immediate surroundings. PANs connect cell phones, headsets, keyboards,
camera, laptop and so on.

LAN - Local Area Network

Networks with nodes that are in close physical proximity—within the same building, for
instance—are called local area networks (LANs). LANs are widely used by Schools,
universities, and other organizations.

WAN -Wide area networks

WANs are countrywide and worldwide networks. These networks spans a relatively large
geographical area.

Communication Devices of a Network

Modem
The modem is used to convert digital signal to analog and analog signal to digital. It
enables digital personal computers to communicate over existing worldwide analog
telephone network.

Router
Router is used to forward or direct messages from one network to their destination in
another network.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

A NIC provides the hardware interface between a computer
and a network.

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 Switch
source: Google Images

Switch — Central device that coordinates the flow of data by sending messages directly
between sender and receiver

Wireless Base Station

A base station is a fixed communications location and is part of a network’s wireless
communication system. It relays information to and from a transmitting/receiving device,
such as a mobile phone.

Mobile communication
Communication over a wireless network.

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication): Is a digital mobile telephony

system.

GPRS (General Packet Radio Services): packet-based communication technology that

enables data transfers through cellular networks and use for mobile Internet, MMS and other
data communications

Guided and Unguided media

Transmission media is a pathway that transmits the information from sender to receiver.

Transmission media can be classified as

 Guided media
 Unguided media

Guided media are more commonly known as wired media whereas unguided media are
more commonly known as wireless media.

Guided media
 Twisted-pair
 Coaxial cable
 Fiber-optic

Unguided media
 Radio waves
 Microwaves
 Infrared

Client server model

Client and server computers communicate with each other over a network. Computers
that provide services (like Web servers or FTP servers) to other machines are servers.
The Computers that consume services are clients.

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Peer to peer
In peer-to-peer (P2P) network model each computer has the same capabilities. That
means each nodes function sever as well as client

A hybrid network
A hybrid network is a network with both client server and peer to peer relationship.

Wired and wireless networks

Wired networks Wireless networks

Suitable for fixed communication devices Suitable for mobile communication devices
More secure Less secure than wired
Uses copper wires, optical fiber cables Uses radio waves or infrared for transmission
for transmission
requires hubs or switches More area is covered by wireless base
stations which are connected to one another.
Mostly uses in LAN (Ethernet) Mostly uses in WLAN, WPAN(blue tooth),
Cellular(GSM, CDMA, LTE)

URL
Every Website has a unique address. This address is known as Uniform Resource
Locator (URL).

Parts of an URL

URI- Uniform Resource Identifier

URI is a strings used to identify a resource in World Wide Web using specific protocols.

Internet
Internet is network of networks that use the internet protocol suite to link devices all over
the world.

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Basic requirements needed to access the internet
 Device (Computer etc.)
 ISP - Internet Service Provider E.g. SLT
 Connecting device (NIC, Modem /Router etc.)
 Web browser software

Services provided by internet

 WWW (World Wide Web)
 Electronic Mail (E-mail)
 News Groups
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
 Voice / Video Communication
 IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
 Streaming media

Web browser
Browsers are programs that are used to access, navigate and view websites.
Ex. Apple Safari, Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, and Mozilla Firefox.

Source: Google Images

Search Engine
Search engines, search and list particular sites in the World Wide Web according to a
specified keyword or phrase given by user.

E-mails in communication
E-mail or electronic mail is a method used to exchange electronic messages over the
Internet. An email ID (Address) is needed to communicate by email.
You can create free email accounts in websites like goole.com, yahoo.com, hotmail.com
etc.

Headers in an email
To- Is used to enter the main recipients email addresses.

Cc - Stands for Carbon Copy. The Cc field is for people who want to aware about the
message, but are not directly involved.

Bcc - Stands for Blind Carbon Copy: Which is similar to Cc, but the recipients in the To or
Cc fields cannot see that a copy sent to these addresses in the Bcc field.

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Subject
Used to insert the topic for the message.

Attachments
Allows attaching files such as documents or images with emails.

Reply
To reply a someone's email message, without composing a new message, using “Reply"
facility a replay can be sent.

Forward
To forward a someone's email message to another person "Forward" facility can be
used.

Social Networking
Social networking sites focus on connecting people and organizations that share a
common interest or activity. Facebook, Google+, and LinkedIn are some of them.

Text messaging: Also known as texting or SMS (short message service), is the process
of sending a short electronic message.

Instant messaging (IM): Allows two or more people to chat online with each other via
text transmission over the internet.

Blogs and Micro blogs

Helps people to communicate across the web. These communication offer greater
flexibility and security. It allows the users to publish short text and updates.

Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is using the Internet remote servers to store, manage and process data
rather than using local servers or personal computers.

Internet of things (IoT)

The Internet of things (IoT) is the inter-networking of physical devices, vehicles (also
referred to as "connected devices" and "smart devices"), buildings, and other items
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity which
enable these objects to collect and exchange data

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the ever-growing network of physical objects that
feature an IP address for internet connectivity, and the communication that occurs
between these objects and other Internet-enabled devices and systems

Characteristics of IOT
Interconnectivity:
Anything can be interconnected with the global information and communication
infrastructure

Architecture:

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Based on different hardware platforms and networks. They can interact with other
devices or service platforms through different networks
Dynamic changes:
The state of devices change dynamically

Everything-as-a-service:
Consuming resources as a service

Time considerations:
Billions of parallel and simultaneous events

Intelligence:
Knowledge extraction from the generated data

Need of IOT
Automation
Everything in home need to monitor and control
e.g.:- air condition, security lock, refrigerator, heating, ventilation, telephone etc.

Infrastructure Management
Infrastructures such as railway, bridge etc., have to monitor and track for reduce risk of
failure and danger.

Environmental Monitoring
e.g.:- We can prevent damages and losses with the support of earthquake or tsunami
warning systems

IOT Enabling Technologies

 RFID (radio-frequency identification)
To identify and track the data of things
 Sensor
To Collect and process the data to detect the changes in the physical status of
things
 Smart technology
To enhance the power of the network by developing processing capabilities to
different part of the network
 Nano Technology
To make the smaller things have the ability to connect and interact

IoT Applications
 Smart Cities
 Smart Energy and the Smart Grid
 Smart Transportation and Mobility
o IoT enabling traffic management and control:
o IoT enabling new transport scenarios (multi-modal transport):
 Smart Home, Smart Buildings and Infrastructure
 Smart Factory and Smart Manufacturing
 Smart Health
 Food and Water Tracking and Security

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